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LIVARSTVO 47(1) FOUNDRY

Srpsko Livako Drutvo (Serbian Foundrymen Society) 1

LIVARSTVOVolume 47, No 1, Beograd, Oktobar 2008

ISSN 0456-2933

2.Uvod

(Introduction)

4.Osnivanje, cilj i zadaci Srpskog livakog drutva(Founding, objective and tasks of the SerbianFoundrymen Society)

8.

S. Markovi,Izvetaj iz Portoroa(Report from Portoroz)

10.S. ManasijeviVetina i intuicija livaca ili livenje pomou

kompjutera

(Skil and intuition of foundrymen or computer assistedcasting)

12.

R. Radia, S. Markovi, J. Pristavec, V. Kvrgi, S.ManasijeviUpotreba CAE tehnike za tehnologiju virtualnog

dizajna -uteda u livnicama u Srbiji

(Use of CAE Techniques in Virtual design ofMetalcasting technology-saving in Serbian Foundries)

25.Uputstvo za saradnike asopisa Livarstvo

(Instructions for associates of Livarstvo(MetalCasting) magazine)

LIVARSTVO

asopis Srpskog livakog drutvaJournal of the Serbian Foundrymen Society

Urednik (Editor)Prof. Dr. Sran Markovi, TMF Beograd

Tehniki urednik (Technical editor)mr Sreko Manasijevi, MNTR

Lektor (Linguistic advisor)Vesna Lazarevi

Redakcijski kolegijum (Editorijal board)Mirjana Filipovi, TMF, BeogradKarlo Raji, TMF, BeogradMile urevi, Nemak Co, LinzStanka Tomovi-Petrovi, RTIM, Raufoss.Tanja-Volkov Husovi, TMF BeogradRadisa Radomir, LOLA Institut, BeogradBranislav D. Nedeljkovi, Zastava, KragujevacDuko Stankovi, Limet, Beograd

Slobodan Luki, Potens, PoegaNenad Maksimovi, MetalTim, BeogradZoran Janjuevi, ITNMS, BeogradRadmila Vujovi, SLD, Beograd

Izdavaki savet (Publishing council)Budimir Golubovi, Dragomir Savi,Radoslav Pejovi, Miroslav Janiijevi,Zoran Bogdanovi, Milovan Vasi, Pera Hini,Dragoljub Maksimovi, Gordana urevi,Radojica uri, Sinia Markovi,Zoran Jeremi, Milinko Simi,Dragan Stefanovi, Radia Peri, Mile Veki,Radojle Bukvi, Milan Markovi, Gordana Maji,Zoran Staki, eljko Kamberovi

Srpsko livako drutvo- SLD(Serbian Foundrymen Society)Strukovno udruenje za unapreenje Livarstva

Karnegijeva 4, 11 120 BeogradTel.: +381 11 3370 502, 3303 675Fax: +381 11 3370 387, 2788 510E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] site: www.sld-sfs.rs

Matini broj: 17729527ifra delatnosti: 91120PIB : 105606202Tekui raun: 0030006031000-80

Devizni raun: 30006031001tampaRIC grafikog inenjerstvaTehnoloko-metalurkog fakultetaKarnegijeva 4, 11 120 Beograd

Tira 200 komCena 300 din, (godinja predplata 1 000 din)

CIP Katalogizacija u publikacijiNarodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd621.7+669ISSN 0456-2933 = Livarstvo (Beograd)

COBISS.SR-ID 6884354


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FOUNDRY LIVARSTVO 47(1)

2

Srpsko Livako Drutvo (Serbian Foundrymen Society)

Potovane kolege,

Nakon osnivanja Srpskog Livakog Drutva 7 Marta ove godine ponovo pokreemo izlaenjenaeg strukovnog asopisa pod starim nazivom Livarstvo. Smatramo da se time ne gubi

kontinuitet sa prvim brojem ovog asopisa izalog jo davne 1954 godine, a stao sa izlaenjem 1998godine. Namera je redakcijskog kolegijuma i urednika da asopis bude otvoren za sve delatnike kojisu na bilo koji nain ukljueni ili zainteresovani za oblast livenja metala. To se uostalom moe videtiveiz liste naih lanova i sponzora na koricama ovog broja.

Poto je ovo prvi broj, a samim tim i eksperimentalnog karaktera oekujemo vau reakciju iaktivno uee u radu asopisa. Biemo zahvalni na svim konstruktivnim kritikama, predlozima isugestijama. U tom svetlu pozivamo sve koleginice i kolege lanove i druge koji ele da se na bilokoji nain oglase u asopisu, da to i uine.

Zbog kratkoe roka za izlazak prvog broja celokupan ureivaki sastav je privremenog ioperativnog karaktera, a konanu reo tome dae naravno organi i skuptina SLD-a.

Republika agencija za razvoj Malih i Srednjih Preduzea i Preduzetnitva je pored finansijske

podrke za lanstvo u Svetskoj Livakoj Organizaciji WFO i nabavku kompjuterske opreme,pomogla i izlazak ovog prvog broja naeg asopisa. Koristimo priliku da se njoj kao i svim naimlanovima i sponzorima zahvalimo.

Na kraju pozivamo sve one koji to do sada nisu uinili bilo naim bilo svojim propustom, a toele da nam se pridrue. Smatramo da iznos lanarine od 10,000 din./god. za firme nije previsok.Koje su mogunosti i prednosti lanstva u SLD-u moete sagledati iz informacija u ovom broju.

Predsednik SLD-aProf. Dr. Sran Markovi


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Dear Colleagues,

Upon foundation of the Serbian Foundrymen Society on March 7th this year, we are onceagain initiating publishing of our profession-oriented magazine under old name Livarstvo. We thinkthat continuity with the first issue in 1954 and the last publication in 1998 is not lost. Intention ofeditorial staff and editor is to make this magazine accessible for all professionals in any way involved

or interested in the field of metal casting. This may be seen from the list of our members andsponsors given on the covers of this issue.

Given this is the first number, hence somewhat experimental in its nature we expect yourfeedback and active participation in work of this magazine. We will be grateful for all constructivecritics, advices and suggestions. In this sense, we invite all colleague members and others who wantto advertise in the magazine to do so in any form they like.

Due to the short term for issuance of the first number of the magazine, entire editorial contentwas approved solely by the decision passed down by the Executive Board and the Scientific Boardof the Serbian Foundrymen Society (SFS). Final evaluation about all matters will be presented at theannual SFS Assembly.

