los muiscas
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FilosofíaTRANSCRIPT
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Quin es el cacique? Fiestas y guerra entre las comunidades prehispnicas muiscas
Mnica J. Giedelmann Reyes, Ph.D. Arqueloga
Ctedra Rodolfo Low Maus Universidad Industrial de Santander
Noviembre 2014
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County of Cundinamarca
County of Boyac
Frontier of Muisca territory,
after Falchetty & Plazas 1973.
TERRITORIO PREHISPNICO MUISCA [800 1536]
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CULTURA PREHISPNICA MUISCA
La evidencia disponible sobre los Muiscas
Material que encontramos en
museos
Descripciones de documentos
de archivos y crnicas
Material recolectado en prcticas
cientficas arqueolgicas
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Museos Bogot
Extranjero
Orfebrera
Textiles
Ofrendas
Momias
CULTURA MATERIAL MUISCA EXPUESTA EN MUSEOS
Exposicin de objetos lite: Idea de jerarquizacin social Altamente desarrollada
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El Dorado, Museo del Oro (Bogot)
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Representacin de El Dorado, The Golden Man por Theodor de Bry (1599)
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Quin es el cacique?
Consolidacin de la lite
- Desarrollo de jerarquas y su legitimidad (Peeble & Kus 1977).
- Elites institucionadas versus lites emergentes.
- Acceso a recursos materiales (Fried 1967, Tainter 1988, Mann 1986) - Acceso a recursos inmateriales (Helms 1988, Tainter 1988, Drennan 1995).
- Recursos viene con: privilegios pero tambin con roles y Obligaciones. - Relacin bidireccional: Elite ejerce el poder pero la comunidad demanda servicios (Mann 1986).
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Quin es el cacique?
Tipo de poder: Carismtico (Weber 1947)
Reciprocidad & Redistribucin
Consenso social
Rituales y especialistas religiosos
Alianzas y redes sociales
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COMPARACIN DE FUENTES
DE INTERPRETACIN DEL PASADO
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ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS
Archive/Abbreviation Fondo/Abbreviation (Colonial Section)
Location
Archivo Nacional de Colombia (ANC)
Cacique e Indios (CaIn), 1551-1835 Bogot, Colombia
Archivo Nacional de Colombia
(ANC)
Visitas de Cundinamarca (VisCun),
1551-1814
Bogot,
Colombia
Archivo Nacional de Colombia
(ANC)
Visitas de Boyac (VisBoy),
1551-1814
Bogot,
Colombia
Archivo General de Indias (AGI ) Justicias (Jus) Sevilla, Spain
CHRONICLES
Chronicler Title Year
Conquistador Gonzalo Jimnez de
Quesada
El eptome de la conquista del Nuevo Reyno de Granada
1537
Brother Juan de Castellanos Elegas de varones ilustres de Indias.
1601
Brother Pedro Simn Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las
Indias Occidentales.
1625
Juan Rodrguez Freyle El Carnero: Conquista y
descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada.
1636
Brother Lucas Fernndez de Piedrahita
Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reino de Granada
1666
Brother Alonso de Zamora Historia del Nuevo Reino de
Granada y de la provincia de San
Antonio en la religin de Santo Domingo.
1701
Manuel Anczar Peregrinacin de Alpha por las provincias del norte de La Nueva
Granada en 1850-1851.
1850-1
Table 4.1. Sources that constituted the ethnohistorical sample of this thesis.
Fuentes consultadas: Documentos de archivo y crnicas
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Categories Sub-categories
ACTIVITIES
Pre-Event
Event
Post-Event
MATERIAL CULTURE
Artefacts
Attire and paraphernalia
Symbolism
SPACE
Location
Association with special features
Access
TIMING
Duration
Frequency
Seasonality
ACTORS
Participants
Roles
Mobilization
Table 4.2. Categories and sub-categories used in the arrangement of descriptions.
