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SIR GEORGE WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY

tlS U V S IS IT YS -J s J & i^ Y T o m o rro w

M c w r g g MVOL XXXII, NO. 4 TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 24, 1968 8 CENTS

1968 Freshm an P rincesses- (left to right) Shoshi Zukar Betty Anderson, Barbara M acIntyre, Lynn W alters

BIAFRA

Scenes like this a re not u n c o m m o n in B iafra am id the w holesale s laugh ter of the Ibo tribe.

O n pages 6 and 7... an accoun t of the events leading up to the Bia- fran secession from N igeria . A lth o u g h m uch of the a rtic le is highly co loured and em otiona l , we p resen t it in the belief th a t political cons idera tions becom e secondary to h u m a n i ta r ia n concerns.

W e feel it is the m ost effective of c o m m u n ic a t in g to people overly preoccupied with such crucial business as the selection of a f reshm an Queen.

T om o rro w , S e p tem b e r 25th , the S tu d e n t C h r is t ian M o vem en t will be sponsoring a Z o n e - In a t which coffee and pancakes will be sold for twenty-five cents. All p roceeds will be fo rw arded to U N I C E F for the purchase of food and supples to be sent to Biafra.

The Z o n e -In will c o m m e n ce a t twelve noon in the Z o n e on the fifth floor of the H all Bldg. and will con tinue until tw o p.m.

2 / th eg eo rg ian , TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER24, 1968

FLORAPIZZERIA

» Delicatessen ̂ "L a p izza a son m eilleur "

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WORKSHOPan evening of t rad i t io n a l &

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Wednesdays 8 lo 11 pm

LICENSED M o o s e Hall ■ 3 4 8 5 a Park Ave at M i l ton

you can: . .save time and workw i cam pus

products!

U N IVE R SITY N O T E FILE

S pira l w ire b o u n d ; 1 1 % " x 9 % " . S ix pouches to ho ld 8 L " x 1 1 " Refill Sheets and notes. Idea l fo r co llec ting research m a te ria l.

This is just one o f a w ide range o f University products designed to assist the student in 'eve ry p a rt o f his w o rk — from the p lan n ing and o rg a n iza tio n o f tim e and projects, the ta k in g and filin g o f notes, to the presentation o f thesis and projects — and inc lud ing sta tion­ery fo r students' personal cor­respondence. A ll were produced w ith m odern design and special va lue in m ind.

Look fo r tim e saving, w ork saving G age Campus products a t you r U niversity book store and be tter stationers. They're m ade by W . J. G age Lim ited, the same com pany th a t makes the w ell known tex t­books.

The C o m p a n y th a t likes the business it's in.

STATIONERY • ENVELOPES • TEXTBOOKS

Full co lou r (1 0 " x 1 5 ") M od , posters a re a va ila b le fo r 10^ I postage and hand ling . W rite | to : G age, P.O. Box 3000, . W illo w d a le , O nt.

All c lu b s a n d o rg a n iz a t io n s w ish in g to p u b l ic iz e u p - c o ­m in g e v e n ts in th e georg ian s h o u ld s u b m i t t y p e w r i t t e n n o ­t ices ( in c lu d in g n a m e , d a t e a n d t im e of e v e n t) to th e geo rg ian office, room 649 of th e H a l l B u i ld ing . T h e n o t ic e s sh o u ld be k e p t brief, in c lu d in g on ly v i ta l in f o rm a t io n a b o u t th e e v en t .

* * * * * * * * * * *

F re a k O u t w i th th e R a b b le - T h e S .G .W .U . J a z z S oc ie ty a n d T h e N ew P en e lo p e will p r e s e n t th e R a b b le in co n c e r t on W e d n e s d a y a t 12.00 in H- 110. E v e ry o n e is w e lcom e to com e a n d h e a r th e ex c i t in g s o u n d s of t h i s p o p u la r local g roup . T h is e v e n t is be in g held in c o n ju n t io n w i th th e c lu b s r a l ly a n d is th e f i r s t of a series o f concer ts . For th i s o ccas ion on ly th e re is no r e ­d u c t io n for m e m b e r s . A d ­m iss io n $0.50

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a

O n W e d n e s d a y e v e n in g s t h e ­re w il l be a H O O T , a t th e C oa l B in C offeehouse a t 436 M a y o r S t r e e t (co rner of C i ty C o u n ­cillor) so a n y o n e w ho s ings a n d or p la y s a n d i n s t r u m e n t a n d w ishes to p e r fo rm or an y o n e w h o w ishes to h e a r a w ide v a ­r ie ty of p e r fo rm e rs is w e l­come.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

V a rs i ty b a s k e tb a l l m e e t in g T u e s d a y , S e p t . 24 a t 5 p .m . in room H-413

* * * * * * * * * * * * *

Students interested in the course Econom ics 491 - The­ory and Practice of Co-ope­ration - are invited to come to Room H-661-5 on T hurs­day, September 26th between 5:30 and 6:00 p .m ., to fix the day and place of the lecture.

Temporary senate report drafted

A sub-committee of the University Council has p repar­ed a proposal for a University Senate. The contents of th is proposal will not be made public un ti l September 27 when the sub-committee headed by Vice-principal D.B. Clarke will table the report a t the University Council. The report however is only a draft and will be subject to change after discussions with faculty and s tu ­den t associations. It will be open during the first term for study and proposals and the final draft will be presented to the University Council in January 1969. After acceptance a t th is level it will be presented to the Board of Governors for ratifica­tion.

★ ★ ★

• • ( • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a * * *• a a a a a a • a a a a a a a a a a t • • a a a a a a a a i a a a a a a a a a a *

Positions available in the SAT h e S t u d e n t s ’ A sso c ia t io n w ishes to a n n o u n c e o p en in g s for th e following pos i t ions . A p p l ic a t io n s for a n y of th e p o s i t io n s ca n be o b ta in e d from th e S A r e c e p t io n i s t on th e th i r d floor of th e H a l l b u i ld in g , a n d m u s t be c o m p le te d a n d r e t u r n e d before O ct. 4.

S ocia l C h a i r m a n C u l tu r a l C h a i r m a n C h ie f R e tu r n in g Officer P u b l ic i ty C h a i r m a n P e r so n n e l OfficerS tu d e n t U n io n B u i ld in g C o m m it t e e C h a i r m a nS t u d e n t L e a d e r s h ip O r i e n ta t io n Conference-

C h a i r m a nC lu b s C o m m iss io n e r U n iv e rs i ty C o m m i t t e e s L ib ra ry C o m m i t t e eU n iv e rs i ty C o m m i t t e e on D e v e lo p m e n t D isc ip line C o m m i t t e e Food S erv ices C o m m i t t e e C o -C u r r ic u la r C o m m it t e e

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CLASSIFIEDS

RATES: C la ss ified A d v ertis in g rates forreg is tered s tu d en ts are ( 7 5 fo r one insertion and $ 1 .2 5 fo r th e sam e in sertio n in tw o conse­cutive issues. R ates fo r n o n -s tu d en ts is $ 1 .2 5 per in s e rtio n . T h e w o rd l im it is tw e n ty (2 0 ) . Cash m u s t acc o m p a n y a ll ads. A d vertis ing d ead lines are W e d n e s d a y noon fo r th e Friday issue, and Friday noon fo r th e T u e sd ay issue. Ads m ay be s u b m itte d o n ly to th e A dvertis ing D e p artm en t, R oom 6 3 9 o f th e H a ll Build ing.

ACCOMODATIONROOM AND BOARD - B e a u tifu l large bed-s itting room fo r tw o w ith tw in beds near SGWU. Excel­le n t hom e cooked meals. Phone 9 3 5 -1 0 2 7 .

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W ILLING TO SACRIFICE. One set on Ludw igD rum s (N o Tom Tom s) w ith 2 0 ” Z ild jian Cymbal and one 12 s tr in g c lass ica l g u ita r. Best offer. Call Craig a t 4 8 8 - 4 9 8 8 .

TEXTBOOKS FOR SALE. P sycho logy 431 ,Spanish 211 and G eography 2 5 1 . Call 9 3 2 -3 5 4 6 a fte r 6 :0 0 P.M.

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FOR SALE: E ng ineering s lide rule. Plastic.(D iw a) w ith le a th e r case. E xce llent cond ition .H la f price . Tel. 4 81 -1 7 4 2 . S. Ryerson.

WANTEDURGENT! R equ ire used books. A M ode rn Book- o f A e s th e tics - Rader V ic to ria n Poetry and Poetics. P lease call Barbara 4 8 1 - 5 0 9 4 .

BABY SITTER w a n te d fo r 1 xh yr. o ld in M o n t­real W est. Phone even ing H U 9 -6 5 4 1 .

SERVICESCOMPLETE E N TE R TAIN M EN T SERVICE fo rparties & dances - lig h t show s, discotheques, bands (Canadian & A m erican ). Call Boom En­te rprises. 3 4 2 - 1 4 4 2 , 8 4 5 - 1 4 4 2 , 4 8 2 -7 0 5 6 .

DO YOU NEED A HAIRCUT ?

GUY BARBERSHOP1445 Guy Street

(dow nstairs in the Guy M etro Station)

\

the georgian, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1968 ' 3

Mexican police battle demonstratorsM exico C i ty (C U P I) - T h re e peop le were

k il led in a b loody f iv e -h o u r c la sh b e tw e e n police a n d r io t in g s tu d e n t s S a t u r d a y n ig h t ( sep t 21) a s cops b ro k e u p a m a ss iv e p r o te s t a g a in s t a r m y o c c u p a t io n of th e U n iv e r s i ty of Mexico.

A p o l ic e m e n a n d tw o y o u th s were c u t do w n w h e n police u se d f i r e a r m s for th e f i rs t t im e ever in th e M e x ic a n C a p i ta l .

T h e cops were a n s w e r in g sn ip e r fire from a p r e p a r a to r y schoo l in th e h e a r t of th e city. S tu d e n t s h av e o c c u p ie d th e schoo l for tw o m o n th s a s p a r t of th e g e n e ra l s t u d e n t s t r ik e a ffec ting over 80,000 s tu d e n t s in M exico .

Over 1,000 d e m o n s t r a to r s w ere a r r e s te d

in t h e S a t u r d a y n i g h t b a t t l e - c u l m i n a t i o n of t h r e e d a y s of s t u d e n t a g i t a t i o n a g a i n s t t h e o c ­

c u p a t i o n w h i c h b e g a n t h u r s d a y (sep t 19).

T h e t ro o p s were s e n t o n to th e s t r ik e - b o u n d c a m p u s to h e a d off t h r e a t e n e d d i s ­r u p t io n of th e O ly m p ic G a m e s n ex t m o n th .

