Long-range Transport of Air Long-range Transport of Air Pollutants and Policy MakingPollutants and Policy Making

3030 thth

Environmental Prediction into the Next Decade: Weather, Climate, Water and the Air We Breathe

Technical Conference, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 16-17 November 2009

19791979 20092009

The LRTAP Convention The LRTAP Convention was the first was the first international legally binding instrument international legally binding instrument to deal to deal with problems of air pollution with problems of air pollution on a broad on a broad regional basisregional basis. .

Besides laying down the general principles of Besides laying down the general principles of international cooperation for air pollution international cooperation for air pollution abatement, abatement, the Convention sets up an the Convention sets up an institutional framework bringing together institutional framework bringing together research and policyresearch and policy. .

The Convention has been extended by eight protocols:The Convention has been extended by eight protocols:

The 1999 The 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone; 23 Parties. Entered into force on 17 May 2005. (. Entered into force on 17 May 2005. (Guidance documents to Protocol adopted by decision 1999/1). ).

The 1998 The 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs); ; 28 Parties. Entered into force on . Entered into force on 23 October 2003.23 October 2003.

The 1998 The 1998 Protocol on Heavy Metals; ; 28 Parties. Entered into force on 29 December 2003.. Entered into force on 29 December 2003.

The 1994 The 1994 Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions; ; 27 Parties. Entered into force . Entered into force 5 August 1998.5 August 1998.

The 1991 The 1991 Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes; ; 22 Parties. Entered into force 29 September 1997.. Entered into force 29 September 1997.

The 1988 The 1988 Protocol concerning the Control of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes; ; 31 Parties. Entered into force 14 February 1991. . Entered into force 14 February 1991.

The 1985 The 1985 Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent; 23 Parties. Entered into force 2 September 1987.; 23 Parties. Entered into force 2 September 1987.

The 1984 Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring The 1984 Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP); 42 and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP); 42 Parties. Entered into force 28 January 1988.Parties. Entered into force 28 January 1988.

EE

LV

LT

BYPL

UA

ROHU

BG

TRGRAZ

GE

AMKG

FI

CY

SENO

DK

DENL

IE

ESPT

IT

CHAT

GB

HR

BA

ALFY

FR

BECZ

MD

SK

SI

SR

LU.KZ

RU

TMUZ

TJ

RU

MT

CG

Artic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

CA

US

51 parties to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Pollution51 parties to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Pollution

Air PollutionAir PollutionMeansMeans

the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the air resulting in substances or energy into the air resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems and material property and and ecosystems and material property and impair or interfere with amenities and other impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment, and "air legitimate uses of the environment, and "air pollutants" shall be construed accordingly;pollutants" shall be construed accordingly;

Long-range Long-range transboundarytransboundary

air pollutionair pollutionmeansmeans

air pollution whose physical origin is situated air pollution whose physical origin is situated wholly or in part within the area under the wholly or in part within the area under the national jurisdiction of one State and which has national jurisdiction of one State and which has adverse effects in the area under the jurisdiction adverse effects in the area under the jurisdiction of another State at such a distance that it is not of another State at such a distance that it is not generally possible to distinguish the contribution generally possible to distinguish the contribution of individual emission sources or groups of of individual emission sources or groups of sources.sources.

The International Cooperative Programmes of Working Group on Effects (WGE)

Country hosting Programme Centre

Country leading Task Force

Main Programme Coordinating Centre for ICP on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests

Germany Germany

Programme Centre for ICP on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes

Norway Norway

Main Research Centre for ICP on Effects of Air Pollution on Materials, including Historic and Cultural Monuments

Sweden Sweden and Italy

Programme Centre for ICP on Effects of Air Pollutants on Natural Vegetation and Crops

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Programme Centre for ICP on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems

Finland Sweden

Coordination Centre for Effects for ICP on Mapping of Critical Levels and Loads

The Netherlands Germany

Joint Task Force on the Health Aspects of Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.