Beside financial assistance for the membership in the World Foundrymen Organization (WFO)and supplying computer equipment, the Serbian Agency for the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Entrepreneurship also assisted in issuance of this first number of ourmagazine. We use this opportunity to express our gratitude to this Agency, all our members andsponsors.

At the end, we invite all those who want but failed to join us, disregarding of fault part, to doso. We think that membership in the amount of 10,000 din (RSD) annually is not too expensive forcompanies. Opportunities and advantages arising from SFS membership may be seen in informationgiven in this issue.

The President of SFSProf.Sran Markovi


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4


OSNIVANJE, CILJ I ZADACI SRPSKOG LIVAKOG DRUTVA

FOUNDING, OBJECTIVE AND TASKS OF THE SERBIAN FOUNDRYMEN SOCIETY

7 marta, 2008 godine u sveanoj Sali TMF-aodrana je osnivaka skuptina SrpskogLivakog Drutva (SLD). Skuptini su poredmnogobrojni gostiju iz privrede i institutaprisustvovali i minstar Dr Predrag Bubalo,gradski odbornik Duko Janiijevi, predsednikoptine Palilula dipl.ing Danilo Bai, dekanTMF-a prof. Dr. Ivanka Popovi, ef katedre zaMI prof. Dr. Karlo Rai idr (slika 1). Poreddonesenih kadrovskih, organizacionih iprogramskih odluka, dogovoreno je dakancelarija Drutva bude u prostorijamaLaboratorije za Livarstvo, TMF-a u Beogradureenjem br. 130-021-00-00605/2008-07 od16.05.2008 godine Ministarstva za dravnu

upravu i lokalnu samoupravu RS, Drutvo jezvanino registrovano od strane Drave.

On 7th of March 2008, in TMF conferencehall, a Serbian Foundrymen Society foundingassembly has been held. The ceremony hasbeen attended, amongst numerous guests fromthe industry and the institute, by ministerPredrag Bubalo, president of municipality ofPalilula B. Sc. Danilo Basi, dean of TMF prof.Ph. D. Ivanka Popovic, chief of MI departmentprof. Ph. D. Karlo Raic, city house councilorDusko Janicijevic and others (figure 1). Besidesreaching the decisions regarding questions ofpersonnel, organization and program of theassociation, it has been decided that the officesof the Society will be situated at Metal CastingLaboratories of TMF, in Belgrade. With the

official decree No. 130-024-00-00605/2008-07from 16th May 2008, issued by ministry of PublicAdministration and Local Self-government, theSociety has been officially registered.

Slika 1.- Osnivaka skuptina Srpskog Livakog Drutva, 07.03.2008 godineFigure 1.- Founding Assembly of the Serbian Foundrymen Society, March 7th2008

Udruenje livaca NR Srbije osnovano je prviput 1952 godine u Beogradu. Idejni tvoracuduenja, pokreta i nosioc organizovanogdelovanja livake struke na ovim prostorimauopte bio je pokojni prof. Milan B. Pajevi. Veiste godine u decembru odran jei prvi kongreslivaca NR Srbije u Beogradu.

Association of metal casters of NR Srbija,was first founded in 1952. in Belgrade. Thecreator of the association, architect andprotagonist of organized acting of metal castingprofession in these parts in general was, nowdeceased professor Milan B. Pajevic. On thevery same year the 1st congress of metalcasters of NR Srbija has been held in Belgrade.


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Udruenje je tokom godine menjalo ime,aktivno i pokretaki delovalo u osnivanju ipovezivanju sa drutvima livaca drugih republikabive Jugoslavije. O toj aktivnosti najboljesvedoi podatak da je 1969 godine Beograd biodomain 36-tog meunarodnog kongresalivaca(36 CIF) sa 1050 delegata iz 29 zemalja

Sveta od Japana do Amerike).Nakon poznatih traginih dogaaja i raspada

zemlje, kada veina livnica nije ni radila i uslednedostatka finansijskih sredstava, zamire i radUdruenja. Kako sve drave sveta i one unaem okruenju imaju profesionalna udruenjaovog tipa, nameravamo da posle duegvremena obnovimo rad, obzirom na veliki znaajkoji Metalurgija kao znaajna industrijska grana,a time i livarstvo kao njen bitan deo.

Ciljevi i svrha postojanja Drutva je u

meusobnom povezivanju strukovnih i svihostalih zainteresovanih subjekta u jedinstvenu

organizacionu celinu radi reavanja kako tekuihtako i stratekih zadataka.

Naglasak e biti na edukacionog iinformativnog karaktera kako bi se samnjio umeuvremenu nastao veliki tehnoloki zaostataksa razvijenim zemljama. Prediviene aktivnostiodvijae se putem strunih seminara, kurseva,simpozijuma, izdavanja struno-komercijalnogasopisa LIVARSTVO, sertifikata i diploma,izradom elaborata i projekta svih ostalih

aktivnosti dozvoljenih zakonom. Realizacijanavedenog obavie se uz pomo i saradnju saTehnoloko-metalurkim fakultetom izBeograda, relevantnim preduzeima, instituta iudruenja iz zemlje i inostranstva. Takoeoekujemo pomo i podrku od domaihdrutveno-politikih organizacija.

Srpsko Livako Dutvo, je neprofitabilnastrukovna organizacija iji se rad ogleda usledeem:

Povezivanje svih strukovnih kao i drugihzainteresovanih subjekata u jedinstvenuorganizacionu celinu sa ciljemmeusobnog povezivanja, saradnje,informisanja i kooperacije u ciljureavanja tekuih stratekih zadataka.

Povezivanje svih fizikih lica koja su nabilo koji nain ukljuena ilizainteresovana za aktivnosti u oblastiLivarstva.

Throughout the years the association hasbeen changing its name, working actively andmotivationally in founding of and cooperatingwith other metal caster associations of all of therepublics of ex-Yugoslavia. The best witness tothose activities is the fact that in 1969 Belgradewas the host for 36th International Foundry

Congress with 1050 delegates from 29 countriesof the World, from Japan to USA.

After the tragic events and the breaking apartof the country, when most of the foundries werenot working because of the lack of resourcesand financial support, the work of theassociation fades. As all of the countries of theWorld, and as well as the countries in ourneighborhood possess these types ofassociations, our intention is to renew the workafter this long period, considering the greatimportance of metallurgy as an industry, as well

as metal casting as an important member of thatteam.