S t u d e n t d e m a n d s in c lu d e d i s m is s a l of th re e police offic ia ls a n d d i s b a n d m e n t of th e co rps of M ex ico C i ty r io t police. T h e i r t h r e a t to d i s r u p t th e O ly m p ic G a m e s w as issued two weeks ago to force g o v e r n m e n t to m e e t th e i r d e m a n d s . T h e g o v e r n m e n t in s t e a d rep l ied by seizing th e U n iv e rs i ty , h e a d q u a r t e r s of th e s tu d e n t revo lt ac t io n .

French students slowed by reform proposals.P A IR S (C U P I) - P ro p o sa ls for re fo rm s

from F re n c h e d u c a t io n m in i s te r E d g a r F a u re have slowed, a t le a s t t e m p o r a r i ly , f u r th e r s tu d e n t revolt .

F aure s p ro g ra m p ro p o ses a u t o n o m y for the u n iv e rs i t ie s , p re v io u s ly co n tro l led by the m in i s t r y of e d u c a t io n ; p a r t i c ip a t i o n of professors a n d s tu d e n t s in r u n n in g th e u n i ­versities; a n o v e r h a u l of s t r u c t u r e in th e schools; a n d f re ed o m for o rg a n iz e d p o l i t ica l d eb a te w i th in th e u n iv e rs i t ie s .

S uccessfu l p a s sa g e of th e p ro p o sa ls will m e a n a v ic to ry for F a u re over b o th co n ­se rva tives w ho o p p o se d m a k in g c a m p u s f a ­cilities a v a i la b le for d e b a t e s a n d s tu d e n t revo lu t ionar ie s w ho voiced l i t t le o p p o s i t io n to the p la n s , a n d h ave w a lk e d o u t of th e p l a n ­ning co m m it tee s .

T h e co n serv a t iv e w ing of th e G a u l l i s t p a r ty was h igh ly c r i t ic a l of th e p ro g ra m u n t i l p rem ier M a u r ic e C ouve de M o u rv i l le in te r v e n ­ed a n d s i lenced op p o s i t io n .

S tu d e n t h e s i t a t io n s a b o u t th e p ro g ra m were seen W e d n e s d a y a t a m e e t in g of th e C ounc il

of N a t i o n a l E d u c a t io n d isc u ss in g th e p ro p o sa ls O ver h a l f th e m e m b e r s of th e co u n c i l left before vo t ing , in c lu d in g m o s t r a d ic a l r e p r e ­s e n ta t iv e s . T h e res t of th e co u n c i l a c c e p te d F a u r e ’s p ro g ra m by a 30-0 vote.

F re n c h s tu d e n t s a re now w r i t in g e x a m s a n d , d e s p i te a n a p p e a l for a b o y co t t , a b o u t 90 p e r cen t of th e s tu d e n t s , a re p a r t i c i p a t ­ing.

D is r u p t io n s took p la ce a t tw o loca t ions W e d n e s d a y (S ep t . 18) a t th e Ecole des b e a u x A rts a n d th e f a c u l ty of m e d ic in e , b o th on th e left b a n k .

At th e f a c u l ty of m e d ic in e , s t u d e n t s s c u f ­fled w i th c iv i l ian s w ho h a d been h ired to police th e b u i ld in g . A t th e Ecole des B e a u x A rts , 80 s tu d e n t s o cc u p ie d a g a rd e n , b u t were ev ic ted .

Offic ials , fea r in g new s tu d e n t ac t io n , feel th e re m a y be m ore se r ious d i s r u p t io n s w h e n classes beg in n e x t m o n th , b u t say th e l im i te d a c t iv i ty by th e a c t iv i s t s s o 1 fa r is a good sign.

H a lf-p rice to college students and facu lty: the neicspaper that neu'spaper people rea d . . .

A t last count, we had m ore th an 3,800 new s­p ap e r ed itors on our list of subscribers to The C hris t ian Science Monitor. E d ito rs f ro m all over the world.

There is a good reason w hy these “p ros” read the M onitor: the M onitor is the w orld ’s only daily in te rna tiona l new spaper. Unlike local papers, the M onitor focuses exclusively on w orld news — the im p o r tan t news.

The M onitor selects the news it considers m ost significant and reports , it, in te rp re ts it, analyzes it — in depth. I t takes you fu r th e r into the news th a n any local p aper can.

I f th is is the k ind of p ap e r you would like to be reading , we will send it to you r ig h t aw ay a t ha lf the reg u la r price of $24.00 a year.

Clip the coupon. F ind out w hy new spaper­men themselves read the M onitor — and why they invariab ly nam e it as one of the five best papers in the world.

T he Ch ristia n Scm

FOCUS

I The C h ris tian Science M onitor1 N orw ay S tree t, Boston, M assachusetts 02115 jP lease en te r a M onitor subscrip tion fo r the nam e below. [

I I am enclosing $ .. ......... .. (U . S. funds) fo r the period |[ checked. □ 1 y ea r $12 □ 9 m onths $9 □ tl m onths $6

I N am e __________ ____________________ '.___ i

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C ity______________________S ta te . .. . . Zip ........ ji n College studen t .......... . Y ear of g radua tion . . .... ,

□ F acu lty m em ber p.CN-6r> IL ------------------------------------------ - ------------------------------------------------------ i

QUEEN’S LUNCHSPECIAL PRICES FOR STUDENTS

COMPLETE RIB STEAK DINNER(CHEF SALAD, BAKED P O T A T O ) £ 2 4

2 0 6 5 BISHOP NEXT TO BOOKSTORE

A T T E N T IO N ALL S TU D E N TS

Because the University has had to withdraw the grant which formerly financed student memberships and other benefits in- the Downtown YMCA, a new membership arrangement has now been estab­lished.

Day students wishing to join Downtown “Y" may do so by paying a student fee o f $20 .00 which gives membership privileges for the period ending May 1st, 1969. Evening students may join on a re­stricted basis (two days per week) for $10 .00 for the period ending May 1st, 1969.

Registration can be made at the

membership desk of Downtown YM C A,

1441 Drummond Street.

An Arts’

Students

announcement

T h e r e w i l l be a m e e t i n g o f t h e A r t s S t u d e n t s ' A s - soc ia t ion of S.G.W.U. on M on da y , S e p tem b er 3 0 t h at 1 2 :0 0 noon, in room H - 1 1 0 concern ing the bu dge t o f the 1 9 6 8 - 69 Ar ts S tu d e n t 's Assoc ia t ion .

A co n t rac t s h o w in g A.S.A. m em b ersh ip m us t be p r o v id ­ed to gain a d m i t ta n ce to th is meet ing.

wm

4 / the georgian, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1968

m ui editorial fiiEsasiWEwriSMis

Students and ViolenceC a n a d ia n press coverage of th e g ro w in g C a n a d ia n

student m o v e m e n t has been u n fo r tu n a te a t best, d a n ­gerous a t worst. A c l im ate has been crea ted in w h ich a ra t iona l d e b a te of s tudent d e m a n d s a n d student tactics becomes impossible.

It is a fact th a t the re is in C a n a d a a g ro w in g stu­dent m o v e m e n t , c o m m itte d to univers ity change. It is also a fact th a t this m o v e m e n t still represents a m inority , a n d th a t its ' ' re p re s e n ta t iv i ty ' ' w il l be d e te rm in e d only as students d e b a te a n d act on issues this year. But it is d e l ib e ra te , cynical p ro p a g a n d a th a t this m o v e m e n t represents only a conspiratorial elite, d ed ica ted to chaos a n d violence.

Yet this is the im a g e conveyed by th e press. A press w hich if it sincerely condem ns vio lence should condem n those w h o create an a tm o s p h e re conducive to violence in our society.

It is ironic th a t th e present press labels - " v io le n t” , " a n a rc h is t" , " s a b o te u r” - should be ap p lied to a m o v e ­m e n t w h ich has its roots d e e p in th e struggle for peace. Both in the U.S. a n d in C a n a d a , th e student m o v e m e n t g ro w n out of a struggle a g a in s t th e in s titu t iona lized v io ­lence of our society - ag a in s t segregation a n d racism, aga in s t the w a r in V ie tn a m a n d ag a in s t the th re a t of nuclear w a r . But th e charges of v iolence ag a in s t s tu­dents a re as old as the m o v e m e n t itself - they b e g a n as soon as protest m oved beyond the level of academ ic d e b a te , as soon as it b e g a n to th re a te n established interests a n d a t te m p te d real c h an g e . The point is not th a t protest is ine ffective , but ra th er the opposite - th a t our present rulers a re unresponsive to d e b a te .

Radical tactics a re not synonym ous w i th violence. The s tudent m o v e m e n t still d ep e n d s on pacifist (s it- in) a n d union (strike) techniques. These techniques do not n e g a te our ra t ion a l a n d h u m a n ita r ia n ends, as m a n y w o u ld c la im , nor jdo they exclude the possibility of ra tion a l d e b a te . R ather th e y o ffe r us th e chance to effect change. It is the b eg in n in g of a c reative d ia lo g ue . An o p p o rtu n ity to m e e t adm in is tra to rs w i th o u rd e m a n d s , a n d the p o w e r to effect c h an g e .

Vio lence in the s tudent m o v e m e n t has been in it ia ted dent protest by the police or a rm y has been m atch ed only by the skill w i th w h ich th e mass m e d ia has b la m ­ed the v iolence on the students them selves; a t C o lu m b ia the police w e re savag e not only in b ea t in g students, but also d e l ib e ra te destruction of university property - a nd the students a re accused of being v io len t a n d destructi­ve; in France the students used barricades to d e fe n d them selves a ga in s t truncheons, te a r gas a n d tanks.

This year, in C a n a d a , w e m a y w e ll see theory l in k ­ed w i th action, w e m a y see students d e m a n d in g changes in the ir un ivers ity a n d using the ir p o w e r to see th a t they occur. But w e need see no violence, unless a d ­m inistrators decide to use police a ga in s t s tudent action mood n o w established by a sensationalist m e d ia , a nd fe a r on the part of adm in is tra to rs , w i l l le g it im ize for the public - the use of police repression ag a in s t s tu­dents.

S tu d en t leaders cannot a b a n d o n the ir c o m m itm e n t to criticism, con fronta tion a n d c h a n g e . They can a n d should condem n all acts of v io lence. The existence of v io lence w il l be decided by adm in is tra to rs an d not by students.

b y the C a n a d ia n Union of Students

=Letters to the Editor= --------Le tte rs to t h e E d i to r o f t h e g e o r g ia n m u s t b e s u b m i t t e d ,

p r e f e r a b l y t y p e w r i t t e n , to Room H - 6 4 9 . A l l le t te r s m u s t b e a r t h e n a m e , f a c u l t y a n d y e a r o f t h e w r i t e r . T he g e o r ­g ia n rese rves t h e r i g h t to a b r i d g e l e n g t h y s u b m is s io n s a n d co rrec t g r a m m a r w h e r e n e cessa ry .

