LOW CYCLE FATIGUE AND ELASTO-PLASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS-3

The Third International Conference on Low Cycle Fatigue and Elasto- Plastic Behaviour of Materials, Berlin Congress Center, Berlin,

FRG, 7-11 September 1992.

The conference is held under the auspices of f.e.m.s.

(Federation of European Materials Societies)

Members:

Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia (I) Benelux Metallurgie (B)

Bond voor Materialenkennis (NL) Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalurgicas (E)

Czechoslovakian Society for New Materials and Technologies (CSFR) Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Materialkunde (FRG)

Deutscher Verband fur Materialforschung und -prufung (FRG) Norsk Metallurgisk Selskap (N)

Orszagos Magyar Banyaszati es Kohaszati Egyesulet (H) Schweizerischer Verband fur die Materialtechnik (CH)

Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais (P) Societe Franc;;aise de Metallurgie et de Materiaux (F)

Svenska Foreningen for Materialteknik (S) The I nstitute of Materials (U K)

Verein Eisenhutte Osterreich (A)

and is cosponsored by:

ASM International American Society for Testing and Materials

Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia European Structural Integrity Society

Fatigue Group/Engineering Integrity Society (UK) Societe Franc;;aise de Metallurgie et de Materiaux

The Chinese Society of Metals The I nstitute of Materials (U K) The Japan I nstitute of Metals

The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers The Korean Institute of Metals

The Society of Materials Science (Japan)

and Arbeitsgemeinschaft Werkstoffe (FRG)

Members:

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Warmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Materialkunde

Deutscher Verband fur Materialforschung und -prufung Verein Deutscher Eisenhuttenleute VDI-Gesellschaft Werkstofftechnik

Organizing Society:

Deutscher Verband fur Materialforschung und -prufung

LOW CYCLE FATIGUE AND ELASTO-PLASTIC BEHAVIOUR

OF MATERIALS-3

Chief Editor

K.-T. RIE

Institut fiir Oberflachentechnik und plasmatechnische Werkstoffentwicklung, Technische Universitat Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany

Co-Editors

H. W. Grunling G. Konig

P. Neumann H. Nowack

K.-H. Schwalbe T. Seeger

ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE LONDON and NEW YORK

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WITH 110 TABLES AND 692 ILLUSTRATIONS

© 1992 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD © 1992 NUCLEAR ELECTRIC plc-pp. 343-348

© 1992 CONTROLLER HMSO, LONDON-pp. 558-563

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Low Cycle Fatigue and Elasto-Plastic Behaviour of Materials: Third International Conference on Low Cycle Fatigue and Elasto-plastic Behaviour of Materials, Berlin Congress Center, Berlin, FRG, 7-11 September 1992. -3rd

I. Rie, K.-T. 620.1

ISBN 1-85166-893-4

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v

Preface

The Third International Conference on Low Cycle Fatigue and Elasto-Plastic Behaviour of Materials was held from 7-11 September 1992 in Berlin, Germany, following successful conferences in Stuttgart (1979) and Munich (1987). The conference was organized by the Deutscher Verband fur Materialforschung und­prufung (DVM).

It was again the intention of the organizers to provide a forum for the discussion of advances in recent research in the field of low cycle fatigue. The series of milestones which have been set in Stuttgart and Munich continued in Berlin, which certainly contributed as the location of the conference in ensuring the close co­operation of experts from East and West.

To improve the performance of materials and structures and to extend working life, especially under complex loading conditions and severe loading circumstances such as environmental attack and high temperature degradation, a comprehensive evaluation of recent progress in low cycle fatigue and elasto-plastic behaviour of materials is urgently required. Safe design and effective operation of highly stressed structures rely on the extensive use of mechanical approaches and micromechanics analysis to predict the deformation and fracture response of materials under service. In order to create more confidence in the engineering world in advanced materials as efficient replacements for conventional materials, the conference programme placed much emphasis on new materials and emerging technology.

The aim of the conference was therefore to bring together experts in basic and applied science as well as design and service engineers interested in ongoing research in the field of low cycle fatigue.

The call for papers again had an overwhelming response. Many distinguished specialists from all over the world submitted more than 170 abstracts and we were forced to select from them only 130 papers for oral and poster presentation. The selected papers are therefore only a part of the full potential of challenging and innovative ideas to meet the demands of both the present and the future.

Invited key lectures and short contributions were provided at the conference. All oral contributions were presented again as posters after oral presentation, to facilitate an intensive discussion among the participants. ]n addition to the oral presentations, there were contributions for poster presentation which were also included in the proceedings.

