Livelihood Sovereignty and Social Capital: Analyzing Social Capabilities in times of Economic Transition and Climate Instability

Ryan S. NaylorCarter A. Hunt

Karl S. Zimmerer

INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental disturbances and coastal

communitiesLivelihood negotiation and social changeResearch Objective: to understand how livelihood sovereignty is impacted by

tourism development

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Livelihood SovereigntyThe enhanced levels of local resident control and influence over management institutions and decision-making regarding the 1. persistence of valued traditional practices, 2. how new production opportunities are integrated into local socio-economic systems, 3. and how local community wellbeing is perpetuated over time.

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Social Capital”the set of norms, networks, and organizations through which people gain access

to power and resources, and through which decision making and policy formulation occur” (Grootaert, 1998, p.2)

Linking Capital - differ in resources and information availability(Szreter & Woolcock, 2004)

Bonding Capital - organized by members similarities (Szreter & Woolcock, 2004)

Bridging Capital - people of differing socio-demographics (Aldrich & Meyer, 2015)

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Research QuestionsIs tourism promoting favorable community development outcome, including livelihood sovereignty, and thus:

RQ1: is there evidence of strong local involvement in development decision-making within Petersburg (e.g., bonding forms of social capital)?RQ2: is there evidence of increased value arising from interactions with other communities in the region (e.g., bridging forms of social capital)?RQ3: is there increased value resulting from better connections to key actors in position of power (e.g. linking forms of social capital)?

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STUDY SITE - PETERSBURG, ALASKA

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Ethnographic DesignArchival

• Development plans• Prior literature

Participant observation• Public events• Borough meetings

Interviews• Formal/Informal• Purposive Sampling

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Applied Thematic Analysis

• Structural codes• Thematic codes

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BONDING CAPITAL

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In a little town like Petersburg, if the democratic process doesn't work here, it doesn't work anywhere...If we don't like

the results of the council. There's a new council coming in the fall and we'll continue to fight those battles until it's

determined where we hit.

On the ad hoc committee you have all these different people, people from the commercial fishing industry, the

charter fishing industry, the canneries, main street business owners, the chamber of commerce, the Harbor master, museum director kind of coming together and thinking

about all the different aspects of tourism and how it affects the community.

Trust is Local Governance

Collective Action

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Bridging Capital

Why would you go there when nothing's real? Nothing. You

know what I mean? It's just all fake and you're not supporting

anybody. You're not supporting the local that lives there. You're not seeing the real Ketchikan, I

would hope when people come here, they see the real

Petersburg.

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He said, ‘I gotta tell ya, I've got this place here, but Princess Cruise Lines offered me twice what my normal rent charge for the space is. And I turned it down. I said, why would you do that? He said, ‘because I can never do business in this town again if I did it. There is so much animosity in Sitka against the cruise ships.

1. Unsustainable cruise tourism development 2. Lessons from other communities

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1. Lack of Trust 2. Economic Sacrifices

3. Time and Face-to-Face Interaction

Viechnicki, J (2019) UnCruise Adventures’ ship the Safari Quest is tied up in Petersburg’s South Harbor in 2018. [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://www.kfsk.org/2019/07/25/petersburg-officials-bemoan-reports-of-cruise-waste-dumping/

Linking Capital

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Even if you're not fisherman, someone who fishes, you're depending on fish for food,

recreation, or subsistence. I think in some ways we make a lot of economic sacrifices in order to protect it, streams and fish. We do that for a

reason. To have someone else come in, it’s somewhat insulting to everybody. Like you care

so little about where you're at andyou're just passing through.

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1. Introduction of Livelihood Sovereignty2.Scale in both Social Networks and Cruise

Tourism3.Ethnographic methods: Understanding the

lived experiences

CONCLUSION

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THANK YOU

AcknowledgementsPenn State Inter-institutional Center For Indigenous Knowledge

College of Health Human DevelopmentStudent Conservation Association

Residents of Petersburg, Alaska

QUESTIONS/COMMENTS?