European Centre for Environment and Health (ECEH) of the World Health Organization

(WHO)

Scientific / Technical Centres of Scientific / Technical Centres of Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)Programme (EMEP)

Country hosting Country hosting CentreCentre

Country leading Country leading Task ForceTask Force

Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - West (MSC-Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - West (MSC-W)W)

NorwayNorway

Chemical Coordinating CentreChemical Coordinating Centre NorwayNorway

Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East (MSC-Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East (MSC-E)E)

Russian FederationRussian Federation

Centre for Integrated Assessment ModellingCentre for Integrated Assessment ModellingInternational Institute for Applied Systems International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)Analysis (IIASA)

Centre for Emission Inventories and ProjectionsCentre for Emission Inventories and Projections AustriaAustria

Task Force on Measurements and ModellingTask Force on Measurements and ModellingTask Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air PollutionPollutionTask Force on Integrated Assessment ModellingTask Force on Integrated Assessment ModellingTask Force on Emission Inventories and Task Force on Emission Inventories and ProjectionsProjections

France & WMOFrance & WMOUS and ECUS and EC

The NetherlandsThe NetherlandsUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom

EE

LV

LT

BYPL

UA

ROHU

BG

TRGRAZ

GE

AMKG

FI

CY

SENO

DK

DENL

IE

ESPT

IT

CHAT

GB

HR

BA

ALFY

FR

BECZ

MD

SK

SI

SR

LU.KZ

RU

TMUZ

TJ

RU

MT

CG

42 parties to the EMEP Protocol

Artic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

CA

US

The Cooperative Programme for The Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) will will continue to represent the main continue to represent the main science-based and policy driven science-based and policy driven

instrument for international instrument for international cooperation cooperation in atmospheric in atmospheric

monitoring and modelling, emission monitoring and modelling, emission inventories and projections, and inventories and projections, and

integrated assessment to help solve integrated assessment to help solve transboundary air pollution transboundary air pollution

problems in Europe. problems in Europe.

In order to achieve its mission EMEP builds on and seeks to develop, maintain and In order to achieve its mission EMEP builds on and seeks to develop, maintain and implement methods and tools that support achievement of goals in areas ofimplement methods and tools that support achievement of goals in areas of

SCIENCE:SCIENCE:EMEP establishes sound scientific evidence and provides EMEP establishes sound scientific evidence and provides guidance to underpin, develop and evaluate environmental guidance to underpin, develop and evaluate environmental policies;policies;

PARTNERSHIP:PARTNERSHIP:EMEP fosters international partnership to find solutions to EMEP fosters international partnership to find solutions to environmental problems;environmental problems;

OPENNESS:OPENNESS: EMEP encourages the open use of intellectual resources and EMEP encourages the open use of intellectual resources and products;products;

SHARING:SHARING:EMEP is transparent and shares information and expertise EMEP is transparent and shares information and expertise with research programmes, expert institutions, national and with research programmes, expert institutions, national and international organizations, and environmental agreements;international organizations, and environmental agreements;

ORGANIZATION:ORGANIZATION:EMEP is organized to integrate information on emissions, EMEP is organized to integrate information on emissions, environmental quality, effects and abatement options, and to environmental quality, effects and abatement options, and to provide the basis for solutions, andprovide the basis for solutions, and

LEADERSHIP:LEADERSHIP:EMEP supports the Convention on Long Range Transboundary EMEP supports the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) in providing leadership in Air Pollution (CLRTAP) in providing leadership in environmental policy making at the European level, environmental policy making at the European level, nationally and globally. nationally and globally.

Work done under EMEP in collaboration with work of Work done under EMEP in collaboration with work of Working Group on Effects Working Group on Effects provides technical support to the provides technical support to the Working Group on Strategies and Review on how to achieve Working Group on Strategies and Review on how to achieve environmental targets in a cost effective wayenvironmental targets in a cost effective way. This is well . This is well explained by the relationship explained by the relationship max (max ( ) ) that is used to maximize the benefit for that is used to maximize the benefit for environment and/or human health by minimizing costs: environment and/or human health by minimizing costs:

where E denotes the effects in the environment or on human health, c -the concentration or deposition of air pollutants, Q – emis sions, and$ - the cost of an impact or of an emission reduction. WGE addresses the term E/cEMEP centres (MSCE, MSCW, CCC, CEIP) address the term c/Q, and CIAM CIAM addresses addresses QQ//$ and $ and carries out the carries out the optimisation optimisation ((maxmax((EE//$))$))..

Implemented in EECCA countries

Exceedance of nutrient N CLs, CCE Status Report 2008Exceedance of nutrient N CLs, CCE Status Report 2008