VI

The main topics were:

1. New Materials and Emerging Technology 2. Microstructural Aspects 3. High Temperature LCF 4. Multiaxial Conditions 5. Constitutive Equations 6. Short Cracks and Macrocracks 7. Environmental Aspects 8. Design Methods and Practical Experience 9. Life Prediction

It is hoped that the conference proceedings will serve as a comprehensive compilation of the present knowledge and experience in these fields and will be of use to engineers and designers who are concerned with the subjects presented at the conference.

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I wish to thank all the authors, invited lecturers, session chairmen, members of the International Advisory Committee and numerous others who helped to shape the content of this conference. Thanks are due in particular to the members of the Local Organizing Committee, whose selfless assistance and support were essential to the organizing effort of the conference. I should like to thank Mrs I. Maslinski of DVM, whose administrative and organizational work was the prerequisite for a successful conference. Finally, thanks must be extended to Dipl.-Ing H. Wittke, whose assistance was crucial in preparing the conference and in producing the proceedings in time.

K.-T. RIE

Chief Editor and Chairman of Organizing Committee

VII

Contents

Prelace

Section 1: New Materials and Emerging Technology

Thermal Fatigue of an Yttrium-Modified Single-Crystal Superalloy . F. MEYER-OLBERSLEBEN,* W. DORNER,** D. GOLDSCHMIDT** and F. REZAI-ARIA * (* S,riss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland, ** MTU MotO/'en- und Turbinen-Union GmbH, Munich, FRG)

High Temperature Fatigue Behaviour of a Mechanically Alloyed ODS

V

Nickel Base Superalloy 7 M. MARCHIONNI and G. ONOFRIO (CNR-ITM, Cinisello B., Italy)

Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of Metal Matrix Composites 13 M. KARA YAKA and H. SEHITOGLU (University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA)

The Low Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Titanium Alloys 19 J. U. SPECHT (MTU Motoren- und Turbinen-Union GmbH, Munich, FRG)

Fatigue Behavior of Ceramics under Static and Cyclic Loading 25 c.-K. J. LIN and D. F. SOCIE (University ol Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA)

Cyclic Deformation and Low-Cycle Failure of Graphites . 31 D. A. GOKHFELD, A. O. CHERNIAVSKY, S. V. LEZHNEV, O. S. SADAKOV and A. G. SHVETSOV (Cheliabinsk State Technical University, Russia, CIS)

The Effect of Waveform on Low Cycle Fatigue of PC 37 1. REMMERSWAAL (Delft University olTechnology, Del/t, The Netherlands)

Low Cycle Fatigue in WC~Co Cemented Carbides . 43 K. ORBTLlK, 1. POLAK, M. HAJEK (Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Czechoslovak Academy olSciences, Brno, Czechoslovakia) and 1. VRBKA (Technical Universitr, Brno, Czechoslovakia)

Vlll

Redistribution of Residual Stresses during Fatigue 49 S. Wu, Y. LIN AND A. ABEL (University of Sydney, Australia)

Section 2: Microstructural Aspects

Microstructure and Fatigue (Invited Lecture) 56 H.-l CHRIST and H. MUGHRABI (University of Erlangen-Niirnberg, Erlangen, FRG)

Low Cycle Fatigue of Nitrogen Alloyed Martensitic Stainless Steels. 70 l-B. VOGT,* C. BIGEON,* G. STEIN** and J. FOCT* (* University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France, ** VSG Schmiedewerke GmbH, Essen, FRG)

Low Cycle Fatigue of a Duplex Stainless Steel Alloyed with Nitrogen.. 76 G. DEGALLAIX, A. SEDDOUKI and S. DEGALLAIX (Ecole Centrale de Lille, France)

Microstructurally-Based Simulation of Multiaxial Low-Cycle Fatigue Damage of 316L Stainless Steel in Terms of the Behaviour of a Crack Population. 82

l WEISS and A. PINEAU (Ecole des Mines, Evry, France)

Study on Metallography of Low Cycle Creep Fatigue Fracture of Type 316 Stainless Steels . 88

T. NAKAzAwA, N. FUJITA (Nippon Steel Corporation, Chiba-ken, Japan), H. KAGUCHI (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, Kobe, Japan), H. KANEKO (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, Hyogo-ken, Japan) and H. UEDA (Tokyo Electric Power Company, Tokyo, Japan)

Elasto-Plastic Behaviour of IN 718 Containing the c5-Ni3Cb Precipitation Phase. 94

KH.-G. SCHMITT-THOMAS and J. SCHMITT (Technical University of Munich, FRG)

The Role of Microstructural Processes in the Application of the Incremental Step Test to Determine the Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve of an Aluminium Alloy. 100