The goal and purpose of Associationexistence is in connecting all profession-orientedand other interested parties, to a unifiedorganized whole, in order to solve ongoing andstrategically important projects and tasks.

The accent will be on education and thoroughinforming, in order to reduce the technologicalgap which grew in the meantime. Expectedactivities will include professional seminars,

courses, symposiums, publication ofprofessional-oriented magazine Livarstvo,certifications and issuing of diplomas, making ofcase studies and projects, and all of of the otheractivities permitted and defined by law. Therealization of the aforementioned will we donewith help from Faculty of Technology andMetallurgy, University of Belgrade, relevantcompanies, institutes and associations from ourcountry and abroad. We are hopefully expectingsupport from domestic socio-politicorganizations as well.

"Serbian Foundrymen Society" is a non-profit profession-oriented organization whosemain goals are:

Connecting all profession-oriented andother interested parties, to a unifiedorganized whole, with the aim ofpromoting mutual cooperation,information exchange and collaborationwith the goal of solving ongoing andstrategically significant projects.

Affiliation of all the people which are inany way connected to or working within

the area of metal casting.


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6


Organizovanje seminara i strunihkurseva, obuka i dokolovavanjelivakog kadra u Livnici TMF-a, tj. uprostorijama Laboratorije za Livarstvo,TMF-a, Univerziteta u Beogradu, kao i udrugim zainteresovanim livnicama,institutima i dr.

Saradnja i povezivanje sa relevantnimdomaim strukovnim udruenjima,organizacijama, institucijama i sl.

lanstvo i povezivanje sa evropskim isvetskim organizacijam i udruenjimaovog tipa (WFO, CAEF).

Organizovanje strunih, komercijalnih iedukacionih skupova realizovanih krozgostovanja istaknutih stranih i domaihprivrednika, strunjaka i naunika izoblasti livarstva i drugih srodnihdisciplina.

Izdavanje odgovarajueg struno-komercijalnog asopisa putem koga bise meusobne veze ojaale, a ininjeri iistraivai afirmisali i meusobnoedukovali.

Indetifikacija i predstavljanje i zastupanjeinteresa struke i lanova Drutva predDravom i ostalim parvnim i fizikimsubjektima.

Pomo i organizacija oko izdavanjaekolokih i drugih sertifikata dozvola zarad svim zainteresovanima u oblasti

Livarstva. Sve ostalo to bi po zakonu eventualno

spadalo u domen rada jednog ovakvogdrutva, a nije navedeno u ovomkratkom pregledu.

Reenjem Republike agencije za razvojMSPP (www.sme.sr.gov.yu) br.: 1540-28/2008od 07.08.2008 godine SLD je dobilo namenskasredstva za nabavku opreme, ulanjenje uSvetsku organizaciju livaca- WFO, kao i zaizdavanje prvog broja asopisa naeg Drutva.U skladu sa ugovorom br.: 1822/1 od

12.08.2008 godine polovina sredstava jeuplaena odmah po potpisivanju ugovora, adruga polovina e biti uplaena po realizacijisvih gore navedenih stavki.

Organization of seminars andprofessional courses, training andadditional education of metal castingpersonnel in TMF foundry, Metal CastingLaboratory, TMF, Belgrade Universityand other interested metal castingfoundries, institutes, etc.

Cooperation and association withrelevant domestic professionalassociations, organizations, institutesand alike.

Membership in and connecting withEuropean and World organizations andassociations of this type (WFO, CAEF)

Organizing of professional, commercialand educational gatherings realizedthrough guest appearances byprominent domestic and foreignentrepreneurs, experts and scientists

from areas of metal casting and otherrelated disciplines. Identification and representation of

interests of the trait and members of thesociety in front of the State and otherofficial and individual parties.

Help and organization of issuingecological and other work permits to allinterested parties in the area of metalcasting

Organization and help with all of thespecialty problems and questions of

those who are starting in or are in aperiod of beginning with metal castingwork, as well as professionals.

All of the other duties and rights notexplicitly written in this short summary,and are allowed and applicable by lawfor this type of an association.

By the Decision of the Serbian Agency for theDevelopment of Small and Medium-sizedEnterprises and Entrepreneurship (MSPP)(www.sme.sr.gov.yu) No. 1540-28/2008 datedAugust 7th 7, 2008 the Serbian Foundrymen

Society (SFS) received resources for supplyingequipment, membership into the WorldFoundrymen Association (WFO) (the resourceshave already transferred and officialconfirmation of the membership is pending), aswell as for publishing the first issue of themagazine of our Society. In accordance withContract No. 1822/1 dated August 12th 2008,half of the resources were paid immediatelyupon contract signing, and the second half ofresources shall be paid upon realization ofaforesaid items.


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Sa zadovoljstvom Vas obavetavamo da jeSLD od 21.09.2008 godine i zvanino lanSvetske livake organizacije-WFO. Poredzvaninog oglaavanja na svetskoj scenizajedno sa najaim svetskim udruenjima, ovolanstvo ukljuuje i odreene benificije koje seogledaju u sledeim mogunostima:

strune konsultacije i pomou reavanjupraktinih problema od strane WFO,

obuka kadrova,

publikovanje radova i svih drugihoglaavanja vezanih za livakuindustriju,

uestvovanje u strunim komisijamaWFO ija je svrha unapreenje livakeindustrije,

uee na Tehnikom forumu (svakegodine) i Svetskom kongresu livaca

(svake druge godine). lanice WFOdobijaju 2 mesta za izlaganje svojihdostignua, a svi delegati lanica imajufinansijske olakice prilikom boravka iuea na ovim manifestacijama. Oovome se moete upoznati i na web siteWFO, na koji moete ui preko naeglinka (rubrike benefit i membersdirectory).

We are happy to announce that as of September21st2008 SFS became an official member of theWorld Foundrymen Association (WFO). Besidethis official announcing on the world scene, sideby side with the most powerful worldassociations, this membership includes certain

privileges in terms of the following options:

Professional consultations andassistance of WFO in solving practicalproblems

Personnel training

Publication of papers and all otherannouncements related to the metalcasting industry

Participating in professional WFOcommittees for advancing metal casting

industry Participating in Technical Forum (every

year) and the World Congress ofFoundrymen (every two years). WFOmembers obtain 2 places forexhibiting achievements, and all memberdelegates have financial reductionsduring stay and participation in thesemanifestation. You can read more aboutthis matter on WFO Web site which canbe accessed through our link (sectionsbenefit and members directory).