Categorizacin de la evidencia sobre fiestas y guerras
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ACTIVITIES
Category of ritualization Category of feastings
Pre-Event Motive for feasting and type of feasting, e.g. harvest,
marriage, mourning, alliance, war, commemoration
Preparations such as collection of products and invitations to
participants
Tribute payments of goods e.g. food, services and goods
Event Communal consumption of food, alcoholic drinks and
hallucinogens
Performance of other activities such as processions, dances, singing, offerings.
Post-Event Redistribution of goods
MATERIAL CULTURE
Category of ritualization Category of feastings
Artefacts Vessels for serving, cooking and storage
Objects for inhalation, e.g. clay spoons
Goods of offering and/or redistribution
Furniture and decoration of place
Musical instruments and others
Attire and paraphernalia Adornment, e.g. clothing and accessories
Symbolism Symbols
SPACE
Category of ritualization Category of feastings
Location Public spaces such as plazas
Households, either of chief or commoners
Association with
special features
Relation to monuments, burials, sculptures, santuarios
Relation to landscape features, e.g. lakes, mountains, caves
Access Restricted or free entry
Ritual against secular space
TIMING
Category of ritualization Category of feastings
Duration Length of feast (fiestas)
Frequency Frequency
Seasonality Seasonality
ACTORS
Category of ritualization Category of feastings
Participants Selection of participants though:
(a) social position, (b) age, (c) gender, (d) supernatural aid, (e) internal meetings or with others groups.
Roles Social roles e.g. religious specialists, warriors, political
leaders
Mobilization Degree and mechanism of mobilization of people.
Degree and mechanism of mobilization of resources.
Table 4.3. Categories, sub-categories and sections for feasting.
Matriz de anlisis de las descripciones sobre fiestas por categoras y subcategoras. 25 eventos descritos 57 referencias
Muisca mcuras with ornate decoration
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County of Cundinamarca
County of Boyac
Frontier of Muisca territory,
after Falchetty & Plazas 1973.
Pueblos mencionados en las descripciones etnohistricas
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ACTIVITIES
Category of ritualization Category of warfare
Pre-Event Motive of conflict
Recruitment and organisation of war parties
Military training
Ceremonies of initiation and activities
Event Battle or confrontation, e.g. events and stratagem
War
Post-Event Ceremonies of closure and activities
Recovery of victims and casualties
Displacement of defeated parties
MATERIAL CULTURE
Category of ritualization Category of warfare
Artefacts Weaponry: individual or group equipment
Architectural structures, e.g. defense
Booty
Attire and paraphernalia Adornment, e.g. clothing and accessories
Symbolism Artefacts
SPACE
Category of ritualization Category of warfare
Location Settlements: (a) Location and association with natural
features used as boundaries, (b) nucleation, (c) mobility, (d)
overnight camps.
Outside settlements
Association with
special features
Relation to monuments, burials, sculptures
Relation to landscape features, e.g. lakes, mountains, caves
Access Restricted or free entry
Ritual against secular space
TIMING
Category of ritualization Category of warfare
Duration Length of battle/confrontation
Length of war
Frequency How often confrontations occur in a given period
Seasonality In relation to particular times of the year or seasons
ACTORS
Category of ritualization Category of warfare
Participants Selection of participants by: (a) social position, (b) age,
(c) gender, (d) supernatural aid, (e) internal warfare or against another group
Size of army
Casualties and captives
Roles Social roles, e.g. religious specialists, warriors, political leaders
Mobilization Degree and mechanism of mobilization of people
Matriz de anlisis de las descripciones sobre guerra por categoras y subcategoras. 19 eventos descritos 41 referencias
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County of Cundinamarca
County of Boyac
Frontier of Muisca territory,
after Falchetty & Plazas 1973.
Pueblos mencionados en las descripciones etnohistricas
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Anadenantrera Peregrina Tree and its beans Yanomam Indians consuming yopo
Illustration of a Muisca Gold tray used in
the ingestion of hallucinogens (Museo de Oro, Bogot)
A senior host (in the centre) sits watching over the
male guests who passed out after drinking and
vomiting in a party (1986).
Wari, Indigenous group in western Brazil
Preparations for alcohol drinking by using a hollow
tree trunk to make a giant beer barrel.