H.-J. CHRIST, K. LADES, L. VOLKL and H. MUGHRABI (University of Erlangen-Niirnberg, Erlangen, FRG)

The Influence of Mechanical Prehistory on the Cyclic Stress-Strain Response and Microstructure of Single-Phase Metallic Materials 106

G. HOFFMANN, O. OTTINGER and H.-J. CHRIST (University of Erlangen­Niirnberg, Erlangen, FRG)

IX

A Study of Fatigue Damage Using the Electrical Potential Method. 112 M. 1. HYDER, D. A. WOODFORD and L. F. COFFIN (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA)

Quantitative Fractography of Fatigue Fracture in Nodular Iron 118 R. G. BAGGERLEY (Ken worth Truck Co., Kirkland, W A, USA) and T. ARCHBOLD (Uniuersity Of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA)

The Effect of Microstructure on the Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Ductile Cast Iron . 124

S. HARADA, Y. AKINIWA and T. UEDA (Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan)

Quantitative Relations between the Structure of Cast Iron and its Mechanical Properties Obtained by Means of Modified LCF-Method to Determine Allowable Strains 130

A. KARAMARA (Instytut Odlewnictwa, Cracow, Poland) and K. PIETRZAK (Instytut Mechaniki Precy::yjnej, Warsaw, Poland)

Microstructural Effect Controlling Exhaustion of Ductility in Extremely Low Cycle Fatigue 136

1. KOMOTORI and M. SHIMIZU (Keio University, Yokohama, Japan)

Microstructural Changes vs. Accumulation of Energy in Fatigue Tested Medium-Carbon Steel 142

W. DUDZINSKI, 1. KALETA and K. WIDANKA (Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland)

The Influence of Laser Transformation Hardening on Fatigue Crack Initiation of 40Cr Steel 148

C. S. LIU, Q. K. CAl and H. Xu (Northeastern University of Technology, Shenyang, PR China)

Microstructural Aspects of Low Cycle Fatigue of Pearlitic Steels 154 J. DZIUBINSKI (Silesian Technical University, Gliwice, Poland)

Grain-Size Dependence of the Fatigue Properties of Ni-20at.%Cr 160 K. WOLF,* H. A. CALDERON,* P. VOGEL,* D. JUUL JENSEN** and G. KOSTORZ* (* ETH Zurich, Switzerland, ** Riso National Laboratory, Denmark)

Influence of Time and Temperature on Crack Growth Rate in the PIM Nickelbase Alloy Udimet 700 with Three Different Microstructures. 166

E. E. AFFELDT, H. ROGE and G. W. KONIG (MTU Motoren- und Turbinen-Union GmbH, Munich, FRG)

x

Dynamics of Cyclic Plastic Straining in Copper Single Crystals 172 1. HELESIC and 1. POLAK (Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechoslovakia)

Section 3: High Temperature lCF

Creep-Fa tigue-Oxidation Interactions on the High Temperature Low­Cycle Fatigue Damage of Austenitic Stainless Steels: Past, Current and Future (Invited Lecture) 178

A. PINEAU (Ecole des Mines, Evry, France)

Thermal Fatigue of Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron 180 R. HALLSTEIN,* D. EIFLER,** D. LOHE*** and E. MACHERAUCH* (* University of Karlsruhe, FRG, ** University of Essen, FRG, *** University of Paderhorn, FRG)

Duplex Steel under Thermal Cycling: Experiments and a Micromechanical Model 186

TH. SIEGMUND, F. D. FISCHER and K. L. MAURER (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Leohen, Austria)

Thermal Fatigue Anisotropy of the Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Nickel Base Superalloy Inconel MA 760 192

B. DEMESTRAL, G. EGGELER and N. MERK (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Sl'v'itzerland)

Thermomechanical Fatigue on Turboengine Superalloys 198 1. Y. GUEDOU and Y. HONNORAT (SNECMA, Evry, France)

Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructure of an ODS-Superalloy Tested under LCF and TMF Loading . 204

E. VASSEUR and L. REMY (Ecole des Mines, Evry, France)

Creep-Fatigue Damage Evaluation of Modified 9Cr-lMo Steel Based on the Overstress Concept 210

M. Y AGUCHI, Y. OKAMOTO, T. NAKAMURA and Y. ASADA (University of Tokyo, Japan)

Crack Growth in Low Cycle Fatigue with Compressive Hold for 1 Cl-Mo-V and 12Cr-Mo-V Steels 216

S. W. NAM, Y. 1. OH and B. O. KONG (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea)

A Physically Based Model for Predicting LCF Life under Creep Fatigue Interaction. 222

