ll101 lecture twelve 18 19 -...
TRANSCRIPT
MORPHOLOGYImportant terms in morphology
ROOT, AFFIX, STEM and BASE
ROOTROOT
What is a root?
It a part of a classification of the
kinds of elements operating within
the structure of a wordprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
ROOTA root is the irreducible
core of a word with
absolutely nothing else absolutely nothing else
attached to it
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
ROOTPutting it another way, it is that
part of the word left when all the
affixes are removed
Example
In the word: meaningfulness
removing all affixes -ing, -ful and -ness
leaves us with the root mean
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
ROOT
It is the part that is always present,
possibly with some modification, in
the various manifestations of the
Lexeme
Example:Example:
happy is a root but if you add an
affix –ness, it becomes happi -ness
Roots can either be free or bound
morphemes prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
ROOTSExamples in English:
Roots (free morphemes)
man the tea bet very
Roots (bound morphemes)
-mit as in permit commit
submit admit remit
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
ROOTSN.B.:
In English, the roots which are
incapable of occurring in
isolation are Latinate, i.e. they
came into English from Latincame into English from Latin
The word –mit means ‘send or do’
but in present-day English none
of these meanings is
recognisableprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
ROOTSExamples in Swahili:
Roots (free morphemes)
mama shangazi chai
Roots (bound morphemes)
Adjectives: -zuri -baya -fupi -dogo
Nouns: -toto -tu
Verbs: -pig- -pend- -som- -l-prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
AFFIXES / AFFIXAn affix is a morpheme which occurs
only when attach to some other
morphemes (the root or stem)
No word may contain only an affix No word may contain only an affix
standing on its own like -s, -ed, -al, -er
Therefore, all affixes are bound
morphemes
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
TYPES OF AFFIXESThere are three common
types of affixes
1. Prefixes / Prefix1. Prefixes / Prefix
2. Suffixes / Suffix
3. Infixes / Infixprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
1. PREFIXESA prefix is an affix which is attached before a root
or stem
Prefixes are added to the beginning of a root or
stem
Examples in English:Examples in English:
re- make un- kind in- decent
Examples in Swahili:
m- toto ki- ti a- na- soma
wa- toto vi- ti tu- ta- somaprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
2. SUFFIXESA suffix is an affix which is attached after a
root / stem
Suffixes follow the root or stem
Examples in English:
In English, all the inflectional morphemes
Examples in English:
In English, all the inflectional morphemes
are suffixes. Therefore, English, has only 8
inflectional morphemes. These are:
Jims -’s sister -s (2 attached to Nouns)
like -s laugh -ing lik -ed tak -en (4 – Verbs)
quiet -er loud -est (2 – Adjectives)prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
2. SUFFIXESExamples in English:
Suffixes which are derivational
morphemes in English are:
state -ment child -ish teach -er
practic -al truth -ful direct -ion
stop -able kind -ly solid -ify
care -less -ness fool -ish -ness prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
2. SUFFIXESExamples in Swahili:
pig –a final vowel FV
pig -i –a applicative APP
pig –ish –a causative CAUS
pig –an –a reciprocal RECpig –an –a reciprocal REC
pig –ik –a stative STATIVE
pig –w –a passive PASS
All these: -i -ish -an -ik -w are
derivational suffixes in Swahiliprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
3. INFIXESAn infix is an affix which is inserted
into the root or stem
It is an affix that is incorporated
inside another wordinside another word
Infixes are very common in Semitic
languages like Arabic and Hebrew and also
in languages spoken in South East Asia like
Kamhmuprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
3. INFIXESExamples in Kamhmu:
Word Meaning Word Meaning
see to drill srnee a drill
toh to chisel trnoh a chiseltoh to chisel trnoh a chisel
hiip to eat with
a spoon
hrniip a spoon
hoom to tie hrnoom a thing with
which to tie
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
3. INFIXESExamples in Kamhmu:
In this language it seems
there is a regular pattern
whereby the infix -rn- is whereby the infix -rn- is
inserted to verbs to form
corresponding nouns as in:
see s -rn- eeprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
3. INFIXESExamples in Arabic:
Much of Semitic inflection involves
infixing vowels in a root that consists
entirely of consonants
Egyptian Arabic:Egyptian Arabic:
The word KTB ��� provides the
consonant skeleton which is
fleshed out with a variety of
vowelsprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
3. INFIXESEgyptian Arabic:
The word ktb ���
Word Meaning
ktb write
kitab book
katab he wrote
katib writerprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
3. INFIXESGenerally, Arabic has three
vowels: a i and u
In the word ktb ���In the word ktb ���
The vowels i and a are
inserted as in ktb as in
k -i- t -a- b bookprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
STEMSThe stem is that part
of a word that is in