What’s Left!

the g e o rg ia nT h e ge org ia n is an e d i to r ia l ly a u to n o m o u s n e w s p a p e r pu b lish ed by th e C o m m u n ica tio n s B oa rd o f th e S tu d e n ts . A s so c ia tio n o f S ir

G e o ige W ill ia m s U n iv e rs ity . M o n tre a l A u th o riz e d as second class m a il by th e P ost O ff ic e D e p a rtm e n t in O tta w a , fo r p a y m e n t o f postage in cash Th e e d ito r ia l o f f ic e s are loca ted in R oom s 6 4 8 and 6 4 9 o f th e H e nry F H a ll B u ild in g . 1 4 5 5 de M a is o n n e u v e . M o n tre a l 2 5 . Quebec. T e le ph on e 8 7 9 - 4 5 0 0 Ext 24 T e le x 0 1 - 2 6 3 8 3 . The A d v e rt is in g O ff ices are loca ted in Room 6 3 9 . M essrs H o w a rd K rupp, M o rr is R o s en fe ld . and Leon L P ressm an ( lo c a l) T e l 8 7 9 - 4 4 6 2 .

Editor-in-chief.............................................................. David A. BowmanM anaging E ditor.......................................................... Stanley UrmanBusiness M anager....................................................... A lan S. Zweif!Op-Ed E ditor................................................................. Victor Lehotay

Photo E ditors........................... .....................................Lenny RitterLarry Clemen

Desk E ditors.................................................................. Suzanne Dansereau

S t a f f f o r th is issu e: G e o rg e B ib b y . F ra n k B ra y to n ,

Typeset and litho: JO URN AL O FFSET INC. 254 B enjam in-H udon, M ontreal 9, - 331-9721.

Editor; the georgian,L ast thu rsday afternoon, I

w itnessed an interesting spec­tacle on the m ezzanine: The “ Left” was once again m aking a desparate a tte m p t to com m it political hari-kari.

The spectacle was called a “M ass Dem ocracy", and its sometim e bem used and som etim es angry spectators were subjected to a trite d ia ­tribe against “ im perialist e- ducation” and “bourgeois li­ne” .

For the sake of the “ left” in th is university, I hope these infantile revolutionaries q u it their dem agoguery for a while and instead devote some tim e to studying the Chinese Re­volution and tactics of its great leader. Hopefully, they would learn th a t M ao condem ­ned in the strongest term s “D ogm atists” and “A dventu­rers” who alienated people whose support the revolution badly needed.

G entlem ent, th a t is exactly w hat you are doing!

If your ego dem ands th a t you address the general s tu ­den t body in M aoist term s, then please do so in Chinese. You could then a t least en ­te rta in the lunchtim e crowd w ithout your “dogm atism ” and “adventurism ” underm in­ing the efforts of those so­cialists who realize th a t th is is Sir George W illiams, and not Peking University.

David M ulhall Arts IV

Medicoff’s MeanderingsE d ito r ; th e georg ian ,

D u r in g th e course of the s u m m e r M u r r a y S m i th (A. S.A. t r e a s u r e r ) a n d I ag reed on m o s t of th e issues ra ised . How ever , h is A rts Fee s t a t e ­m e n t , is one issue u p o n w h ich I can no t s t a n d in a g re e m e n t .

M u r r a y s p o l i t ica l p o s i t io n is a d if f icu l t one to assess . One h a n d he is c h a i r m a n of C o m m fru , a n d on th e o the r h a n d he is th e t r e a s u r e r of

th e A rts A ssoc ia t ion . O n e of C o m m f r u ’s r e s p o n s ib i l i t ie s is

t o a c t a s a check a n d cr i t ic of S t u d e n t g o v e rn m e n t . B eing c h a i r m a n of C o m m fru it ha s been m a d e obv io u s t h a t his loya lt ie s m u s t r e m a in in t h a t rea lm . H e h a s solved th e in ­se p a ra b le d u a l role conflict by issu ing a s t a t e m e n t w h ich , in co n c ep t , d iv o rce d him self f rom th e A rts S t u d e n t s A s­so c ia t io n E x e c u t iv e . O n one h a n d C o m m fru m ig h t b i t t e r ly oppose th e fee levy, ye t on th e o th e r h a n d M u r r a y vo ted for th e b u d g e t . T h e m in u t e s f rom a l l th e s u m m e r m e e t ­ings w ill b e a r m e o u t . T h u s M u r ra y h a d no a l t e r n a t e co u r ­se b u t to p u b l i s h his s t a t e m e n t s if he were to r e m a in in good s te ad w i th his g roup .

I p e rso n a l ly do n o t feel t h a t M u r r a y w as in a “ p a r ­t ic u la r ly i so la te d pos i t ion nor d o I feel he a d o p t e d a p a r t i c u la r ly “ c r i t ica l a t t i t u ­d e ” . He opp o se d th e a m o u n t of m o n e y we a s k e d for, b u t he never offered a n y su gges­t io n s a s to howr to m a i n t a i n our p ro g ra m a n d ch a rg e less t h e n $5.00.

L a te r in th e s u m m e r , a n d a f te r m u c h d e b a te , C o m m fru rece ived a s iz ab le a l lo ca t io n , well a b o v e o th e r c lubs . W i th m e re ly th e se p o in ts in m in d I do n o t u n d e r s t a n d w h y M u r ­r a y felt iso la ted .

M u r r a y s t a t e d t h a t th e p ro ­g r a m s “ grew m ore com plex th e last m e e t in g of th e A s­so c ia t io n w h e n th i s fa i l ing on our p a r t w as b ro u g h t u p , th e re w a s a g e n e ra l sh ru g g in g of sh o u ld e rs a n d th e conv ic tion t h a t it w a s too la te , t h a t n o ­th in g w ou ld com e of it , t h a t no one c a re d " . T h i s s t a t e m e n t of M u r ra y 's , I feel, is q u i te i n a c c u ra te a s I h ave p rev io u s ­ly p o in te d ou t.

a n d e x t r a v a g e n t " . T h e y grew m ore co m plex b ec a u s e th e n a t u r e of th e A ssoc ia tion c h a n g e d . N o longer a re we

conf ined to a few m ed iocre p ro jec ts , b u t we ca n , b ecause of th e in c re ase d m a n p o w e r a n d m o n e y p ro v id e a p rog ram t h a t w ill m e e t th e n e e d s of th e s tu d e n t s to a g re a te r d e ­gree.

T h e b igges t m o n e y s p e n d - d e rs , a p a r t f rom th e clubs, were th e E m p lo y m e n t Agency, C ourse G u id e , a n d th e Arts F es t iva l . T h e E m p lo y m e n t A- g en c y ($1,600.00) w ou ld h o p e ­fu lly c r e a te 700 new jo b s for s tu d e n t s . T h i s w a s a projec t M u r r a y su p p o r te d . T h e “ Arts F e s t i v a l ’’ , a s u m m e r pro jec t w i th a n in v e s tm e n t of over $10,000.00, $4,000 from the A rts A sso c ia t io n , w ou ld , ho ­pefu lly , in th e fu tu re , neces­s i t a t e a n a b o l i t io n of th e Arts fee, a s it w o u ld r e t u r n m oney e a c h s u m m e r .

M u r r a y d is l ik ed the " A i t s F e s t i v a l ’’, b e c a u s e , as he to ld m e , it w ou ld reduce th e deg ree of p o l i t ic a l p ro ­d u c t iv i ty a n d w as a b ad in ­v e s tm e n t . N o d o u b t M u r ra y w ill t a k e o p p o s i t io n th is s t a ­t e m e n t . I r e sp e c t h is po li t ica l p h i lo so p h y , b u t I do n o t agree w i th h is dec is ion .

O n th e la s t T h u r s d a y in A u g u s t I s u b m i t t e d a le tte r w h ic h o u t l in e d th e projec ts of th e A sso c ia t io n a n d the n eed to ch a rg e $5.00. I sug­g es ted t h a t a p o s tc a r d be e n ­closed w i th th e le t te r w hich

w ou ld p e r m i t Aids s tu d e n ts to reg is te r th e i r vo te if they ag re ed or d is a g re e d w i th the b u d g e t . If t h e y d is a g re e d w ith i t t h e n a n o p e n m e e t in g would be ca lled a s soon a s classes co n v e n e d a n d a new budge t w ou ld be ra t i f ie d . I do not feel t h a t th i s m e a s u r e could h av e b e e n d o n e ea r l ie r in the y ea r b e c a u s e th e b u d g e t was la te , too m a n y s tu d e n t s were o u t of to w n d u r in g th e su m m er , th e re w as a m a i l s tr ike , and th e a d d r e s s e s of th e firs t year

’ s t u d e n t s w ere n o t ava ilab le . A long w i th th e le t te r a com ­p le te b u d g e t , a n d “ A its Fes­t iv a l” o u t l in e d w o u ld have been inclosed.

A m a z in g ly e n o u g h M u rra y , le ad in g th e o p p o s i t io n opposed m y su g g e s t io n of th e post c a rd vote .

W h a t w as u p h e ld t h a t night by M u r r a y a n d A aro n was t h a t a s m a l l m in o r i ty , having a n eg a t iv e c o n n o ta t io n to its n a m e on c a m p u s w ou ld not g e n e r a te e n o u g h of a reac tion to e n d a n g e r our polit ica l necks. W e a rc now hens , and th e p o l i t ic a l ch o p p in g block is n o t f a r aw a y . I can not u n d e r s t a n d M u r r a y s " r ig h t ­eous s t a n d " now a n d th e d irect c o n t r a d ic t io n of h is former behav io r .

In a n y case , th i s f irst b u l­le t in w a s n ev e r m a i le d b e­ca u se G ord S im o n s w as in ­d isp o sed (A SA secretary) a n d J a c k B u rk o a n d I were o u t of th e c o u n try .

I w o n d e r “ w h ic h s tu d e n ts were too a p a t h e t i c too care” ( M u r r a y ’s q u o ta t io n ) , an d I w o n d er w h y he w ro te “w hat th e d is in te r e s t of th e s tu d e n ts p ro v id e d u s w i th , s im p ly and d i rec t ly , w a s th e necessity to e d u c a t e th e m a n d to inform th e m of o u r a c t iv i t ie s

M a rk M ed ico ff E x e c u t iv e V ice -P res id en t ASA.

f

the georg ian, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1 9 6 8 /5

Letters cont'd...On Aimer’s Atrocity

T his le t te r is in te n d e d a s a reply to J o h n L. A im e rs em - bar ras ing p o le m ic w h ic h a p ­pea red in y o u r F r id a y issue. (I e m p h a s iz e th e tw o w ords I N T E N D E D a n d R E P L Y , for w h a t could t r u ly be sa id a b o u t his ty p e of th in k in g (sic) t h a t he d id n ’t u n w i t t i n g ly sa y for h i m ­self). T o b eg in it m ig h t be po in te d o u t t h a t d u e to th e fac t t h a t th e U .S . is, a s th e hap less fellow sa y s “ w a s t in g t im e by n e g o t i a t in g ” , he is ye t afforded w i th th e sp le n d id o p ­p o r tu n i ty of m a k in g a p i lg r im ­age to t h a t b a s t io n of L ib e r ty sou th of t h e b o rder , a n d e n l i s t ­ing in one b r a n c h or a n o th e r (unless he is so k e e n he w ou ld wish to en l is t in tw o or th re e ) of the a r m e d forces. In su c h an ev en t , M r. A im ers , too, would be ab le to m a k e th e eight th o u s a n d m ile jo u r n e y to Viet N a m a n d p a r t i c ip a t e on “ the glorious b a t t l e f i e ld ” .