K.-T. RIE and 1. OLFE (Technical University of Braunschweig, FRG)

Xl

Study on Fracture Mechanism and a Life Estimation Method for Low Cycle Creep-Fatigue Fracture of Type 316 Stainless Steels. 229

H. KANEKO, T. SAKON (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, Hyogo-ken, Japan), H. KAGUCHI (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, Kobe, Japan), T. NAKAZA W A, N. FUJITA (Nippon Steel Corporation, Chiba-ken, Japan) and H. VEDA (Tokyo Electric POIrer Company, Tokyo, Japan)

Creep-Fatigue Behaviour of Heat Resistant Steels under Service-Type Long-Term Conditions 235

1. GRANACHER and A. SCHOLZ (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, FRG)

Evaluation of Creep-Fatigue Interaction Based on Creep Damage Mode 242 K. YAGI and K. KUBO (National Research Institute for Metals, Tokyo, Japan)

High Temperature Inelastic Deformation of IN 738 LC under Uniaxial and M ultiaxial Loading . 248

1. ZIEBS, 1. MEERSMANN, H.-l. KUHN and S. LEDWORUSKI (Bundesanstalt fiir Materialforschung und -priilung, Berlin, FRG)

High Temperature LCF Behaviors of OS Superalloys 256 1. Z. XIE (Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing, P R China)

Fatigue and Short Crack Propagation Behaviour of Cast Nickel Base Alloys IN 713 C and MAR-M-247 LC at High Temperatures 262

C. M. SONSINO, U. BRANDT (Fraunhofer-Institut fiir Betriebsfestigkeit, Darmstadt, FRG) and 1. BERGMANN (IABG mbH, Ottobrunn, FRG)

Behaviour of Austenitic Steel in Plane Stress State under Thermal Cycling 269 R. ZUCHOWSKI and A. KRAJCZYK (Technical University of Wroc/aw, Poland)

Hold Time Influence on the Thermal Fatigue Behaviour of Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steels 275

A. F. ARMAS, I. ALVAREZ-ARMAS (Instituto de Fish'a Rosario, Argentina) and C. PETERSEN (Nuclear Research Centre, Karlsruhe, FRG)

Three Dimensional Thermal Strain and Stress Analysis of Single Edge Wedge Specimens 281

A. L. RAMTEKE, F. MEYER-OLBERSLEBEN and F. REZAI-ARIA (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland)

Low Cycle Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue on 316L Steel 287 H. 1. SHI, C. ROBIN and G. PLUVINAGE (University of Metz, France)

XII

Creep Behaviour of the Superalloy IN738LC under Superimposed Creep-Fatigue Loading 293

H. CHEN, W. CHEN, H. WEVER (Technical University of Berlin, FRG), F. JIAO and R. P. WAHl (Hahn-Meitner-Institut GmbH, Berlin, FRG)

Low Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of IN 738LC at 1223 K 298 F. JIAO, 1. ZHU, R. P. WAHl (Hahn-Meitner-Institut GmbH, Berlin, FRG), H. CHEN, W. CHEN and H. WEVER (Technical University of Berlin, FRG)

Section 4: Multiaxial Conditions

Cyclic Deformation and Crack Initiation in Tubes under Multiaxial Loading 304

B. WINDELBAND,* B. SCHINKE** and D. MUNZ* (* University of Karlsruhe, FRG, ** Nuclear Research Centre, Karlsruhe, FRG)

Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Life Prediction of Anisotropic AI-6061-T6 Rods under Biaxial Loadings 311

H. LIN and H. NAYEB-HASHEMI (Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA)

Comparison of the Prediction Capability of Crack Initiation Life Prediction Methods for Biaxial Loading Conditions . 317

A. NURTJAHJO (LUK, Serpong, Indonesia), W. OTT (FH Niederrhein, Krejeld, FRG), R. MARISSEN (DSM, Geleen, The Netherlands), K.-H. TRAUTMANN (DLR, Cologne, FRG) and H. NOWACK (Universit.v of Duishurg, FRG)

The Multiaxial Rainflow Method 325 K. DRESSLER, R. CARMINE and W. KRUGER (Tecmath GmhH, Kaisers­lautern, FRG)

The Criterion of Thermal Fatigue in Biaxial Stress States. 331 1. GALICKI and A. JAKOWLUK (Technical University of Bialystok, Poland)

Multiaxial Low Cycle Fatigue of Mar-M247LC DS Superalloy at Elevated Temperature 337

M. SAKANE,* M. OHNAMI,* N. SHIRAHUJI** and K. SHIMOMIZUKI* (* Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan, ** Maizuru Technical College, Kyoto, Japan)