Predsednik SLD-a (President of SLD)

Prof. Dr. Sran Markovi


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8 Srpsko Livako Drutvo (Serbian Foundrymen Society)

IZVETAJ IZ PORTOROA

REPORT FROM PORTOROZ

U Portorou, SL od 1012.09.2008 godineodrana je 48 meunarodna livaka konferencijasa oko 270 uesnika iz svih zemalja Sveta (sl.17). Iskoristili smo priliku da oglasimopostojanje naeg Drutva, a prezentirali smo inauno-struni rad koji je izloio kolega dipl.ing.Radomir Radia iz LOLA Instituta- Beograd.Pored toga uspostavlen je i kontakt sageneralnim .sekretarom WFO, g-dinom AndrewTurner-om i sklopjen povoljan dogovor okolanarine.

Slika 1.- Predsednica DLS(Drustvo LivarjevSlovenije) Mr Mirjam Jan-Blaiotvara 48 me.

savetovanje u Portorou, SL

Figure 1.- President of DLS (SlovenianFoundrymen Society) M.Sc. Mirjam Jan-Blazicopens 48thInternational Conference in Portoroz,

Slovenia

Slika 3.- Prof. Alojz Kriman prima nagradu zaivotno delo od predsednice DLS Mirjam Jan-

Blai

Figure 3.- Prof. Alojz Krizman accept award for lifeaccomplishment from the President of DLS, Mirjam

Jan-Blazic

48th International Conference ofFoundrymen with about 270 participants from allaround the world was held in Portoroz, Slovenia,in period between 10thand 12th (image 1 through7). We used this opportunity to announceexistence of our Society, and scientific andprofessional work presented by colleague B.Sc.Radomir Radisa from the Lola Institute -Belgrade. Beside this, we established a contactwith the General secretary of WFO, Mr. AndrewTurner and made favorable agreement about themembership.

Slika 2.- Radno predsednitvo Portoro 48 me.savetovanje u Portorou, SL

Figure2.- Operating Assembly, 48thInternational

Conference in Portoroz, Slovenia

Slika 4.- Predsednici SLD, DLS i gen.sekretarWFO (S. Markovi, M. Jan-Blai, A. Turner)

Figure 4.- Presidents of the Serbian FoundrymenSociety, the Slovenian Foundrymen Society andthe World Foundrymen Association (S. Markovic,

Mirjam Jan-Blazic, A. Turner)


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Slika 5.- Druenje na brodu na krstarenju popiranskom zalivu

Figure 5.- . Socializing on a boat cruising in thePiran Bay

Slika 7.- Predstavnici MAGMASOFT-Ahen,Egzoterm-Kranj i LOLA Inst.-Beograd (J. evka,

G-din i G-a turm, M. Weghaus i R. Radia)

Figure 7.- Representatives of MAGMASOFT-Ahen,Egzoterm-Kranjand LOLA Institute-Belgrade (J.

Cevka, Mr. and Mrs. Sturm,M. Bodenburg and R.Radisa

Slika 6.- Poseta brdu kod Kranja

Figure 6.- Visiting the hill in the vicinity of city ofKranj


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10 Srpsko Livako Drutvo (Serbian Foundrymen Society)

VETINA I INTUICIJA LIVACA ILI LIVENJE POMOU KOMPJUTERA

SKILL AND INTUITION OF FOUNDRYMEN OR COMPUTER-ASSISTED CASTING

S. Manasijev, R. Radia, B. PetroviStruni lanak (Professional paper)

Vienedeljni napor oko pripreme livenjakompleksnog odlivka se zavrava. Napetost

raste. Struni tim iskusnih tehnologa ikonstruktora zajedno sa rukovodstvomnestrpljivo eka ishod. Svi su znatieljni, sapoveanom dozom straha u sebi koju ne moguda sakriju. Svi proveravaju najsitnije detalje.Najzad poinje zavrna faza, livenje. Timiskusnih livaca je na svojim mestima. Livni lonacse pribliava kalupu, a svetlost koja izbijaobasjava polutamu livnice, dok miris peska iistopljenog metala ispunjava prostor. Manje odminut trajalo je ulivanje metala u kalup i sve jezavreno. Meutim, vreme za oputanje i

zadovoljstvo je jo daleko, a neizvesnost seprovlai kroz misli svih okupljenih. ta e sepojaviti kada uliveni metal ovrsne i kalup seotvori? Da li e iz peska izai odlivak oekivanogkvaliteta?

Livarstvo, je uvek izmeu tehnike i umetnosti.Razumeti sutinu, razumeti ta se deava satenim metalom koji u par desetina sekundiispunjava kalupnu upljinu, zatim se hladi iovrava je neto bez ega livenje nemasmisla, nema zdravog odlivka. Mehanizamsamog procesa nije jednostavan, nije dostupan i

podlee apstraktnim zakonima. Kad biispunjavanje kalupne upljine bilo trenutno, azatim kada bi istopljeni metal ovravaoravnomerno po celoj zapremini onda ne bi biloproblema. Meutim, realnost je potpunodrugaija. Samo malo pogreno projektovan iliizveden ulivni sistema moe da dovede do nizuzrono-posledinih problema (neravnomernitok metala, pothlaenje,....) koje dalje produkujuitav niz problema(pojava upljina, poroznosti,zaostalih napona kojii mogu neravnomernimhlaenjem da rasprsnu odlivak i niz drugih

greaka koje odlivak prave neupotrebljivim). Ovaigra vetine livaca i teko predvidljive priroderastopljenog metala je hod po tankoj liniji kojarazdvaja uspeh od neuspeha, dobrog odlivka odonog koji mora opet u pe.

Sve ovo je do skora bilo bazirano natradicionalnoj tehnologiji livenja, na neformalnojvetini i intuiciji livaca, meutim ovo je danas jepredmet egzaktnih prorauna koji sa visokomverovatnoom predikuju konani rezultat.

Several week long efforts related to castingpreparation of a complex cast are reaching its

end. The tension is growing. Professional teamof experienced technologists and designerstogether with their management is impatient tosee final outcome. Everyone is curious withintensified sense of fear unable to hide. Theyare checking the smallest details. Ultimately, thefinal phase commences, casting. Team ofexperienced foundrymen is on positions. Castingvessel is approaching the mould, and the lightilluminates half-dark of the foundry, while smellof sand and smelted metal spreads throughoutthe room. It took less than a minute to pour a

metal into the mould and everything wascompleted. However, the time for relaxation andsatisfaction is still far yet to come, anduncertainty is in minds of all present people.What will emerge once poured metal hardensand mould is opened? Will a cast of expectedquality emerge from the sand?