M r. A im ers , a s y e t , ha s n o t seen l i t to m a k e th i s m ove , a l th o u g h su c h a m o v e is r e ­q u ir e d of peop le oi h is age s o u th of th e b o rd e r , w ho are no t q u i t e as c e r t a in a s he is t h a t f re ed o m is w h a t th e U n i te d S t a t e s is d e fe n d in g in Viet N am .

As it d id n o t r e q u ire m u c h t im e to p e rc e iv e t h a t in f o rm a ­t io n is n o t one of th o se luxeries r e a d i ly a v a i l a b le to M r A i­m e rs , i t is p e r h a p s r e d u n d a n t to a sk in ju s t w h a t w ay th e U.

S.A. is n e g o t ia t in g w i th “ A c o u n t ry of n o to r io u s u n t r u s t ­w o r th in e s s ( s ic )" . T h e so lu ­t io n to h is p ro b le m cou ld well be fo u n d in in th e la s t l ines of h is m a s te rp ie c e , for som e one liv ing th e good life a s it c an on ly be lived in W e s tm o u n t , it m u s t be d if f icu l t in d e ed to c o m p re h e n d t h a t 40 ' < of M o n t ­r e a l ’s p o p u la t io n is im p o v ­e r ished . T h i s e c c e n tr ic in n o ­cence c a n ea s i ly be r e m e d ie d .

i i d t l h c L c l -1

Coats . Suits . Bridal Gowns Dresses from $22

2 0 2 2 P E E L S T R E E T T E L . 8 4 2 - 2 7 1 8

1 1 1

C J S tC kl i m i t e d ,

10 D I SCOUNT TO S T U D E N T S !1 3 8 7 ST. C A T H E R I NE W . ( B E T WE E N B I SHOF &CRESCENT) 8 4 2 - 4 4 1 2

NATIONAL BALLET OF C A N A D A

PRESENTS

"BALLET CONCERT"(UNDER THE DIRECTION OF CELIA FRANCA)

TICKETS -S4.OO S3.OO S2.00 PORT ROYAL PLACE DES ARTS

SEPT. 2 6 ,2 7 8 :1 5 P .M .

CollegeRESTAURANT

1448MacKay

in c lu d e sso u p or ju ic e , d e s s e r t & t e a or coffee

8 Specials Daily Lunch & Supper

A t r ip to a n y s ide s t r e e t oft ot A tw a te r could d o w o n d ers as a n in i t ia t io n , a l th o u g h its effect on a n y o n e w ho , in 1968’ ch a irs th e “ Y o u th lor D iefen- b a k e r" c o m m i t t e e is d u b io u s a t bes t . N o r m a n L a z a re

Ai ts II

Happiness Is...I t you h av e h a d th e m is fo r ­

tu n e o t seeing th e m o s t r e c e n t te lev is ion a d v e r t i s e m e n t s tor C a n a d i a n N a t io n a l , you will p r o b a b ly recogn ize th e fol­lowing q u o te : “ T h e C a n a d ia n D re a m is go ing p la c e s a n d r

- C a n a d i a n N a t i o n a l m a k e s it go.'

T h e C N is b l a t a n t l y p la c in g th e “ A m e r ic a n D r e a m " on a p e ­d e s ta l a s a goal for a l l good C a n a d ia n s . T h e " A m e r i c a n

D r e a m " h a s a lw a y s b ee n th e cliche t h a t re f lec ts th e very n a r ro w a t t i t u d e s of th e vas t m id d le c lass U .S . p o p u la t io n , now d e e p ly e m b ro i le d in v io ­lence a n d o th e r fo rm s of d i s ­sen t . T h e s e w ell -p u b l ic ized a t t i t u d e s b as ic a l ly ho ld t h a t u l t i m a t e h a p p in e s s lies in the possess ion a n d co l lec tion of as m u c h m a te r i a l w e a l th a s p o s ­sible; a big car , a big house , a big sw im m in g pool, e tc. P e r h a p s th is is w here the

ave rag e C a n a d i a n is now “ a t " b u t su re ly th is c o n c e p t sh o u ld not be e n c o u ra g e d a s th e u l t i ­m a te goal of an y o n e , p a r t i c ­u la r ly a C a n a d ia n .

O ne of our la rges t a n d only sole ly C a n a d ia n - o w n e d in d u s ­

tr ie s in su l t s u s b y w av in g the U.S. “ f lag" a n d th e n p re se n ts C a n a d a a s th e p ro v e rb ia l " p a ­le re f lec t ion oi our n e ig h b o u rs to the s o u th " . A lte r all. the co n tro v e rsy over th e “ C a n a ­d ia n I d e n t i t y " , s u d d e n ly a h igh ly r e p u ta b le C a n a d i a n in ­d u s t r y lu m p s us in w i th th e U .S.

C o n s id e r in g b o th th e size of th e C a n a d i a n v iew ing a u d ie n c e a n d th e in f luence t h a t a n a ­t io n a l a d v e r t i s e m e n t carr ies , it is obv io u s t h a t C a n a d i a n N a t io n a l is d e f in i te ly o u t of p lace a n d t h a t th i s is m o re t h a n j u s t a m in o r p o in t in q u e s t io n .

C a r y E. A rm s t ro n g A rts 111

Hughes-OwensMIDTOWN - 2050 M an sfie ld Street

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ENGINEERING STUDENTS COMPARATIVE PRICE LIST

ListNumber Price

DRAWING SETS — Collegiate ................................................................. 322-9001 $13.55Collegiate .................................................................. 322-4211 22.35Collegiate .................................................................. 322-4031 16.75Collegiate ................................................................. 322A231 30.50Professional ............................................................. 322-4411 44.95C ollegiate .................................................................. 322-4236 19.90Collegiate .................................................................. 322-4241 49.90Collegiate .................................................................. 322-4216 24.45Collegiate .................................................................. 322-4221 20.75

TEE SQUARES — A crylic lined blade 30” ..................................... 324-4830 5.20” 36” .......................................... 324-4836 6.85” 42” .......................................... 324-4842 7.50

Push Button Head 30” ......................................... 324-5530 4.60” 36” .......................................... 324-5536 5.00” 42” ..................................... 324-5542 5.40

SET SQUARES —University Quality Acrylic 30/60o 6” ....................... ?ol"onna ‘ 45>» »» »> >» g>» ̂ oz4-zUUo #g5” ” ” ” 10” 324-2010 ,95” ” ” ” 12” 324-2012 1.40

University Quality Acrylic 45o 6” ....................... 324-2106 .658” ....................... 324-2108 .90

10” ....................... 324-2110 1.4012” ....................... 324-2112 1.80

SCALES — Arch. P lastic W hite Edge Color and coded 12 inch 324-1370 2.00Arch. P lastic Y ellow Body 12 inch '324-1384 4.25Arch. Boxwood Quality 12 inch 324-1211 1.90Eng. Plastic W hite Edge Color coded 12 inch 324-1372 2.10Arch. Boxwood Quality 12 inch 324-1212 1.20

CURVES — # 6 A crylic Curve ............................................................... 324-5906 70# 1 3 A crylic Curve .............................................................. 324-5913 1.75# 1 8 A crylic Curve ............................................................. 324-6018 1.80# 1 9 A crylic Curve ........................................... 324-5919 1.45

PENCILS — Locktite F - H * 2H - 3H - 4 H ........................................... 336-1221 1.00Microlette 0.5mm ..................................................................... 336-1605 2.49

DRAFT TAPE — 1” x 10 yards ................................................................ 339-3012 .55ERASERS — Large ........................................................................................ 339-1203 .20LEDGER PAPER — 12 sheets 11” x 17” .................................................. 331-2117 .60LEAD POINTER — Tru Point .................................................................. 329-2416 4.30

Fedra ........................................................................... 329-2545 4.15

PEN HOLDER ................................................................................................. 323-1525 .15PENS — Speedball (A rt) ......................................................................... .30

Polygraph ...................................................................................... 323-1010 4.10INK — Higgins (cartridge)........................................................................... 337-3005 .65

KLEENIT CLEANING PADS .................................................................. 339-1327 .75TRACING CLOTH SHEETS — 12” x 18” (4 sheets) ....................... 134CROSS SECTION TRACING PADS — 8V2 ” x 11” ............................ 335-1091 3.85

SLIDE RULES — U niversal 10” ............................................................... 341-3215 10.50Versalog 10” c /w instruction book ................... 341-3010 30.45Versalog 5” Pocket c /w instruction book ........ 341-3050 14.70Student’s 10” ................................................................ 341-3526 4.20Student’s 8 ” ............................................................... 341-3500 3.40Versatrig Complete .................................................. 341-3120 16.75

V ectolog Complete .................................................... 341-3130 10.50

TRACING PAPER — Ellco-Vel 17” x 22” (5 sheets) ....................... 332-1279 .81PROTRACTORS — Semicircular 6 ” ........................................................... 324-1513 .65

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6 / thegeo rg ian , TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1968

6000 Biafrans will DIE today...The relationship b e tw e e n Biafra a n d

Nigeria is just like one of those nasty m arriages in which divorce m ust be inevit­able. O ne cannot expect a partnership to continue if a n d w h en the relationship b e t ­w een the opposing parties has been frustrat-

Where such an unfitting relationship is al­low ed to continue, it will result in the de­struction of the partners concerned. . . No relationship is good or should be encouraged less it is m utual.Biafra w an ts divorce.

B ia f r a w a n t s re c o g n i t io n t h a t she m a y r e m a in i n d e ­p e n d e n t o f h e r f o r m e r p a r t n e r , N ig e r ia , on g r o u n d s q u i t e s im p ly , o f e x t r e m e c r u e l t y a n d g e n o c id e b y th e la t t e r . T he p e o p le o f B ia f r a a re , t h e re fo re , im p lo r i n g a l l d e m o c r a t ic p e o p le s , re l ig io u s o rg a n iz a t io n s a n d p o l i t i c a l l e a d e rs to h e lp s e t t le t h e w a r b e t w e e n B ia f r a a n d N ig e r ia . T h e y ca n c o n t r ib u t e to t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e c o n f l ic t b y u r g in g th e i r g o v e r n m e n t to acco rd a fu l l r e c o g n i t io n o f B ia f r a 's s o v e re ig n i t y . . . B ia f r a d e s p e r ­a t e l y n e e d s th e i r h e lp b e fo re i t is to o la te .