Creep Relaxation from an Initial Biaxial Stress State 343 A. M. GOODMAN and R. HALES (Nuclear Electric pIc, Berkeley, Cloucs, UK)

Xlll

Plastic Strain Energy in Low-Cycle Fatigue 349 M. GIGLIO and L. VERGANI (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)

A Modeling of Fatigue Crack Growth in Notched Specimen Subjected to Complex Stresses and its Application to Life Assessment. 356

T. HOSHIDE, T. OGAKI and T. INOUE (Kyoto University, Japan)

Multiaxial Low Cycle Fatigue of a Normalized Carbon Steel . 362 H. BOMAS, M. LOHRMANN, G. L6wISCH and P. MAYR (Institut fur Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, FRG)

LCF-Experiments on Single- and Poly-crystalline Metals-SRR99 and IN 738 LC-under Uniaxial and Multiaxial Strain Controlled Loading Conditions. 369

1. ZIEBS, K. NASEBAND and H.-1. KUHN (Bundesanstalt fur Material­forschung und -pru{ung, Berlin, FRG)

A Description of Dynamic Creep and a Failure Criterion of the AIMgSi Alloy in Biaxial Stress States 375

W. JERMOLAJ (Technical University of Bialystok, Poland)

Reinforced Concrete Beams under Multiaxial Loading: Weakness ofElasto-Plastic Idealizations . 381

R. BAIRRAO (LNETI/ICEN/DEEN, Sacavem, Portugal)

Section 5: Constitutive Equations

A Constitutive Relation for Transient and Stable Cyclic Loading (Invited Lecture) 387

F. ELL YIN (University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada)

Constitutive Equations for Cyclic Damage Evolution 399 A. PLUMTREE and G. SHEN (University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada)

Verification of a Microstructure-Related Constitutive Model by Optimized Identification of Material Parameters 405

U. EGGERS (Technical University of Braunschweig, FRG)

A Unified Model Approach Combining Rate-Dependent and Rate-Independent Plasticity 411

E.-R. TIRPITZ and M. SCHWESIG (Technical University of Braunschweig, FRG)

XIV

Constitutive Equations for Elastic-Plastic Material Behaviour under Extremely High Multiaxial Loads and Fatigue Loads 418

F. U. MATHIAK, F. A. FUCHS (INPRO, Berlin, FRG), W. OTT (FH Niederrhein, Krefeld, FRG), K.-H. TRAUTMANN (DLR, Cologne, FRG), E. MALDFELD and H. NOWACK (University of Duisburg, FRG)

Unified Inelastic Constitutive Equation for Cyclic Loading at High Temperature and its Application to 304 Stainless Steel and 2±Cr-l Mo Steel 424

T. NAKAMURA and Y. ASADA (University of Tokyo, Japan)

Cyclic Thermoviscoplasticity of an Aluminium Alloy AS5U3: Experiments and Modelization 430

B. BELHEDI and P. DELOBELLE (UFR Sciences et Techniques, Besan,'on, France)

Generalization of the Kocks-Mecking Type Constitutive Model for Cyclic Deformation Description of Metals . 436

M. A. PERZYK (Warsaw University of Technology, Poland)

Concept to Improve the Approximation of Material Functions in Unified Models 442

H. BRAASCH (Technical University of Braunschweig, FRG)

Constitutive Equations for Modelling Elasto-Plastic Cyclic Behaviour of Structural Materials . 448

V. KOSARCHUK and S. MELNIKOV (Institute for Problems of Strength, Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine, CIS)

Application of a Transient Cyclic Plasticity Model for Determination of the Incremental Step Test Material Curve 453

B. SKALLERUD (SINTEF Structural Engineering, Trondheim, Norway) and A. F. BLOM (Aeronautical Research Institute (FF A), Bromma, Sweden)

Description of the CSSc by a Certain Class of Elastic-Plastic Models 459 J. KALETA and G. ZIETEK (Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland)

Modelling Elastoplastic Deformations in Grey Cast Iron. 465 B. L. JOSEFSON and H. E. HJELM (Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden)

Hysteresis Energy and Fatigue Life of Selected Sintered Steels. 473 J. KALETA (Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland) and A. PIOTROWSKI (University of Essen, FRG)

Constitutive Equations for Fiber Reinforced Polyamides . 479 S. BERETTA and P. DAVOLI (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)

xv

Probabilistic Method of Evaluating Fatigue Life of Aircraft Structure Components 485

S. KOCA]\IDA and H. TOMASZEK (Military Technical Academy, Warsaw, Poland)

Section 6: Short Cracks and Macrocracks

Microcrack Density as an Indication of Accumulated Fatigue Damage 490 K. IIDA (Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan)

