ls4120/bmm451 腫瘤生物學及癌症治療 cancer biology & cancer therapy 許勝傑 博士...
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LS4120/BMM451
腫瘤生物學及癌症治療Cancer Biology & Cancer Therapy
許勝傑 博士
長庚大學生物醫學系 助理教授生物醫學研究所 生化暨細胞分子生物學組
E-mail: [email protected] 電話 (03)211-8800#3690
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Course Description 本課程旨在講授與腫瘤發生與惡化相關的細胞與分子機制,包括腫瘤細胞的特性、致癌基因與抑癌基因與致癌病毒的作用、腫瘤細胞的生長與死亡、腫瘤的侵犯與轉移。此外本課程也將介紹目前癌症治療的理論基礎以及目前癌症藥物研發之趨勢,希望透過本課程的介紹讓學生對於腫瘤發生與惡化的機制有所了解,也做為未來研究生物醫學與腫瘤治療的基礎。
This advanced course aims to familiarize the students with current understanding in the field of cancer biology and cancer therapy. The course will emphasize on the molecular mechanisms underlying major cancer-associated phenotypes and cancer treatment. Topics will include an introduction to cancer burden, proliferative signaling, growth control, angiogenesis, metastasis, tumor microenvironment and immune suppression. The course will also cover recent advance in cancer genetics and cancer genomics. The class should be of interest to undergraduate students in biomedical science who may wish to consider a career in cancer research.
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Textbook & Grading
Textbook: The Biology of Cancer Robert A. Weinberg Garland Sciences
Grading: Mid-term Exam: 50% Final Exam: 50%
Bonus (report): 20%
Chapter 1: The Biology and Genetics of Cells and Organisms
Charles Darwin Gregor Mendel
On the Origin of SpeciesNatural Selection
Evolution Genetics
Mendel establishes the basic rules of genetics
Genotype and PhenotypeTwo alleles
Genotype and Phenotype
Mendelian genetics helps to explain Darwinian evolution
“Junk” DNA
Biologically important sequences(~3.5% of total genome)
Human Genome Size 3 x 109 b.p.
Coding sequences Noncoding DNAPseudogenesGenes for noncoding RNAIntrons and untranslated regions of mRNARegulatory DNA sequencesRepetitive DNA sequencesMobile genetic elements (transposons) and their relics
Biologically important sequences in the human genome
Neutral mutations and evolution
Mendelian genetics governs how both genes andchromosomes behave
Mutations causing cancer occur in both the germ line and the soma
Increase and decreases in copy number of chromosomal segments
Gene expression patterns also control phenotype
Genotype embodied in DNA sequences createsphenotype through proteins
Transcription TranslationReplication
Processing of pre-mRNA
Gene expression patterns also control phenotype
Histone modification and transcription factors controlgene expression
Regulation of gene expression
Post-translationl modification of histone tails
Heritable gene expression is controlled throughadditional mechanisms
Maintenance of DNA methylation following replication
Methylation of CpG generally causes repression of nearby genes.
Unconventional RNA molecules also affect theexpression of genes
MicroRNA and gene regulation.
Chapter 2: The Nature of Cancer
Tumors arise from normal tissues
Metastasis of cancer cells to distant sites.
Melanolma lung metastases
Colon cancer liver metastases
Breast cancer- brain metastases
Tumors arise from many specialized cell types throughout the body
The majority of human tumors arise from epithelial tissues. 80%
Architecture of epithelial tissues
kidney lung
uterusgallbladder
Embryonic cell layers
The first major class of nonepithelial cancers derive from the various connectivetissues, all of which share a common origin in the mesoderm of the embryo.
The second group of nonepithelial cancers arise from the various cell types that constitute the blood-forming (hematopoietic) tissues
The third and last major grouping of nonepithelial tumors arises from cells that formvarious components of the central and peripheral nervous systems
Some types of tumors do not fit into the major classifications
melanomasderive from melanocytes, the pigmented cells of the skin and the retina
Small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) contain cells having many attributes ofneurosecretory cells, such as those of neural crest origin in the adrenal glands that sit above the kidneys.
Teratomas seem to arise from germ cell (egg and sperm) precursors that failto migrate to their proper destinations during embryonic development and persistat ectopic (inappropriate) sites in the developing fetus.
Cancers seem to develop progressively
Normal versus hyperplastic epithelium
Metaplastic conversion of epithelia
Barrett’s esophagus, in which the normally present squamous epithelium is replaced by secretory epithelial cells of a type usually found within the stomach
Formation of dysplastic epithelium
The cytological changes include variability in nuclear size and shape,increased nuclear staining by dyes, increased ratio of nuclear versus cytoplasmic size, increased mitotic activity, and lack of the cytoplasmic features associated with the normal differentiated cells of the tissue.
Pre-invasive adenomasand carcinomas
In the colon, pre-invasive growthsappear as either flat thickenings of the colonic wall (sessile polyps, not shown) or as the stalk-like growths (pedunculated polyps)
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
The lobules of the normal humanbreast
Invasive carcinomas
Classification scheme of tumors
Tumors are monoclonal growths
Monoclonality versus polyclonality of tumors
X-chromosomeinactivation patterns and themonoclonality of tumors
Additional proofs of tumor monoclonality
Cancer cells exhibit an altered energy metabolism
Warburg effect ?!
Cancers occur with vastly different frequencies indifferent human populations
Country-to-countrycomparisons of cancer incidence
The risks of cancers often seem to be increased byassignable influences including lifestyle
Specific chemical agents can induce cancer
The first induction of tumors by chemical carcinogens
In 1915, Katsusaburo Yamagiwa reported the first successful induction of cancer by repeated treatment of rabbit ears with a chemical carcinogen, in this case coal tars (柏油 ).
Structures of carcinogenic hydrocarbons
Both physical and chemical carcinogens act as mutagens(X-ray) (alkylating agents)
The Ames test for gauging mutagenicity
Bruce Ames, 1975
Mutagenic versus carcinogenic potency
Mutagens may be responsible for some human cancers
51Cell (2000) 100:57
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Acquired Capability of Cancer Cells
Cell (2000) 100:57
“We suggest that most if not all cancers have acquired the same set of functional capacities during their development, albeit through various mechanistic strategies.”
Hanahan & Weinberg
53Cell (2011) 144:646
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Emerging Hallmarks & Enabling Characteristics
Cell (2011) 144:646