Metal casting is always somewhere inbetween of technique and arts. Absence ofunderstanding the essence, understanding whathappens with liquid metal which within tens ofseconds fills out the mould cavity, and then

cools off and hardens, simply makes to sense toin casting; there cannot be a healthy cast. Amechanism of process itself is not simple, non-available and is subjected to the laws ofabstract. If filling out the mould cavity could beinstantaneous and then melted metal hardenedequally on overall volume, we would have aproblem. However, a reality implies somethingvery different. Slight fault in design or executionof pouring system can cause series of cause-related problems (unequal metal flow, sub-cooling,....) subsequently causing series of

problems (cavities emerge, porosity, residualtensions that may burst the cast by unequalcooling and series of other faults that make acast useless). This game of foundrymen skillsand hardly predictable nature of melted metal islike walking over the dark line whichdistinguishes success from failure, good castfrom to one that should be put into the furnaceonce again.

Until recently all of the abovementioned wasbased on traditional casting technology, informalskills and intuition of foundrymen only to become

subject of exact calculations used to predict thefinal result with high probability.


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Vizionarska ideja sa kojim je davnihsedamdesetih godina krenuo prof. Peter R.Sahm pretvorena je u realnost i kompjuter jeuao u livnicu. Njegov dvadesetogodinji rad sasvojim timom saradnika kao profesor i direktorInstituta za livarstvo (Giesserei Institut) uAachen-u bio je fokusiran u tri osnovna pravca:

Simulacija i modeliranje livakih procesa(ulivanje metala u kalupnu upljinu,ovravanje, mikrostrukturne formacije,zaostali naponi i deformacije,predvianje svojstva odlivka itd.).

Inovativnie livake tehnologije i Nove legure za livenje.

Rezultat razvojno-istraivakog rada jesavremeni softverski paket za simulaciju,vizualizaciju i optimizaciju procesa livenja,MagmaSoft: Inenjerski alat, bez koga je danasnezamisliv proces livenja. Pored ovog softverakoji je vodei, postoje jo nekoliko drugih.

Meutim, nije dovoljna samo optimizacijatehnolokih parametara, ve je potrebnodobijene rezultate optimiziranih tehnolokihparametara primeniti u praksi. Da bi seuspostavili ti reimi, potrebno je izvriti kontrolupromena temperature i uslova hlaenja. Za ovopostoji jedan kompleksan sistem tehnolokogupravljanja koji uspostavlja vezu sa PC-em. Zagrafiki pregled dobijenih rezultata postojesoftverski paketi kao npr.: LabVIEW 7 Expresskoji je kompatibilan sa MS Office-om, pa sedobijeni rezultati mogu interpretirati grafiki

Poveanje konkurencije i opstanak nasvetskom tritu ogleda se u brzini transferatehnikih inovacija na tritu. Zato je potrebnopojavljivati se sa kvalitetnim novim proizvodima,proizvedenim u to krae vreme i sa manjimtrokovima. Skraenje vremena zamene novihproizvoda na tritu praeno je poveanimzahtevima za funkcionalnou, dizajnom,ekonomijom itd. To znai da se za industrijupostavljaju sledei zahtevi: skraenje vremenarazvoja, smanjenje trokova proizvodnje,poboljanje kvaliteta, poveanje sigurnosti,poboljanje dizajna i funkcionalnosti i ispunjenjeekolokih zahteva.

Ispunjenje navedenih zahteva pod sveotrijim zahtevima trita mogue je samokorienjem savremenih softverskih paketa, tj.alata kojima se ubrzava osvajanje novihproizvoda (od ideje, konstrukcije, izbormaterijala i postupaka, razliiti prorauni,simulacije, izrada prototipa, izrada odlivka, doizrade proizvoda). Ovakav integralni pristup uosvajanju novog proizvoda nesumljivo poveavakonkurentsku moproizvoda na tritu.

Visionary ideas used in the 70s by Prof.Peter R. Sahm are turned into reality and thecomputer is now introduced into the foundry. Histwenty-year long work with a team of associatesas a professor and director of the Metal CastingInstitute (Giesserei Institut) in Aachen wasfocused in three primary directions:

Simulation and modeling castingprocesses (pouring metals into themould, hardening, micro-structuralformations, residual tensions anddeformations, predicting cast properties).

Innovations of metal castingtechnologies and

New alloys for casting.

Result of developing-research efforts ismodern software package for simulation,visualization and casting process optimization,MagmaSoft. An engineer tools irreplaceable incasting process. In addition to this leadingsoftware, there are several others.

However, optimization of technologicalparameters is not sufficient per se, it isnecessary to implement results of theseoptimized technological parameters in practice.Establishing of these regimes requiretemperature oscillations control and coolingconditions. Another complex system oftechnological management is used to establishthe connection with a PC. Graphic review ofobtained results is displayed by: LabVIEW 7Express, compatible with MS Office, therefore,obtained results can be interpreted graphically

Competition increase and survival on theworlds market is visible in promptness oftransferring technical innovations on the market.It is necessary to launch quality new products inthe shortest possible period with least expenses.Time reduction of replacing new products on themarket is accompanied by increased demandsin functionality, design, economy, etc. Thismeans the industry is imposed by the following

requests: reduction of development period andmanufacturing costs, quality improvement,improving safety, design and functionality andconforming to ecological laws.

Fulfillment of the requests under increasinglysevere market conditions is possible only bymodern software packages exploitation, i.e.tools accelerating this conquer (from idea,construction, material selection and procedures,different calculations, simulations, prototypeproduction, cast production all the way throughproduction of final product). This integral

approach unquestionably increases competitiveadvantage of the product on respective market.


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UPOTREBA CAE TEHNIKE ZA TEHNOLOGIJU VIRTUALNOG DIZAJNA ODIVAKA-UTEDA U LIVNICAMA SRBIJE

USE OF CAE TECHNIQUES IN VIRTUAL DESIGN OF METALCASTING TECHNOLOGY-SAVINGS IN SERBIAN FOUNDRIES

R. Radia, S. Markovi, J. Pristavec, V. Kvrgi, S. ManasijeviIzlaganje sa naunog skupa (Conference paper)

Portoro, 1012 09.2008 g.