A Description of Short Fatigue Crack Behaviour Based on Surface Strain Redistribution . 496

H. ABDEL-RAOUF (Zagazig University, Egypt), T. H. TOPPER and A. PLUMTREE (University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada)

Short Crack Growth and Fatigue Life Evaluation 502 1. POLAK, P. LISKUTIN and A. VASEK (Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechoslovakia)

Effects of Energy Dissipation and Energy Screening on Fatigue Crack Extension in Viscoelastic-Plastic Solids 508

M. P. WNUK (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA)

The .1J-Integral and the Relation between Deformation Behaviour and Microstructure in the LCF-Range 514

K.-T. RIE, H. WITTKE (Technical University of Braunschweig, FRG) and R. SCHUBERT (ERNO, Bremen, FRG)

Methods for Material Characterization in the Range of High Crack Growth Rates. 521

D. HELLMANN and K.-H. SCHWALBE (GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, FRG)

Small Crack Behavior and Assessment of High Temperature Fatigue Damage for 2· 25Cr-J M 0 Steel . 527

I. NONAKA and M. KITAGAWA (Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan)

Transition from Small Crack to Large Crack on Creep-Fatigue Crack Propagation 533

R. OHTANI, T. KITAMURA, N. TADA and S. Ilo (Kyoto University, Japan)

Naturally Initiated Fatigue Small Crack Growth in a Single Crystal Ni-Base Superalloy at Elevated Temperature. 539

M. OKAZAKI, T. IMAI (Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan) and S. NOHMI (Kawasaki Heavy Industries Co., Akashi,Japan)

xvi

The Effect of the Compressive Stress-Strain Excursion on the Elastic-Plastic Small Crack Growth in Alloy 718 at 650°C 545

A. H. ROSENBERGER and H. GHONEM (University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA)

The Effect of Superimposed Vibrational Stress on Low Cycle Fatigue Crack Propagation Behaviour 552

B. E. POWELL, R. F. HALL and M. HA WKY ARD (Portsmouth Polytechnic, UK)

Transient Effects in the Cyclic Crack Growth of Engineering Materials 558 K. M. NIKBIN (Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK)

Computation of the Crack Extension Energy Rate in Elasto-Plastic Fracture Mechanics and Applications in Engineering 564

M. CHIARELLI, A. FREDIANI (University of Pisa, Italy) and M. LUCCHESI (University of Chieti, Italy)

The Growth of Fatigue Short Crack Emanating from Small Holes in 16Mn Steel Specimens. 570

W. M. WANG, Y. H. HUANG, H. Xu and G. J. SUEN (Northeastern University of Technology, Shenyang, P R China)

Low-Cycle Fatigue of Cyclic Hardening and Softening Materials 576 Y. FUKUSHIMA, S. HARADA and Y. AKINIWA (Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan)

Crack Initiation and Low-Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of AIZnMgCu 1·5, XlO NiCrAITi 3220 and X2 NiCoMo 18 12 . 582

R. ADOLFS and K. DETERT (University of Siegen, FRG)

Microcrack Growth in Al 2024 and its Effect on Fatigue Life in the LCF-Regime 588

1. K. GREGORY (GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, FRG) and L. WAGNER (Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, FRG)

Low Cycle Fatigue Crack Initiation and Growth at Room and Elevated Temperatures 594

Y. DAI, N. J. MARCHAND (Ecole Poly technique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) and M. HONGOH (Pratt & Whitney Canada, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada)

Study on Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate in Welded Joints 601 H. R. YANG (Shenyang College of Metallurgical Machinery, Shenyang, P R China), D. J. WANG and H. Xu (Northeastern University of Technology, Shenyang, P R China)

xvii

Numerical Study of Fatigue Crack in Welded Joints 607 R. BERKELIS and M. DAUNYS (University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania)

Section 7: Environmental Aspects

Effect of Hold Time and Crevice Corrosion on LCF-Behaviour of Turbine Steels in Boiler Feed Water at 90°C . 613

E. LACHMANN (IABG mhH, Ottohrunn, FRG)

Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic under Combined Tensile and Torsional Stress and Influences of Water Absorption 621

K. KOMAI, K. MINOSHIMA and T. MIKI (Kyoto University, Japan)

Mechanisms of Hydrogen Embrittlement during Low Cycle Fatigue in Metastable Austenite. 627

M. LABIDI,* M. HABASHI,* M. TVRDY** and J. GALLAND* (* Ecole Centrale Paris, Chatenay-Malabry, France, ** Research Institute of Vitkovice, Ostrava, Czechoslovakia)