T he p e o p le o f B ia f r a h a v e a r i g h t to e x is t a n d to l iv e in h u m a n c o n d i t io n s l ik e p e o p le in o th e r p a r t s o f th e f ree , d e m o c r a t ic soc ie ty . Th is bas ic r i g h t o f th e i rs ( g r a n t e d u n d e r t h e " H u m a n R ig h ts C h a r t e r " ) w a s g ro ss ly v io la t e d b y t h e N ig e r ia n M o s le m s t w o y e a rs a g o b y t h e k i l l i n g o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 , 0 0 0 B ia f r a n c iv i l i a n s in a c o ld -b lo o d e d p r o g r a m . B ia f r a w a s l o y a l ­ly a n d u n s u s p e c t in g ly u n d e r t h e f e d e r a t i o n o f N ig e r ia as E as te rn N ig e r ia w h e n th e s e a p p a l l i n g m assa c re s to o k p la c e in th e s p r in g a n d w e r e r e p e a te d in th e s u m m e r o f 1 9 6 6 .

It w a s th e s e m assa c re s w h i c h d ro v e t h e p e o p le o f B ia f r a a w a y f r o m o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e d e f u n c t f e d e r a t io n to th e i r o w n h o m e la n d , a re g io n w h i c h w a s t h e n c a l le d E as te rn N ig e r ia b u t is n o w b a p t i z e d a n e w n a t io n , c a l l ­ed B ia f r a w h i c h is p re s e n t ly s t r u g g l in g fo r s u rv iv a l .

W h e n t h e B ia f r a n s f le d to th e i r h o m e la n d , t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t w a s w is e e n o u g h to o rd e r t h e N ig e r ia n s l i v in g in B ia f r a to d e p a r t fo r t h e i r o w n r e g io n s or h o m e la n d s in s a fe ty in s te a d o f b e in g m u r d e r e d in r e v e n g e . The B ia f r a n s e xe rc is e d a g r e a t r e s t r a in t a n d o v e r a m i l l i o n o f t h e N ig e r ia n s l i v in g in B ia f r a d e p a r t ­ed s a fe ly to th e i r o w n h o m e la n d s

Ho w e v e r , a f e w B ia f r a n s , w h o c o u ld n o t exe rc ise m u c h re s t r a in t - e s p e c ia l ly s o m e o f th o s e w h o f le d h o m e f r o m N ig e r ia w i t h th e i r b o d ie s h a l f - m a n g l e d w i t h b u s h m a tc h e t s a n d p o is o n e d a r r o w s , or h a d th e i r r e la t i v e s k i l le d a n d th e i r p ro p e r t y c o n f is c a te d o r d e ­s t ro y e d - k i l le d a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h i r t y d e p a r t i n g N i ­g e r ia n s b e fo re t h e h ig h l y e f f i c ie n t B ia f r a n p o l ice fo rce in te r v e n e d . B u t th is w a s n o t t h e e n d o f t h e c o n f l ic t . It w a s th e b e g in n in g .

: ''■' :‘v , ■' H ilsS I!

by Moses Chukwudum Nwachukureprinted from

The Dalhousie Gazettemom m m a a m s r w m m a ^isjiiiiiiiiiiisiiiJiiaaiiEiiiifiiiiaaaiaaaaiiaiiiiii!

T he m a s s a c re in d ic a te s t h a t B ia f r a n s a re h ig h ly re s e n te d a n d u n w a n t e d in t h e f e d e r a t io n . N o w , th e s u rv iv o rs h a v e r e t r e a te d to t h e i r o w n n a t io n , B ia f r a , w i t h h e a v y losses in te rm s o f h u m a n l i fe , p ro p e r t y a n d in v e s tm e n ts . It is s h o c k in g a n d r e v o l t i n g to t h e c iv i l i z e d t h a t t h e N ig e r ia n s a re s t i l l c r a v in g fo r m o re B ia f r a n b lo o d .

T he N ig e r ia n s c la im t h a t t h e y w a n t B ia f r a n s once a g a in to b e c o m e m e m b e r s o f t h e f e d e r a t i o n b u t t h e B ia f r a n s f e a r t h a t t h e y a re w a n t e d b a c k o n ly to be f in is h e d o f f - e x t e r m in a t e d . N ig e r ia 's c o n t in u e d m a s - - sacre a n d w a r o f g e n o c id e a g a in s t B ia f r a a re s u re ly i n d ic a t i v e o f t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e fe a r .

T he B ia f r a n s a lso a r g u e t h a t i f t h e y a re r e a l l y b e in g u n i t e d b a c k in to t h e f e d e r a t io n in g o o d f a i t h , t h e w a y to a ss u re t h e m is n o t b y t h e b a r re l o f a g u n o r w a r , b u t b y p e a c e fu l a n d f r i e n d l y g e s tu re s , r e p e n ta n c e fo r p a s t i l ls c o m m i t t e d , a n d a so l id g u a r a n t e e fo r t h e i r s a fe ty in t h e f e d e r a t io n .

T hese a re s te p s w h i c h t h e N ig e r ia n s w e r e n o t a n d a re n o t p r e p a r e d to t a k e , t h e y p re fe r to b u l l y o r f i g h t t h e B ia f r a n s in to s u b m is s io n , t h a t t h e y m a y a c c e p t b l i n d l y t h e i r w a l k o n to t h e i r o w n d e a th t r a p . The B ia f r a n s r e c o g n iz e th is a n d p re fe r to f i g h t f o r t h e i r p ro te c t io n o r d ie b r a v e ly r a t h e r t h a n d ie c o ld - b lo o d e d ­ly in t h e d e f u n c t f e d e r a t io n .

B ia f r a d id n o t secede a f t e r t h e f i r s t ser ies o f m a s ­sacres. She d e c la re d h e r in d e p e n d e n c e a y e a r l a te r

a f t e r a t t e m p t s to w o r k o u t a n e w f o r m o f u n i t y w h ic h w o u l d g u a r a n t e e th e i r s a fe ty w i t h i n t h e f e d e r a t io n f a i l ­ed. In o th e r w o r d s , she w a s fo rc e d in to secession.

C o n s e q u e n t ly , t h e g u l f b e t w e e n t h e t w o fa c t io n s ha s w id e n e d b e y o n d r e c o n c i l ia t io n , a n d o n ly t h e u n i n f o r m ­ed m in d w o u l d e x p e c t t h e t w o to l i v e u n d e r t h e s a m e roo f w i t h o u t o n e d e s t r o y in g t h e o t h e r c o m p le te ly .

T he B ia f r a n s accuse N ig e r ia o f g e n o c id e b e c a u s e th e N ig e r ia n so ld ie rs c o n c e n t r a te th e i r k i l l i n g s on B ia f r a n c iv i l ia n s , u s u a l l y in n o c e n t c h i ld r e n , b a b ie s , w o m e n a n d o ld p e o p le , w h e r e v e r t h e y o v e r r u n a c i ty or v i l l a g e . W h e n N ig e r ia n so ld ie rs o p e n e d a f r o n t in B ia f r a 's s e a -p o r t , P o r t -H a rc o u r t , t h e y s a v a g e l y m a s ­sacred a n d w o u n d e d h e lp le s s so ld ie rs a n d c iv i l i a n s l y ­i n g in h o s p i ta l beds . T h e y c o m m i t t e d a s im i la r a t r o c i t y in B ia f r a 's c o m m e r c ia l a n d m a r k e t i n g c e n t re , O n i t s h a ; th is t im e t h e v ic t im s w e r e a g r o u p o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 0 " J e h o v a h ' s W i tn e s s e s " ch u rc h m e m b e r s w h o w e r e p r a y in g a t t h e t im e in th e i r c h u rc h b u i l d i n g . The w o m e n in t h e g ro u p w e r e s t r ip p e d a n d r a v a g e d r ig h t in s id e t h e c h u rc h b y som e p r i m i t i v e s o ld ie rs o f th e N ig e r ia n fo rces b e fo re b e in g sho t to f r a g m e n ts .

T he je t b o m b e rs , s u p p l ie d a n d p i lo te d b y B r i t ish , Russ ian , a n d E g y p t ia n p i lo ts , c o n c e n t r a te d t h e i r a i r a t ­ta c k s on n o n - m i l i t a r y ta rg e ts , k i l l i n g h u n d r e d s o f c iv i l i a n s d a i l y o v e r a p e r io d o f m o n th s . T he E g y p t ia n p i lo ts jo in e d in c o m m i t t i n g t h e a t ro c i t ie s , u s in g B ia f ra as a t r a i n i n g g r o u n d fo r t h e i r w a r w i t h Is rae l .

T he c r im e o f t h e B ia f r a n s is t h e i r o v e r - i n d u s t r i o u s a t t i t u d e , th e i r a b s o rp t io n o f e d u c a t io n in t r o d u c e d to t h e m b y C h r is t ia n m is s io n a r ie s , a n d t h e i r q u ic k a n d e a sy a d a p t a t i o n to t h e W e s te rn w a y o f l i fe .

These a c c o m p l is h m e n ts a n d in d u s t r io u s a t t i t u d e s e a rn e d fo r t h e B ia f r a n s t h e o u t r a g e o u s e n v y o f t h e p r e d o m i n a n t l y M o s le m N ig e r ia n s w h o t e r r i b l y Ik tese q u a l i t i e s b y th e i r o w n f a u l t , as I w i l l e x p la in la te r .

I say t h a t t h e B ia f r a n s a re o v e r - in d u s t r io u s , a t le a s t b y A f r i c a n s ta n d a rd s , b e c a us e , as m a n y o b s e rv e rs a lso say , m o s t o f t h e m w o r k o b je c t i v e ly , e n e rg e t ic a l l y , a n d c o n s is te n t ly t o w a r d s th e i r g o a ls , no m a t t e r w h a t ob s tac les m a y c o n f ro n t th e m .

T h e y see e d u c a t io n as th e i r bas ic m e a n s to p rog ress , a n d t h e y c ra v e fo r i t l i k e m a n ia c s , such t h a t i t c o u ld be o f f e n d in g to a n o n lo o k e r - e x p e c ia l l y o n e w h o is la z y , i n d i f f e r e n t to e d u c a t io n , or a f r a i d to t a k e to f a i r m e a n s o f c o m p e t i t i o n in l i fe .

For e x a m p le , so m e B ia f r a n s m a y fa i l e x a m in a t i o n s se ve ra l t im e s , s o m e t im e s f i v e to seven t im e s o r e ve n m o re , a n d n e v e r g e t d is c o u ra g e d , w h e r e o th e rs w i l l l i k e ly g iv e u p e a s i ly . As lo n g as t h e y d o n o t f l u n k o u t o r lose th e i r p la c e c o m p le te l y , t h e y k e e p b a t t l i n g p a t i e n t l y a n d h o p e f u l l y , s o m e t im e s u n d e r v a r io u s c o n d i t io n s in c o n d u c iv e to s tu d ie s - c o n d i t io n s l ik e i n a d e q u a t e fu n d s , p o o r fo o d , y e a rs o f h o m e -s ic k n e s s in f o re ig n la n d s , etc - u n t i l t h e y m a k e it . U s u a l ly , t h e y succeed a n d s o m e t im e s g e t g o o d jo b s b y v i r t u e o f t h e i r e d u c a t io n a l a c h ie v e m e n ts .