Festejo versus fiesta Regocijo, convite Borrachera, idolatras, estupros
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County of Cundinamarca
County of Boyac
Frontier of Muisca territory,
after Falchetty & Plazas 1973.
Pueblos estudiados en el registro arqueolgico
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Ollas (pots)
Ollas-cuenco
0 10 cm
Bowls
Inverted Bowls
0 10 cm
Miniature vessels
0 5 cm
Spoons
Cups
0 10 cm
Jars
'0 10 cm
Prctica de Fiestas: cermica
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R
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rucc
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Tem
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Def
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FUENTES DE INFORMACIN SOBRE FESTEJOS MUISCAS
Serie de actividades que acompaan el consumo alimenticio.
nfasis en ceremonias y rituales Poca referencia a la alimentacin y
cultura material asociada.
Distribucin y elaboracin de cermica (in situ)
Presencia / Ausencia de decoracin. Identificacin formas cermicas. Feasting: consumo comida y bebida.
ARQUEOLOGA ETNOHISTORIA
Connotacin ritual: Incesto & adulterio: actividad sexual. Supersticin, sacrificios, carreras e
idolatras: ofrendas. Borracheras y alucingenos: chicha y
yopo.
Jerarquas sociales: no identificadas. Centralizacin del poder: no identificado. Artefactos suntuarios fuera de contexto.
Reconstruccin ceremonial de los festejos: carcter festivo y ritual.
Persecucin a estas prcticas, vistas como estrategias de resistencia indgena.
Reconstruccin intenta identificar festejos. Festejos como indicador de jerarquizacin
social. Problemas en la distincin entre: Consumo alimentos cotidianos. Consumo alimentos especiales.
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Zipa
Zaque
Territorios Independientes
Organizacin poltica en confederaciones
Evidencia de un centro administrativo regional Evidencia de confrontaciones militares Evidencia de jerarquizacin social definida
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Samac, El Venado (Boyac) Tumba No. 14
Unidad Residencial
Jerarquizacin social en la evidencia arqueolgica
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Jerarquizacin social en la evidencia arqueolgica
Samac, El Venado (Boyac) Tumba No. 16
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Human head
Crossbow and arrows
Club/baton
Club/baton
Sling
Spear (Jivaro Indians)
Club, replica from Muisca
golden figurines
Bow and arrow
(Jivaro Indians)
Muisca stone dark hook found in Sogamoso
(Museo Arqueolgico Suamox)
Dart-thrower (tiradera) Quillacinga,
Nario, Colombia)
Muisca gold dart-thrower (tiradera)
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R
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Tem
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Def
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FUENTES DE INFORMACIN SOBRE GUERRA MUISCAS
Serie de actividades de espritu festivo nfasis en performance pblicos: danzas, procesiones y festejos.
Eventos intermitentes e irregulares de corta duracin. Armas no especializadas.
Distribucin de asentamientos: suelos productivos para agricultura, y altura y accesibilidad.
Unidades residenciales: estructuras defensa.
Evidencia sea: ausencia de trauma. Industria blica: incipiente.
ARQUEOLOGA ETNOHISTORIA
Connotacin ritual: Ceremonias que acompaaban: tinku. Mobilizacin. Alianzas: provisiones y guerreros (cercado). Vasallaje.
No guerra escala regional. No centralizacin del poder. Destruccin estructuras residenciales. Artefactos suntuarios fuera de contexto.
Reconstruccin ceremonial de las guerras: eventos pblicos y colectivos.
Guerra tribal, no cacicazgos. Campaa de conquista.
Guerra primitiva: no se desplazaba o destrua el enemigo.
Guerra tribal: emboscada. Guerra real versus guerra ideal, tunjos
(ofrendas votivas).
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Decorated textiles
Reconstruction of textile pattern and complete mantle
Ceramic figurines portraying headdresses and attire
Gold pectorals
Quin es el cacique?
Reconocimiento social: Parafernalia del poder
Poder es inestable. Posicin social era costosa Prestigio
Convocatoria y hospitalidad
Deer
Feline
Deer
Gold figurines of animals used as votive offerings
Poder: Ritual y reciprocidad