The Effect ofSOz Bearing Atmospheres on Fatigue Failure ofSAF 2205 and 316 Stainless Steel at 700°C 634

E. AGHION and A. MOLABA (University of Natal, Durban, South Africa)

The Environment Enhanced Crack Growth Behaviour in Low Cycle Fatigue Regime at High Temperature 639

K.-T. RIE and H. KUNGELHOFFER (Technical University of Braunschweig, FRG)

Section 8: Design Methods and Practical Experience

A Numerical Procedure to Calculate Residual Stresses and Fatigue Life of Pressurized Components after Autofrettage 644

M. SCHON, V. B. KOTTGEN and T. SEEGER (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, FRG)

Simulation of the Multiaxial Loading Influence on the Fatigue Life of Materials and Structures under Operational Conditions . 651

J. CACKO (Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia)

The Effect of Minor Cycles on the Growth Rate of Small Cracks in a Turbine Disc Alloy . 657

G. W. KONIG, B. NOWAK and E. E. AFFELDT (MTU Motoren- und Turbinen-Union GmbH, Munich, FRG)

XVlll

LCF-Failure Analysis of an Aero-Engine Turbine Wheel. 664 U. HESSLER and B. DOMES (BMW Rolls-Royce GmbH, Oberursel, FRGI

Life Prediction and Microstructures of Dissimilar Metal Welds 671 C. BRUTTI, F. GAUZZI and S. MISSORI (University of Rome, Italy)

Case Studies on Utilizing i-Integral to Low-Cycle Fatigue Problems 678 D. AZODI and P. BACHMANN (Gesellschaftfiir Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mhH, Cologne, FRG)

Elastic-Plastic Behaviour of a Simulated Transverse Fillet-Welded Lap Joint Subjected to In-Plane Tensile Loading 683

S. W. K. CHAN (Nuclear Electric pic, Barnwood, Gloucs, UK) and M. H. OULE (The Welding Institute, Ahington, UK)

Low Cycle Fatigue of Welded Joints in a Low Alloy Ferritic Steel at 565°C 689 1. LINDBLOM, L. LINDE, P. J. HENDERSON and R. SANDSTROM (Swedish Institute for Metals Research, Stockholm, Sweden)

Section 9: life Prediction

Low Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction of Fossil Plant Components (Invited Lecture) 695

R. VISWANATHAN (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA)

A Model for Damage and Lifetime Prediction Taking into Account the Backstress . 721

1. AKTAA (University of Karlsruhe, FRG) and B. SCHINKE (Nuclear Research Centre, Karlsruhe, FRG)

Thermodynamic Analysis of Fatigue Damage Process 727 X. Y. TUNG and Q. X. YANG (Nort/11l'estern Poly technical University, Xi'An, P R China)

The Fatigue Evolution of Fractal Defects in Metals. 733 M. RYBACZUK (Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland)

Uncertainties in Low Cycle Fatigue Test Data and Reliability of Component Life Predictions. 739

V. BICEGO (elSE, Segrate (Milano), Italy) and S. RAGAZZONI (ENEL­CRTN, Milano, Italy)

XIX

LCF Behaviour of a Cast Steel. 1. SOLIN and 1. PULKKI (Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland)

Effect of Single Over-Straining on Surface Crack Growth Behaviour of Low

745

Cycle Fatigue in Ti-6AI-4V Alloy 751 y. OCHI, A. ISHII, S. K. SASAKI and I. OHDACHI (University of Electro­Communications, Tokyo, Japan)

Low-Cycle Fatigue Life Predictions of Circumferentially Notched Cylindrical Components 757

K. HA TANAKA, T. FUJIMITSU and 1. OHMORI (Yamaguchi University, Ube City, Japan)

Notch Fatigue Behaviour of Nickel Base Alloys 763 1. W. BERGMANN, P. HEULER and M. VORMWALD (JABG mbH, Ottobrunn, FRG)

Analysis of Local Stress-Strain State and Low-Cycle Fatigue of Com-ponents with Large Pad Stress-Coined Holes 769

S. IVANOVA, O. LEVIN and N. MAKHUTOV (Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, CIS)

Estimation of Creep-Fatigue Life from Creep and Fatigue Data: Extrapolation of Best-Fit Equation of SUS304 to Other Materials . 775

K. SONOYA, M. KITAGAWA and I. OMATA (Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan)

Effect of Local Fatigue Damage on High Temperature Slow Strain Rate Fracture Initiation 781

Y. IiNO (Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya, Japan)

Application of Viscoplastic Modelling to Creep-Fatigue Life Prediction 787 P. AGATONOVIC (MAN Technologie AG, Munich, FRG)