T he p o o re r b u t b r i l l i a n t ones , w h o c a n n o t a f f o r d t u i t i o n a n d b o a r d in g fe e s in h ig h e r in s t i t u t io n s , g o to n ig h ts c h o o ls w h e n e v e r t h e y s a ve s o m e m o n e y .

B ia f r a n s a re e x p e c te d to , a n d s o m e d o m a k e c o n ­t r i b u t io n s to th e i r v i l l a g e f u n d s used in s e n d in g th e b r i l l i a n t o n e s a m o n g t h e m ( n o t n e c e s s a r i ly t h e i r o w n sons) to h ig h schoo ls a n d u n iv e rs i t ie s . T hese s tu d e n ts c o m e b a c k to h e lp th e i r p o o r p e o p le in r e tu r n . It is a lm o s t a t r a d i t i o n fo r p e o p le in a l l B ia f r a n v i l l a g e s to a im a t t u r n i n g o u t a g o o d n u m b e r o f e n g in e e rs , do c to rs , pr ies ts , l a w y e r s , te a c h e rs , soc ia l w o r k e r s , e tc ., o t h e r w i s e t h e y w o u l d n o t o n ly be l a g g i n g b e h in d o th e r v i l l a g e s in e d u c a t io n a l a n d in te l l e c tu a l p ro g re s s b u t a lso be r id ic u le d b y t h e m . In th is w a y , t h e s p i r i t o f c o m p e t i t i o n is v e r y h ig h a m o n g t h e v i l l a g e c o m ­m u n i t ie s .

Som e w o r k i n g c lass B ia f r a n s w h o h a v e lo n g f i n is h e d th e i r h ig h schoo l e d u c a t io n b u t c o u ld n o t g e t i n to a h ig h e r i n s t i t u t i o n fo r f i n a n c ia l reasons , o r w h o co u ld n o t g a in a d m is s io n in to i n s t i t u t i o n s o n a c o m p e t i t i v e bas is , u s u a l l y t a k e c o r re s p o n d e n c e courses, s tu d y p r i v a t e l y a n d e a rn t h e i r d e g re e s .

T hose w h o h a v e t r ie d b u t a re d e f i n i t e l y u n a b le to cope w i t h f o r m a l e d u c a t io n , t a k e to s o m e o th e r oc­c u p a t i o n s l ik e d r i v in g c o m m e r c ia l t r u c k s o r as c h a u f ­fe u rs fo r V . I .P . 's , t r a d in g , s h o e - m a k in g , ta i lo r in g , c a rp e n t r y , h a i r - c u t t i n g a n d h a i rd re s s in g , f a r m in g , b la c k - s m i t h in g , w a t c h - r e p a i r i n g , m o t o r m echan ics , d o m e s t ic w o r k - c o o k in g , s t e w a r d s h ip a n d g a rd e n in g , ja zz a n d h ig h l i f e m us ic p la y in g , p ro fe s s io n a l b o x in g , etc.

A l l B ia f r a n s in v e s t t h e i r m o n e y in t h e e d u c a t io n o f t h e i r c h i ld r e n a n d in v a r io u s b us iness en te rp r ises .

In t h e w a y s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , ig n o ra n c e a n d p o v e r ty is b a t t l e d a g a in s t a m o n g t h e B ia f r a n s b y s p o n ta n e o u s a n d p la n n e d c o m m u n i t y e f fo r t . E d u c a t io n a n d th e spir it o f h a r d - w o r k b e c a m e in te r n a l i s e d a m o n g th e m . T h r o u g h e d u c a t io n , t h e y o u t g r o w t r i b a l m e n t a l i t y an d ig n o ra n c e w h i c h p la g u e m o s t o f t h e i r n e ig h b o rs in N ig e r ia .

The c h a ra c te r is t ic s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e a re sh a re d by t h e v a r i o u s v o m m u n i t i e s in B ia f r a . The o n ly fac to r d i s t i n g u is h in g o n e B ia f r a n c o m m u n i t y f r o m th e o th e r is d ia le c t o r l a n g u a g e , o t h e r w is e t h e y a re a g re a b le in m a jo r v a r i a b le s w h i c h d is t i n g u is h t h e m f r o m non- B ia f ra n s .

M a n y N ig e r ia n s , e s p e c ia l ly t h e M o s le m s a re i n d i f ­f e r e n t to e d u c a t io n a n d th e re fo re , t h e y c a n n o t or do not ca re to k e e p p a ce w i t h B ia f r a n s ; a g u l f t h u s deve lopes . The N ig e r ia n s f i n d i t h a rd to c o m p e te f a i r l y w i t h the B ia f r a n s w h e n o p p o r t u n i t i e s a re o p e n fo r c o m p e t i t io n b y m e r i t . U s u a l l y M o s le m N ig e r ia n s l ik e to t a k e by c o r ru p t m e a n s w h a t t h e y c a n n o t g e t on th e basis of m e r i t . T he B ia f r a n s , on t h e o th e r h a n d , l ike to be c o n s id e re d on t h e bas is o f m e r i t .

B e fo re t h e cris is b u rs t in to t h e o p e n , i t w a s c o m ­m o n to f i n d a g r a d e six or s e m i - l i t e r a te M o s le m as a boss to t h e B ia f r a n w i t h a d o c to r a te d e g re e in v a r iou s n a t i o n a l o r g o v e r n m e n t a l e n te rp r is e s - ( e .g . g o v e rn ­m e n t m in i s t e r ia l p o s i t io n s , p o s i t io n s o f f i r m d irec to ry , p o s i t io n s o f c i ty m a y o r a t e , u n iv e r s i t y c h a n c e l lo rs h ip , e tc.) It w a s in p ro fe s s io n a l p o s i t io n s l ik e l a w , m ed ic ine , t e a c h in g , e n g in e e r in g , a n d o th e r s k i l le d jobs t h a t the B ia f r a n s e re t o l e ra te d b e c a u s e th e re w e r e n o t e n o ug h M o s le m s w i t h t h e n e ce ssa ry sk i l ls to f i l l u p these pos i t io n s .

The f e w N ig e r ia n M o s le m s w i t h g o o d e d u c a t io n are u s u a l l y th o se f r o m th e Y o r u b a c o m m u n i t y o f W es te rn N ig e r ia b e c a u s e o f t h e in f lu e n c e o f t h e i r w e l l - e d u c a te d C h r is t ia n n e ig h b o r s f r o m th e s a m e c o m m u n i t y .

The m a j o r i t y o f t h e N ig e r ia n M o s le m s ( a b o u t 9 0 % ) c o m e f r o m N o r th e r n N ig e r ia . T he n o r t h e r n reg io n of N ig e r ia fo r m s a b o u t o n e - h a l f on t h e t o t a l p o p u la t io n o f t h e o ld f e d e r a t i o n in c lu d in g B ia f r a ( t h e fo rm e r E as te rn N ig e r ia ) , W e s te rn N ig e r ia , M id - w e s t e r n N i ­g e r ia , a n d N o r th e r n N ig e r ia . T he t r i b a l re l ig ious g ro u p s i n h a b i t i n g e a ch re g io n a re i l l u s t r a te d in the m a p .

T he N ig e r ia n M o s le m s a re v e r y re l ig io u s peop le , w h ic h is a d m i r a b le . T h e y a re , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , re l i ious fa n a t ic s .

I r e m e m b e r w h e n I w a s a t h o m e s o m e y e a rs a g o see­in g t h e m p r a y in g in g ro u p s f r e q u e n t l y fo r h o u rs d a i ly in t h e o p e n e n v i r o n m e n t , o r a t t h e i r d o o r s teps. O f te n , t h e y s it on t h e b a re f lo o r a n d s o m e t im e s on a n im a l sk ins , w i t h th e i r le g s crossed. In t h a t p o s i t io n a n d fa c ­in g t h e e a s t w h e r e t h e y b e l ie v e G o d ( " A l l a h " ) is, they b e g in t h e i r p ra y e r b y n o d d i n g th e i r h e a d s to a n d fro in r h y t h m ic a l succession f o r s e v e ra l h o u rs , u n t i l t h e y are a lm o s t e x h a u s te d . Th is c e re m o n y is r e p e a te d str ic t ly s e ve ra l t im e s a d a y , a n d is a lm o s t a f u l l t im e job .

W h e n th e i r p ra y e r is o v e r , t h e y s it b a c k w a i t i n g for m ira c le s to h a p p e n - f o r f o r t u n e to f a l l i n to th e i r laps w i t h o u t w o r k i n g h a rd o r o b je c t i v e l y fo r it . Som e e n g a g e in la z y , p e t t y jobs, l ik e n a i l - c u t t i n g fo r o t h e r p e o p le a t s i d e w a l k , w h i l e o th e r s e n g a g e in s e l l in g o f a ty p e of ro a s te d b e e f c a l le d " s u y a " , o r s e l l in g o f m a g ic a l c h a rm s f r o m h o u s e to house .

T h e ir a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s e d u c a t io n is o n e o f sp i te an d in d i f f e re n c e as t h e y r e g a rd i t as a " w h i t e m a n 's c u s t o m " . T h e i r p o w e r f u l f e u d a l c h ie fs a re m a in l y r e s p o n s ib le fo r t h is p o o r m e n t a l i t y . T h e y b e l ie v e in k e e p in g t h e i r su b je c ts i g n o r a n t a n d u n e d u c a te d in

the georg ian, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1968 / 7

... as the war of genocide continueso rd e r to m a i n t a i n t h e i r p o w e r o v e r t h e m a n d to m a n ­ip u la t e t h e m fo r t h e i r p o l i t i c a l a n d se l f ish e n d s . U s u a l ­ly , t h e f e w e d u c a te d o n e s a m o n g t h e m a re h ig h l y su sp e c te d b y t h e f e u d a l c h ie fs a n d th e i r l i e u te n a n ts .

T he h e ig h t o f t h e i r f a n a t i c i s m is t h e i r s t r o n g b e l ie f in p u t t i n g a n o n - M o s le m to d e a th , e s p e c ia l ly i f t h a t n o n - M o s le m h a s a n y q u a r r e l o r s l ig h t m i s - u n d e r s t a n d in g w i t h t h e m . T h e y a re v e r y n a r r o w m in d e d a n d q u ic k t e m p e r e d . T h e i r p u g n a c io u s a t t i t u d e is m a n i f e s t e d in th e i r h a b i t o f c a r r y in g t h e i r l o n g b o w s a n d p o is o n e d a r ­r o w s a b o u t o p e n l y in n o r m a l s i t u a t io n s , w h i c h t h e y use w h e n t h e re is q u a r r e l .