IZVOD

Primena informacionih tehnologija ivirtuelne izrade odlivaka pored skraivanjavremena osvajanja proizvoda i smanjenjatrokova proizvodnje omoguuje i proizvodnjukvalitetnijih odlivaka u prvom pokuaju, tomoe znaajno doprineti poveanju tehnikekompetentnosti i privredne konkurentnostilivnica u Republici Srbiji. Prilagoavanjezahtevima globalnog trita, poveanje tehnikih

sposobnosti i ekonomske efikasnosti zahteva odlivnica u Srbiji racionalizaciju i optimizacijuproizvodnje odlivaka. S obzirom naproduktivnost, koliinu karta, utroak energijepo kilogramu odlivka, primenom virtualneproizvodnje odlivaka bitno se utie napoboljanje poslovanja livnica u Srbiji. U ovomtrenutku pojedinano livnice, u Republici Srbijipri razvoju novih proizvoda i optimizacijitehnologije livenja metala ne mogu primenitinajnovije kompjuterske tehnologije, bilo da je topovezano s nabavkom skupih softvera iliedukacijom i zapoljavanjem strunjakaspecifinog profila.

Kljune rei: virtualna proizvodnja, simulacija,livenje metala, utede.

1. INDUSTRIJA LIVENJA DANAS U SVETU

Ova vitalna industrija se danas suoava samnogim izazovima. S jedne strane, livci morajuda zadovolje rastua oekivanja kupaca upogledu obezbeenja kvaliteta, kraeg vremenarealizacije proizvoda, manjih serija, niih ikonkurentnijih cena. S druge strane, livnice gube

korak u odnosu na brze tehnoloke imenadmentske promene koje se odvijaju uproizvodnim sektorima.

Jedan od primera je sve vea upotreba NCmaina za zavrnu obradu koje zahtevajudimenziono stabilne odlivke sa uniformnomtvrdoom povrine radi spreavanja oteenjareznog alata. Poredei sadananje stanje saonim od pre deset godina.. vidi se da veinazemalja smanjuje broj livnica, to je medjutimkompenzovano odgovarajuim poveanjemobima proizvodnje.

ABSTRACT

Information technology and virtualmanufacturing of castings enabled shorteningthe time to develop a product, as well as highquality castings fabrication at first attempt, whatcan be the crucial contribution in achieving theincreased engineering adequacy and economiccompetitiveness of foundries inSerbia. Matchingthe global market demands, increasingengineering abilities and economic efficiency willnecessitate the rationalization and optimizationof castings manufacturing. Concerning theproductivity, the amount of waste and energyconsumption per 1kg of casting, the usage ofvirtual manufacturing for castings fabricationhave a great impact on foundries operating inSerbia. At this point, foundries individually inRepublic of Serbia cannot implement the latestcomputers technologies in developing newproducts and optimizing technology of metalcasting, disregarding of the fact whether this isrelated to procurement of expensive softwaresor educating and hiring experts of specific

profile.Key words: virtual manufacturing, simulation,metal casting, savings.

1. GLOBAL CASTING INDUSTRY TODAY

This vital industry is faced today with manychallenges. On the one hand, it has to meet therising customer expectations regarding qualityassurance, shorter product lead time, smallerseries, lower and more competitive prices. Onthe other hand, foundries are loosing pace with

fast technological and management changes inother manufacturing sectors.

One example is the increased use of NCmachines for finishing operations requiringdimensionally stable castings with uniformsurface hardness necessary to avoid cutting tooldamage. By comparing present situation withthe one of a decade ago, it can be seen thatmost countries are decreasing the number offoundries, while compensating this by respectiveincrease in the production volume.


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S druge strane usvajanje filozofije isporukeproizvoda odredjenog datuma (Just-In-Time)kod montae, kako bi se smanjili trokoviskladitenja/zaliha zahteva od livnica daisporuuju odlivke tano na vreme (esto tanoodredjenog datuma, vremena, i lokacije). Stalnipritisak je od regulacionih tela u smislu

konzervacije energije, zatite ivotne sredine, azatita na radu je dodatni problem. Mnoginajznaajniji kupci, posebno u automobilskojindustriji, se zbog toga orijentiu ka dugoronomstratekom partnerstvu sa malim brojemrenomiranih livnica, umesto kratkoronihnabavnih dogovora zasnovanih na ceni sa veimbrojem livnica kao to je bilo u prolosti [1].

To znai da kako bi opstale, livnice moraju danude dimenziono stabilne i ispravne odlivke, i daosiguraju pouzdanu isporuku u rokovima, anaroito u sluaju narudbi iz inostranstva. Kako

bi postigli zadovoljstvo kupaca bez rtvovanjaprofitabilnosti, inenjeri u livnici moraju preciznoda modeliraju i da upravljaju procesom livenjakako bi postigli eljeni kvalitet, kao i daoptimizuju obim proizvodnje bez repetitivnih idugotrajnih proba u pogonu. Jedan od razlogaovakvog stanja je to je u industriju livenjauloeno mnogo manje istraivanja i razvoja uporeenju sa proizvodnim sektorima.

Tako, uprkos tome to je proces star 5000godina, livenje nastavlja da bude vie umetnostnego nauka. Na slici 1 pokazana je

kompleksnost problema koje treba reiti uprocesu dobijanja zdravog odlivka

Slika 1.- Kompleksnost procesa livenja metala

2. INDUSTRIJA LIVENJA DANAS, STANJE USRBIJI SA STANOVITA MOGUNOSTIPRIMENE CAE TEHNIKA

Livarstvo je jedna od najstarijih industrijskihdelatnosti u Srbiji. Posljednjih godina delovalaje ova industri jska grana u tekim uslovimaposlovanja u proizvodnom, finansijskom i

kadrovskom smislu.

On the other hand, adopting the just-in-timeproduct delivery philosophy in assembly in orderto decrease storage costs, obliges foundries todeliver castings just-in-time (often on a specificdate, time and location). There is constantpressure from regulatory bodies in terms ofenergy conservation, environment protection,

and occupational safety as an additionalconcern. Therefore, many of the most importantcustomers, especially in the automotive industry,have turned to long-term strategic partnershipwith a few well-established foundries, instead ofprevious short-term cost-based purchasingagreements with a larger number of foundries[1].