existence before anyexistence before any
inflectional affixes
have been added
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
STEMSThe stem may consist of the following:
a) Single root morpheme (a ‘simple’ stem)
man the tea bet very
b) Two root morpheme (a ‘compound’
stem)stem)
blackbird wallpaper textbook
c) A root morpheme plus a derivational
affix (a ‘complex’ stem)
manly unmanly manliness
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
STEMSExamples in English:
Noun Stem Plural
cat -s
worker -s
fingerprint -sfingerprint -s
Verb Stem Past tense
play -ed
replay -edprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
STEMSExamples in Swahili:
Noun Stem Singular Plural
-toto m- wa-
-tu ki- vi-
Verb Stem
piga pig- -a
RT -FV
penda pend -aprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
BASE (FORMS)This is a term used in
morphology as an
alternative to ROOT or alternative to ROOT or
STEM
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
BASEIn other words, it is any unit
whatsoever to which affixes of any
kind can be added
Examples:
boy boy -s Inflectional (sg. – pl)boy boy -s Inflectional (sg. – pl)
boy -ish Derivational (N – Adj)
happy un- happy
unhappy uhappi -nessprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
HOW TO ANALYSE MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
Procedures for doing morphological
analysis:
1. Compare and contrast partially
similar forms. Then isolate the
forms
Classical GreekClassical Greek
Word Meaning
[graphɔ:] ‘I write’
[graphɛ:] ‘he writes’
[phɛmi] ‘to speak’prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
HOW TO ANALYSE MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
QUESTIONS
a)What is the Greek word for write?
b)What is the morpheme for 1st
person singular in Greek?
c)What is the morpheme for the 3rd
person singular in Greek?person singular in Greek?
ANSWERS
a) [graph-]
b) [-ɔ:]
c) [-ɛ:] prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
HOW TO ANALYSE MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
Hungarian
Word Meaning
[hɔz] ‘house’
[ɛjhɔz] ‘a house’
[hɔzɔ] ‘his / her house’[hɔzɔ] ‘his / her house’
[boɾ] ‘wine’
[ɛjboɾ] ‘a wine’
[boɾɔ] ‘his / her wine’
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
HOW TO ANALYSE MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
QUESTIONS
a)What is the morpheme for the
article ‘a’ in Hungarian?
b)What is the morpheme for the 3rd
person singular possessive marker
in Hungarian?in Hungarian?
ANSWERS
a) [ɛj-]
b) [-ɔ]prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
HOW TO ANALYSE MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
2. If a single phonetic form has two
distinct meanings, it must be
analysed as representing two
different morphemes
For example –er in English:
work worker Derivational (V – N)
fast faster Inflectional (comparative marker added to adjectives)
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
HOW TO ANALYSE MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
3. If the same meaning is associated
with different phonetic forms, then
all these different forms are just
allomorphs of the same morpheme
For example English negative form –inFor example English negative form –in
can be realized as:
a) [im-] as in imbalance before bilabials stops
b) [in-] as in inability elsewhere
c) [iŋ-] as in incomplete before velar plosives
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
HOW TO ANALYSE MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
N.B.:
Languages differ in terms of what they
mark both inflectionally and derivationally.
Hence, languages must be examined
carefully on the grounds of their own carefully on the grounds of their own
internal structures
These procedures are just a hint to
understand the morphological analysis but
they cannot fit as a perfect model for all
languages prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
TASK NO. 8
Study the Swahili data below and then
answer the questions that follows:
Word meaning
pika ‘cook’
pikia ‘cook for’pikia ‘cook for’
futa ‘wipe / erase’
futia ‘wipe for / erase for’
omba ‘ask / beg’
ombea ‘ask for / beg for’
kata ‘cut’
katia ‘cut for’prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
TASK NO. 8
QUESTIONS
a)What are the allomorphs of the
applicative form in Swahili?
b)State the phonological rule in b)State the phonological rule in
which each allomorph occurs in
Swahili.
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
TASK NO. 9
Study the following groups of
English words (A – D) then answer
the questions that follow:
GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C GROUP DGROUP A GROUP B GROUP C GROUP D
rider tresses running tables
colder melodies foundling lens
silver Bess’s handling witches
actor guess fling calculates
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
TASK NO. 9
QUESTIONS
a) In each group, identify the word
that has no suffix.
b) In each group, identify the word
whose suffix is different from the
others.others.
c) In each group, isolate the suffix
that the remaining two words share
and give its type and function.
prepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019
TEST II
WEDNESDAY
30TH JANUARY 2019
YOMBO 5YOMBO 5
1700 – 1800 hourson
Phonology & Morphologyprepared by Rahma Abdallah Muhdhar
23rd January 2019