T he M o s le m N ig e r ia n s o u t n u m b e r t h e B ia f r a n s b y a r a t io o f 3 :1 . T h is a u t o m a t i c a l l y p u t s t h e M o s le m s eve r s ince N ig e r ia b e c a m e i n d e p e n d e n t in 1 9 6 0 , in acco rd a n ce w i t h t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n g i v e n b y t h e B r i t ish g o v e rn m e n t .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , m o s t o f t h e M o s le m m e m b e r s o f p a r l i a m e n t h a v e l i t t l e o r no e d u c a t io n to c a r r y o u t th e i r p a r l i a m e n t a r y d u t ie s e f f i c ie n t l y . M o s t o f t h e m w e re s e m i - l i t e r a te M o s le m t r i b a l ch ie fs , e f f i c ie n t in th e i r o b s o le te f e u d a l s y s te m o f g o v e r n m e n t , b u t g ro s ­sly in c o m p e t e n t in t h e m o d e r n g o v e r n m e n t a l s y s te m a d o p te d in t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t .

The o u t c o m e o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t w a s seen in b r i b e r y a n d c o r r u p t io n , d is t u rb a n c e s l e a d in g to loosses o f th o u s a n d s o f l iv e s w e e k l y , r i g g i n g o f e le c t io n s , v i c ­t im iz a t i o n o f s o m e e le c t io n c a n d id a te s , a n d o th e r p a n d e m o n ia w h i c h p la g u e d t h e c o u n t r y w h e n t h e y w e re in p o w e r . T hese b e c a m e t h e a c c e p te d w a y o f l i f e in N ig e r ia , p a r t i c u la r l y a m o n g t h e M o s le m e le m e n ts u n t i l c o n s e q u e n t ly t h e c i v i l i a n g o v e r n m e n t w a s o v e r ­th r o w n in t h e f i r s t N i g e r i a n c o u p b y a s m a l l g r o u p o f y o u n g r e v o lu t i o n a r y a r m y o f f ic e rs f r o m a cross- sect ion o f t h e c o u n t r y - f r o m b o t h t h e M o s le m t r ib e s a n d th e B ia f r a n t r ib e s .

O n th e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p e o p le w h o re p re s e n te d t h e B ia f ra n s ( t h e n E a s te rn N ig e r ia n s ) in t h e N ig e r ia n fe d e ra l g o v e r n m e n t w e r e a l l w e l l - e d u c a t e d i n t e l l e c t ­ua ls - do c to rs , l a w y e r s , p ro fesso rs , d o c to r a te s in v a r io u s f ie ld s o f s tu d y , e tc . T h e y w e r e , u n f o r t u n a t e l y a m in o r i t y , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y h a d l i t t l e o r no in f lu e n c e in c o n t ro l l i n g t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t fo r e f f i c ie n t

f u n c t i o n in g .I w i l l n o t f a i l to p o in t o u t t h a t t h e re a re l i t t l e p o c k e ts

o f C h r is t ia n c o m m u n i t y in t h e M o s le m N ig e r ia (a s s h o w n o n t h e m a p ) , p a r t i c u la r l y in t h e Y o r u b a t r i b e o f Eas te rn N ig e r ia , w h o a re e d u c a te d l ik e t h e B ia f r a n s . T h e y w e r e a n d s t i l l a re , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , u n a b l e to s p e a k o u t a g a in s t in ju s t ic e s fo r f e a r o f b e in g m a s s a c re d o r v i c t im iz e d b y t h e M o s le m s w h o f o r m a a m a j o r i t y in th e i r t r ib e s , o r b y t h e M o s le m s o ld ie rs w h o h a v e a l w a y s o c c u p ie d t h e i r re g io n .

A f t e r t h e f i r s t c o u p in w h i c h f o u r p o l i t i c a l le a d e rs re s p o n s ib le fo r t h e g e n e r a l m is m a n a g e m e n t d ie d , t h e c o u n t r y w a s r u n n in g s m o o t h ly w i t h r e fo rm s g o in g o n , a n d p la n s fo r r e tu r n to c iv i l i a n ru le u n d e r w a y .

O n l y s ix m o n t h s la te r , a c o u n te r c o u p o r g a n iz e d e x c lu s iv e ly b y t h e N o r th e r n N ig e r i a n t r ib e s lo o k p lace , in w h i c h t h e M i l i t a r y P re s id e n t a n d h u n d r e d s o f o th e r a r m y o f f ic e rs f r o m B ia f r a w e r e k i l le d .

W i t h t h e M o s le m s o n ce a g a in w i e l d i n g t h e i r m o ­n o p o ly p o w e r , e v e n t h o u g h t h e i r m i l i t a r y le a d e r , G o w o n , is a C h r is t ia n ( f r o m o n e o f t h e M o s le m t r ib e s o f t h e f e u d a l N o r th e r n N ig e r i a ) , t h e c o u n t r y r e tu r n e d to c haos . T he w o r s t cris is in m o d e r n h is to ry b e g a n w i t h a se r ies o f i n d is c r im in a t e m a s s a c re s o f in n o c e n t B ia f r a n c iv i l i a n s ( t h e n E a s te rn N ig e r ia n s ) b y b o th t h e i f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t M o s le m s o ld ie rs a n d t h e M o s le m c iv i l ia n m o b s .

T he s to m a c h s o f p r e g n a n t w o m e n w e r e s la s h e d o p e n a n d t h e i r u n b o r n c h i ld r e n fe l l o u t d y i n g . B ia f r a n y o u n g w o m e n b e fo re b e in g k i l le d w e r e h e ld to t h e g r o u n d to be r a p e d b y s e x -s ta r v e d le p e rs o f N o r th e r n N ig e r ia . S o m e w e r e b u r ie d o r b u r n t a l i v e ; s o m e h a d t h e i r e y e ­b a l ls r e m o v e d w i t h s t icks a n d w e r e fo rc e d to e a t t h e m ; s o m e s tu d e n ts h a d t h e i r f i n g e r s o r a r m s c h o p p e d o f f a n d t h e i r eyes d e s t r o y e d w i t h h o t i ro n s in o rd e r to p re v e n t t h e m f r o m g o in g f u r t h e r w i t h t h e i r e d u c a t io n . A l l o t h e r p r i m i t i v e a n d i n h u m a n m e t h o d s i m a g i n a b l e w e r e a lso used in k i l l i n g m y p e o p le .

Even a f t e r t h e p o g r o m o f 1 9 6 6 , m y p e o p le , t h e B ia f r a n s , t r ie d to w o r k o u t a n e w f o r m o f u n i t y o r a n e w c o n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h w o u l d g u a r a n t e e t h e i r s a fe t y in th e f e d e r a t io n , b u t t h a t f a i l e d as t h e N ig e r ia n s d o n o t b e l ie v e in c o m p r o m is e b u t in e n fo r c in g t h e i r o p in io n

on o th e rs , e s p e c ia l ly i f t h e y h a v e t h e p o w e r to d o so.I t w a s a t t h is j u n c tu re t h a t m y p e o p le , t h e B ia f r a n s ,

f o u n d n o a l t e r n a t i v e b u t to b re a k a w a y f r o m t h e f e d e ­r a t io n w h i c h t h e y s t r u g g le d f o r y e a rs to b u i l d a n d ' d e v e lo p in p e a c e m o re t h a n a n y o t h e r g r o u p in t h e f e d e r a t io n .

T he B ia f r a n s h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h i r t e e n m o n t h s o f b i t t e r f i g h t i n g t h a t t h e y h a v e d e c id e d u p o n a n e w p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n - in d e p e n d e n c e f o r B ia f r a - a n d a re w i l l i n g to d e f e n d i t . T h e b lo o d t h a t h a s b e e n shed a n d t h e s u f f e r in g t h a t h a s b e e n e n d u r e d fo r o v e r a y e a r b y t h e B ia f r a n p e o p le s h o w t h e i r w i l l to a sse r t t h e m s e lv e s as a p e o p le .

O n b e c o m in g a w a r e o f th e s e bas ic c h a ra c te r is t ic s o f t h e B ia f r a n s a n d t h e N ig e r ia n s , re s p e c t iv e ly , o n e ca n e a s i l y u n d e r s t a n d w h y i t is im p o s s ib le fo r t h e t w o f a c t io n s to l i v e t o g e t h e r p e a c e fu l l y . T h is is w h y i t is r e a s o n a b le to k e e p t h e m a p a r t f r o m e a ch o th e r , a n d le t e a c h d e t e r m in s h e r o w n d e s t in y o r m a n a g e h e r o w n a f fa i r s .

T he w o r l d h a s t a k e n i t u p o n i t s e l f to u t t e r m a n y i l l - f o r m e d c r i t i c is m s o f t h e J e w s o f E u ro p e fo r g o in g to t h e i r d e a th s a t t h e h a n d s o f t h e G e r m a n N a z is w i t h o u t a n y c o n c e r te d s t r u g g le . B u t o u t o f s y m p a t h y fo r t h e s u f f e r in g s o f th is p e o p le , a n d in re c o g n i t io n o f t h e w o r l d ' s f a i l u r e to t a k e a c t io n a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t im e , t h e U n i t e d N a t io n s e s ta b l i s h e d t h e S ta te o f Is rae l in a t e r r i t o r y w h i c h h a d b e lo n g e d to t h e A r a b s f o r t h o u s a n d s o f ye a rs . I t w a s f e l t t h a t o n ly b e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a J e w is h h o m e la n d , a n d a J e w is h N a t i o n a l S ta te , c o u ld J e w s be e x p e c te d to l iv e in t h e w o r l d u n d e r c o n d i t io n s o f h u m a n se c u r i ty .

B u t t h e B ia f r a n s h a v e n o w s u f fe re d t h e s a m e k in d o f re je c t io n w i t h i n t h e N ig e r ia n f e d e r a t i o n t h a t t h e J e w s o f G e r m a n y e x p e r ie n c e d . F o r tu n a te ly , t h e y a l ­r e a d y h a d a h o m e la n d . T h e y h a v e r e t r e a te d to i t fo r t h e i r o w n p ro te c t io n , a n d fo r t h e s a m e rea s o n - a f t e r a l l o t h e r e f fo r t s h a d f a i l e d - t h e y h a v e d e c la re d i t to be a n in d e p e n d e n t s ta te .

In t h e l i g h t o f t h e c i r c u m s ta n c e s , t h e p e o p le o f B ia f r a h a v e h u m b l y re q u e s te d t h e c o u n t r ie s o f th e w o r l d fo r re c o g n i t io n o f t h e i r s ta te o f B ia f r a as a n in d e p e n d a n t s o v e re ig n e n t i t y a n d as a m e m b e r o f th e c o m m u n i t y o f n a t io n s .

O n l y b y t h e a c t o f r e c o g n i t io n can t h e d e m o c r a t i c n a t io n s r e m a in t r u e to t h e c o n v ic t io n t h a t t h e p u rp o s e o f so c ie ty , a n d a l l p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , is t h e serv ice o f m a n .