This means that, in order to survive, thefoundries must offer dimensionally stable andsound castings, and ensure reliable delivery ontime, especially in case of foreign customers. In

order to satisfy customers without sacrificingprofitability, foundry engineers have to modeland control the casting process accurately, inorder to achieve desired quality, and to optimizeproduction volume without repetitive andprolonged shop-floor trials. One of the reasonsfor this situation is that considerably lessresearch and development is invested in thecasting industry compared to other productionsectors.

Therefore, although the process is 5000 yearsold, casting continues to be more of an art than

a science. Figure 1. displays complexity of theproblem to be solved in the process of producinga sound casting.

Figure 1.- Metal casting process complexity

2. CASTING INDUSTRY TODAY, SITUATIONIN SERBIA IN VIEW OF THE POSSIBILITY TOIMPLEMENT CAE TECHNOLOGY

Metal casting is one of the oldest industrialactivities in Serbia. In the past years thisindustry endured unfavorable conditions inareas of production, finances and personnel.


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Promene politikih i privrednih okolnosti uSrbiji, prestanak opstrukcije trita i porastmeunarodnog povezivanja preduzeazahtevaju znaajne promene u livnicama iprilagoavanje zahtevima globalnog trita. Naalost veliki broj livnica nije se uspeo prilagoditinovim okolnostima i prestale su s radom. U

Srbiji je danas aktivno oko 300 livnica, od egaje sve vie zanatskih livnica sa manje od 50zaposlenih i one proizvode sve vei deo ukupnekoliine odlivaka [2]

Poveanje kvaliteta, produktivnosti,profitabilnosti i zadovoljenje ekolokih kriterijumazahteva dalju racionalizaciju i optimizacijuproizvodnje odlivaka kroz primenu savremenihtehnologija. Svaka livnica koja eli da opstanena tritu, u nameri da proizvede kvalitetan icenom konkurentan odlivak mora koristitimoderne metode razvoja proizvoda i moderne

metode tehnologije izrade proizvoda. Ovemetode moraju se koristiti u svim fazamarazvoja proizvoda, poevi od konstrukcijeodlivka, pripreme livake tehnologije, brze izradeprototipova do krajnje obrade komada na CNCmainama. Na ovaj nain omoguuje seprimena segmenata konkurentnog inenjerstvau livnicama i alatnicama Srbije.

Primenom tehnika konkurenog inenjerstva usvim fazama proizvodnje odlivka ostavruju seutede. Livnice kao proizvoai osnovnihmodula maina i postrojenja mogu da imaju

ulogu presudnog elementa konkurentnosti, kojie omoguiti proizvoau maine prednost kojadonosi posao. Kako? Kapitalni delovi maina,bez obzira na argumente da postoje alternativnareenja jo uvek su dobijeni livenjem. Primenanovih metoda livenja bazirana na kompjuterskojsimulaciji livenja metala i integraciji sa procesomprojektovanja maina treba da predstavljaprednost koja e postojee stanje tehnologijelivenja pretvoriti u novi kavalitet. Zato livnice uzpesak, metal i dobre majstore treba da dodaju imalo kompjuterskih tehnologija. Konkurentska

prednost primene CAE tehnika izraena je timeto se primenjuje znanje i iskustvo izfundamentalnih osnova livenja metala. Iskustvo iznanje pretoeno je u novi kvalitet primenomtehnika konkurentnog inenjerstva [3].

Ono to je nekada u tradicionalnoj tehnologijilivenja bilo bazirano na neformalnoj vetini iintuiciji livaca, danas je predmet egzaktnihprorauna koji sa visokom verovatnoompredikuju konani rezultat.

Political and economic changes in Serbia,end of market obstruction, and increase ofinternational cooperation between enterprises,imply major changes in foundries andadaptation to global market demands.Unfortunately, numerous foundries have notsucceeded in adapting to new circumstances

and ceased production. Today, in Serbiaaround 300 foundries are active, with increasednumber of manufacture-oriented foundries withless than 50 workers producing increasingvolume of the overall casting yield [2].

Increasing quality, productivity, profitability andmeeting ecological criteria requires furtherrationalization and optimization of castingmanufacturing via modern technologies. Anyfoundry aiming to survive on the market,intending to produce high quality and pricecompetitive castings, must use modern methods

of product development and moderntechnologies in product manufacturing. Thesemethods must be implemented in every phase ofproduct development, starting with castingdesign, casting technology preparation, rapidprototyping, and part processing on a CNCmachine. This will enable implementation ofconcurrent engineering segments in foundriesand toolshops of Serbia.

Significant savings are achieved by usingconcurrent engineering techniques in all phasesof casting manufacturing. Foundries, as

manufacturers of basic machine and plantmodules, can play a decisive role incompetitiveness providing advantage to themachine producer and increasing employment.How? Capital machine parts, regardless ofarguments that there are alternative solutions,are still manufactured by casting. Implementingnew casting techniques, based on computersimulation of metal casting and integration withthe machine design process, represents anadvantage that will transform the present castingtechnology state into a new quality. This is why

foundries should employ, beside sand, metaland skilled workers, some computertechnologies as well. Competitive advantage ofusing CAE technology is expressed byimplementing knowhow and experience from thefundaments of metal casting. Experience andknowledge is transformed into a new quality byusing concurrent engineering techniques [3].

What used to be, in the traditional castingtechnology, based on informal skill andfoundrymen intuition, is today the subject ofaccurate calculation which predicts the final

result with high probability.


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Za svaki novi odlivak se vri proveradefinisane tehnologije livenja metala, a nakontoga simulacijom se proverava kvalitetdefinisane tehnologije, menjaju se uoenegreke i ponovo vri simualcija. Primena jeopravdana zdravim odlivkom dobijenim unajkraem moguem vremenu. Tu se bez

utroka energije za topljenje metala, bez utrokametala i bez utroka vremena za probe inevidljivim sve greke. Projektant moe dapresee digitalni odlivak u bilo kojoj ravni i dautvrdi da li u nekom njegovom delu postojiporoznost ili upljina, moe da prati procespunjenja kalupa, proces ovravanja, zaostalenapone, metalurku strukturu odlivka i jomnogo toga. Primenom ovih metodaprojektovanja proizvoda i tehnologije livenjaodlivaka eliminie se potreba zaeksperimentalnim livenjem, skrauje se vreme

dobijanja novog proizvoda i nema neizvesnosti upogledu kvaliteta proizvoda-odlivka. Svaki noviodlivak trai novu tehnologiju, koja sa softveromza simulacije livenja metala unapred bivaproverena i optimizovana.