Concept of Fatigue Effective Stress and Constitutive Equation of Damaged Material 793

L. Y. XIE, H. Xu and D. 1. WANG (Northeastern University of Technology, Shenyang, PR China)

New Fatigue Life Equation and Elasticity Modulus Defect 799 A. PUSKAR (University of Transport and Communications, iilina, Czechoslovakia)

xx

Life of Structural Steels under Cyclic Loading at Complex Stress State 805 F. F. GIGINYAK, A. A. LEBEDEV (Institute for Problems of Strength, Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine, CIS), B. T. TIMOFEEV (Central Research Institute of Structural Materials, St Petersburg, Russia, CIS), Y. G. DRAGUNOV, A. V. GETMANCHUK and V. F. TITOV (OKB 'Gidropress', Podolsk, Russia, CIS)

Fatigue Maps and Mean Load Dependences 811 A. DEL PUGLIA, F. PRATESI and G. ZONFRILLO (University of Florence, Italy)

M ultiaxial Loading in the Program STATES for Assessment of Limit States 817 S. VEJVODA (Vitkovice, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Brno, C::echoslovakia)

Estimation of the Structural Members Low-Cycle Fatigue Durability 823 T. LAMBER, J. OKRAJNI and M. PLAZA (Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland)

Lifetime Prediction for Thermal Fatigue: Development of a Stochastic Model 829

E. KULLIG,* H. RIESCH-OPPERMANN,** T. WINKLER*** and A. BRucKNER-FoIT* (* University of Karlsruhe, FRG, ** Nuclear Research Centre, Karlsruhe, FRG, *** Institute for Mechanics, Chemnit::, FRG)

Bauschinger Effect during the Low Cycle Fatigue of Low Alloy and Pearlitic Steels and their Welds 835

J. DZIUBINSKI (Silesian Technical University, Gliwice, Poland) and W. C. BRUNNE (Institute for Materials Management, Katowice, Poland)

Fatigue Life Prediction in High Strength Steel Weldments 841 A. TRICOTEAUX, S. DEGALLAIX (Ecole Centrale de LiUe, Villeneuve d' Ascq, France) and E. BOLLINGER (SOLLAC, Dunkerque, France)

Strength to Low Cycle Straining and Fracture of Mechanically Heterogen-ous Welded Joints 847

M. DAUNYS and 1. MACIULEVICHIUS (University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania)

Steels Durable Strength in the Presence of Cavitational Wear 853 O. S. BALABEKOV, A. I. AINABEKOV and YEo P. SUKHENKO (Kazakh Chemical Technology Institute, Chimkent, Kazakhstan, CIS)

Crack Initiation Kinetics Prior to Tensile Specimens Fracture . 859 G. S. PISARENKO, A. A. LEBEDEV and N. G. CHAUSOV (Institute for Problems of Strength, Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine, CIS)

XXI

Late Submission

Cyclic Plastic Deformation of Two RS Aluminium Alloys 865 H. 1. ROVEN (The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway), R. KYSETH and O. JENSRUD (Raufoss AS, Norway)

Index of Contributors. 871

Subject Index 875

XXll

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Y. Asada, Japan V. Bicego, Italy A. Blom, Sweden 1. Bressers, The Netherlands A. Buch, Israel L. F. Coffin, USA A. Del Puglia, Italy N. E. Dowling, USA T. Duggan, UK F. Ellyin, Canada V. Esslinger, Switzerland W. Hoffelner, Switzerland K. Iida, Japan B. Iischner, Switzerland A. Z. Kocanda, Poland T. Lamber, Poland R. W. Landgraf, USA F. Lawrence, USA H.-P. Lieurade, France H.-W. Liu, USA N. A. Machutov, CIS

K. Maurer, Austria A. 1. McEvily, USA S. W. Nam, Korea M. Ohnami, Japan A. Pineau, France G. S. Pisarenko, CIS A. Plumtree, Canada 1. Polak, Czechoslovakia P. Rabbe, France V. M. Radhakrishnan, India S. Raggazoni, Italy L. Remy, France R. P. Skelton, UK D. Socie, USA H. D. Solomon, USA R. Stickler, Austria H. P. Stuwe, Austria B. T omkins, UK T. Topper, Canada M. G. Yan, China

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (FRG)

K.-T. Rie (Chairman) H. Nowack (Co-Chairman) Mrs I. Maslinski (Secretary) D. Aurich 1. W. Bergmann M. Huff K. Kussmaul H. Nickel W. Wiemann

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

D. Aurich (Chairman) E. Bauerfeind C. Kraetz 1. Kuhne G. von Lieven Mrs I. Maslinski H. Naundorf 1. Volker