SPECIAL C O M M E N TT he p e o p le o f N ig e r ia d o re c o g n iz e t h a t t h e r e is no

bas is fo r u n i t y in t h e o ld f e d e r a t i o n , as t h e i r p re s e n t l e a d e r once c o n f i rm e d . T h e y a re f i g h t i n g th is w a r o n ly o u t o f je a lo u s y a n d h a te fo r t h e B ia f r a n s .

In fa c t , t h e o ld f e d e r a t i o n w a s m a d e u p o f t h re e o f f o u r d i f f e r e n t n a t io n s w h i c h h a v e l i t t l e o r n o t h i n g in c o m m o n . To c o n t in u e p u t t i n g t h e m t o g e t h e r is ju s t l i k e e x p e c t i n g t h e p e o p le o f C a n a d a a h d t h e p e o p le o f V i e t n a m o r C o n g o to s h a re a c o m m o n g o v e r n m e n t - a n y o n e w h o k n o w s t h e b a c k g r o u n d s o f th e s e c o m ­p o n e n t g ro u p s can h a r d l y e x p e c t t h e m to m a k e c o m ­p a t i b l e p a r tn e r s .

T he O ld C o lo n ia l m a s te rs , t h e B r i t is h g o v e r n m e n t c r e a te d t h e N ig e r ia n F e d e ra t io n b y t h e a m a l g a m a t i o n o f th e s e s e p a ra te e n t i t ie s o r n a t io n s so le ly f o r t h e B r i t ish e c o n o m ic in te re s t . T h e re w a s no N ig e r ia b e fo re t h e B r i t ish p e o p le c a m e to A f r ic a .

T he B r i t is h m i l i t a r y a n d d i p l o m a t i c s u p p o r t to N ig e r ia b e t r a y t h e a t t e m p t o f t h e B r i t is h g o v e r n m e n t to p re s e rv e t h e F e d e ra t io n fo r h e r o w n in te re s t , b u t a g a in s t t h e in te re s t o f t h e p a r t ie s - B ia f r a n a n d N i ­g e r ia - i n v o lv e d . C o m m u n is t Russia is a lso h e lp in g N ig e r ia fo r t h e s a m e rea so n b u t I d o u b t i f she h a s a c h a n c e o f success a n y w h e r e in A f r i c a .

T hese n a t io n s - B ia f r a a n d N ig e r ia - k n o w f u l l y w e l l t h a t t h e y can b e n e f i t m o re b y a n e w k in d o f a s s o c ia t io n i.e . c o m m o n m a r k e t o r e c o n o m ic u n i t w h i l e t h e y r e m a in d i f f e r e n t s o v e re ig n s ta te s . I t is t h e t y p e o f a s s o c ia t io n p ra c t is e d b y t h e p ro s p e ro u s E a s te rn A f r i c a n N a t io n s .

T he B r i t ish g o v e r n m e n t is ru th le s s ly e x p lo i t i n g t h e d i f f e re n c e s b e t w e e n B ia f r a a n d N ig e r ia b y e n c o u r a g ­in g t h e l a t t e r t o d e s t r o y t h e B ia f r a n s fo r h e r o w n i n ­te re s t . T he N ig e r ia n e c o n o m y is a l r e a d y in f i r m g r ip o r f u l l c o n t ro l o f t h e B r i t is h g o v e r n m e n t . It is t h e h o p e o f t h e B r i t is h g o v e r n m e n t to d o m i n a t e t h e B ia f r a n e c o n o m y as w e l l i f she succeeds in p u t t i n g t h e p e o p le o f B ia f r a o r t h e i r so il u n d e r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n t ro l o f t h e N ig e r ia n s w h o m she e a s i ly m a n ip u la t e s .

T he B ia f r a n s a re d e t e r m in e d to f i g h t to t h e la s t m a n f o r t h e i r p ro te c t io n i f N ig e r ia a n d h e r s u p p o r te rs c o n t in u e to m o le s t t h e m . B ia f r a a n d h e r p e o p le w i l l e i t h e r s u rv i v e o r p e r is h d e p e n d in g o n w h a t t h e w o r l d , e s p e c ia l ly t h e d e m o c r a t ic n a t io n s d e c id e to d o a b o u t r e c o g n iz in g B ia f r a .

8 / the georgian, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1968

T h e s tu d e n t p r e s id e n t a lso sa id he w ould o p t for m a n d a t o r y course e v a l u a ­tion , s tu d e n t - c o n t r o l l e d , b u t costs d e f ra y e d by th e a d m in i s t r a t io n . He w ill h av e a m o t io n to th i s effect p r e ­s e n te d to th e S e n a t e th i s a c a d e m ic year .

N e v in , w ho m a i n t a i n e d he w as o u s te d im p ro p e r ly b ec a u s e th e s tu d e n t s h a d n o t b e e n c o n s u l te d a t t e n e d y e s t e r d a y ’s m e e t in g in th e Loyola r ink . He w as s u r ro u n d e d by a t leas t 100 close fol­lowers. W h e n he t r ie d to p le a d his cause to th e s tu d e n t s , c h a i r m a n of th e m e e t in g r e m in d e d th e fo rm e r p r e s id e n t sp e a k in g p r iv ileges w ere l im i te d to those w h o h a d q u e s t io n s on ly c o n c e rn ­ing M c D o u g a l l 's specif ic policies.

T h e m e e t in g w as no t te c h n ic a l ly a M c D o u g a l l -N e v in c o n f ro n ta t io n a n d th e vo t ing b a l lo ts a s k e d m e re ly w h e th e r th e s tu d e n t a c c e p te d th e M c D o u g a l l p la t fo rm as o u t l in ed .

H a d M c D o u g a l l ’s po lic ies b e e n r e je c t ­ed , th e p r e s id e n t w o u ld h av e res igned his post , a l th o u g h he w ou ld n o t h av e b ee n r e q u ir e d to do so. A le n g th y a n d com plex legal hagg le w o u ld h ave r e s u l t e d b e ­cause th e Loyola of M o n t r e a l S t u d e n t s ’ A ssoc ia t ion is a co rp o ra t io n .

M c D o u g a l l sa id F r id a y he t h o u g h t the m e e t in g w a s “ s a t i s f a c to r y " a n d h e , w ou ld a c c e p t th e m a n d a te . H e , a n d m a n y o th e r s tu d e n t s , h a d e x p e c te d som e vio lence a s a r e s u l t of th e in e v i ta b le conflict b e tw e e n h im s e l f a n d N ev in , b u t none e r u p te d .

A police p a d d y w a g o n w a s k e p t a t a d isc re e t d i s t a n c e from th e r in k d u r in g th e m e e t in g on th e u s u a l c o m p la c e n t Loyola c a m p u s .

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W ith f i rm p ro p o sa ls to e x p a n d s t u ­d e n t r e p r e s e n ta t io n on th e college s e n a te a n d to p re ss for’ s e v e ra l s e a ts on th e B o a rd of G overno rs , th e Loyola s tude .n t p r e s id e n t rece ived a m a n d a t e to c o n t in u e in office F r iday .

D esp i te a v igorous a t t e m p t a t a c o m e b a c k by th e o u s te d p r e s id e n t G ra h a m N ev in , C h u c k M c D o u g a l l a n d his ex e cu t iv e rece ived th e i r m a n d a t e by a vo te o t 267 to 147.

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N e v in w as d e p o s e d in a “ pow er p la v " in J u ly b y a n o n -c o n f id e n c e m o t io n of th e s tu d e n t b o a rd of d i r e c to r s for fa i lu re to co n s u l t th e b o a rd on rev e rsa l of a m a jo r po licy dec is ion . T h e b o a rd h a d m a n d a t e d N e v in to ad v ise s tu d e n t s to p a y th e i r tu i t i o n to a s t u d e n t a s ­so c ia t io n t r u s t f u n d r a th e r t h a n to th e college if th e g o v e r n m e n t d id n o t com e th r o u g h w i th its p ro m ise s of f in a n c ia l a s s i s ta n c e to Loyola.

N e v in ag re ed , b u t la te r c h a n g e d his m in d , c i t in g sp e c ia l c i r c u m s ta n c e s as h is r e a so n for n o t c a r ry in g o u t the b o a r d 's m a n d a te .

M c D o u g a l l w as chosen a s in te r iu m p re s id e n t then .

At F r id a y ’s m a n d a t e m e e t i n g ’ M c ­D ouga ll s t re s sed to som e 800 s tu d e n t s , m a n y o t w h o m a b s t a i n e d from vo ting , t h a t s t u d e n t r e p r e s e n ta t io n on b o th th e S e n a te a n d th e b o a rd of governo rs w as to ta l ly in a d e q u a te .

H e u rg ed t h a t six e lec ted s tu d e n t s s it on th e s e n a te , w h ere now th e re are

on ly th r e e a m o n g 25 s e n a to r s a n d he a d d e d t h a t th o u g h se v era l go v ern o rs h ave ag re ed in p r in c ip le to s tu d e n t s on th e b o a rd , “ we will now p ress w i th a w r i t t e n p ro p o sa l for im m e d ia te r e ­p r e s e n ta t io n " .

R y e rso n P o ly te c h n ic a l I n s t i tu t e in T o ro n to is a t p r e s e n t th e on ly e d u c a t io n ­a l i n s t i tu t i o n in C a n a d a w i th s tu d e n t governors .

T h e counc il p r e s id e n t ch id ed th e U n io n G en e ra le des E t u d i a n t s d u Q u e ­bec s h a rp ly for fa i l ing to s u p p o r t Loyola , a U G E Q m e m b e r .

“ W e h ave rece ived l i t t le for the $10,000 we h av e p la c e d in U G E Q " , M c D o u g a l l to ld th e s tu d e n t s . "W e will look for co o p e ra t io n for a w hile , b u t if th e y do no t p rov ide w h a t th e y w a n t , t h e n th i s ex e cu t iv e will p ropose w i th d r a w a l " , he co n d lu d ed .

Loyola s tu d e n t s p a y m ore t h a t $5,000 in a n n u a l d u e s to U G E Q .

M c D o u g a l l sa id h is ex e cu t iv e w ould se rious ly r e - e v a lu a t e L oyo la’s role in the E n g l ish e d u c a t io n a l sy s tem in Q uebec . T h is , he sa id , in c lu d e d the role of th e J e s u i t s a s a d m in i s t e r s of th e college.

E m p h a s i s in g t h a t “ as it looks now, it is u n l ik e ly we will ge t a u n iv e rs i ty c h a r t e r " , he a d d e d t h a t a m a lg a m a t io n w i th S ir George W il l ia m s is a > p o s ­s ib i l i ty t h a t req u ire s se r ious s tu d y .

A jo in t L o y o la -S G W U c o m m it t e e - on th e s t u d e n t counc i l level - h a s a l r e a d y b e e n e s ta b l i s h e d to look in to th e f e a ­s ib i l i ty of th is schem e .