For each proposed technology, anexperiment or trial casting in the virtual computerworld is performed in advance. Without energyconsumption for metal melting, without metalconsumption, and without time consumption fortrials, every casting defect is visible. Thedesigner can make a cross-section on the digital

casting in any plane, and detect whether in anyof its segments there are porosity or holes; hecan observe the process of mold feeding,solidification, residual stress, metallurgicalcasting structure, and much more.Implementation of these methods of castingproducts and technologies design, eliminatesthe need for experimental casting, decreasesthe time to obtain a new product, and eliminatesuncertainty regarding product-casting quality.Each new casting requires a new technology,which can be preliminary tested and optimized

with the software for metal casting simulation.For each new casting, the defined metal castingtechnology is verified, and after that simulationverifies the quality of defined technology,discerned defects are rectified and simulation isperformed again.

Slika 2.- Tehnologija livenja bez simulacije (leva kolona),tehnologijalivenja korienjem simulacije(desnakolona)

Figure 2.- Casting technology without using simulation(left column), Casting technology using simulation(right column)


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3. INTELIGENTNO PROJEKTOVANJETEHNOLOGIJE LIVENJA,KONSTRUKCIJE ODLIVAKA, ALATA IMODELA.

Poto su CAD programi iz 1980-tih omoguilinaglo poveanje produktivnosti, a simulacioniprogrami iz 1990-tih znatno poveali kvalitet,fokus se sada premeta na globalnukonkurentnost. Sve vea frekvencija uvoenjanovih proizvoda vri pritisak na dobavljaekomponenti da smanje vreme od narudbe doisporuke proizvoda. To se najbolje vidi koddelova za automobile.

Poetkom 1980-tih, novi modeli automobilasu se pojavljivali svake 3-4 godine, to je danassmanjeno na 12-18 meseci. Moderna preduzeapostigla su smanjenje vremena razvoja kao itrokova proizvodnje jaajui svoju internu bazu

znanja kao i saradnjom sa ekspertima vanpreduzea. Nekada je karakteristike proizvodadefinisalo odeljenje marketinga, zatim jeodeljenje istraivanja i razvoja razvijalokonceptualni projekat, projektovanje bigenerisalo detaljni projekat, inenjering bikonstruisao i testirao prototip, a zatim biproizvod odlazio u proizvodnju. Tokom ovogprocesa dolazilo je do nekoliko izmena projekta,gubitka vremena i konfuzije. Danas jeoptepoznato da se utrokom vie vremena irada u fazi projektovanja moe dobiti mnogovie koristi nego slinim naporima u fazi

proizvodnje. Mnoga preduzea zato formiraju adhoc timove u koje ulaze inenjeri iz svih sektora,a njihovo iskustvo se koristi da bi se unapredidentifikovali potencijalni problemi i da bi se onispreili odgovarajuim izmenama projektaproizvoda. poto ceo tim radi zajedniki i planiraunapred, ovakav pristup se naziva konkurentnoinenjerstvo[5].

Jedan od problema sa timovima konkurentnoginenjeringa je da lanovi moraju da budu fizikiprisutni na istoj lokaciji radi estih sastanakazbog revizije projekta, to je teko izvesti potosu eksperti uglavnom veoma zauzeti. Jedan odnaina da se prevazie ovaj problem je dalanovi tima razmenjuju informacije i podatke oprojektu preko elektronske mree. Virtuelnarealnost i virtuelno poslovanje su takoe opcijekako bi se prevazila prostorno-vremenskaogranienja. Ovo je mogue kombinovanjemdve nove tehnologije koje olakavaju raunarompodrano konkurentno inenjestvo: inteligentniCAD alati i softverski agenti.

3. INTELLIGENT DESIGN OF CASTINGTECHNOLOGY, CONSTRUCTION OFCASTING, TOOLS AND MOULDS.

Since the CAD programs from the 1980-tiesenabled rapid productivity increase, andsimulation programs from the 1990-tiesincreased quality considerably, today focus isshifted toward global competitiveness.Increasing frequency of new product introductionis putting under pressure component suppliersto decrease time from order to product delivery.This is best perceived in automobile partsmanufacturing.

At the beginning of 1980-ties, new carmodels were presented every 3-4 years, whiletoday this period is decreased to 12-18 months.Modern enterprises have decreaseddevelopment time and production costs by

strengthening their internal knowledge base, andby cooperation with experts outside thecompany. Once, product characteristics weredefined by the marketing department, then theresearch and development departmentdeveloped the conceptual project, designdepartment would generate a detailed project,the engineering department would design andtest the prototype, and finally the product wouldenter the production. During this process,several product modifications could take place,resulting in loss of time and in confusion. It iscommon knowledge today that by spending

more time and effort in the design stage, muchmore benefit can be obtained than by similareffort in the production phase. Therefore, manycompanies are forming ad hoc teams, includingengineers from all departments, whoseexperience is used to identify potential problemsin advance, to prevent problems occurring byappropriate modifications of product design.Since the entire team works together and plansahead, this approach is called concurrentengineering [5].

One of the problems with concurrentengineering teams is that members must bephysically present at the same location to attendfrequent meetings on project revision, which isdifficult to achieve since experts are usually verybusy. One way to overcome this obstacle is forteam members to exchange information anddata on the project via an electronic network.Virtual reality and virtual business are alsooptions to overcome the limitations of distanceand time. This is enabled by combining two newtechnologies facilitating computer aidedconcurrent engineering: intelligent CAD tools

and software agents.


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Inteligentni CAD programi razlikuju se odkonvencionalnih CAD programa mogunou daobavljaju zadatke koji zahtevaju specifinoznanje i geometrijsku analizu. (Ekspertni sistemi,koji takoe sadre specifina znanja i interfejsprogram ne mogu raditi direktno sageometrijom).

Geometrijska analiza je potrebna radiautomatskog prepoznavanja osobina odlivka,kao to su otvori za jezgra, prema 3-dimenzionom modelu komada. Specifinoznanje je potrebno da bi se odredilo da likarakteristiku treba realizovati pomou jezgra,projektovanjem otiska jezgra u smislu jaine,ventilacije, hlaenja i drugih kriterijuma.Inteligentni CAD softver dakle deluje kao ekspertu proizvodnji, dostupan u svakom momentu, radipruanja podrke inenjerima projektantima kodgenerisanja projekta za proizvodnju. Takoe ga

mogu koristiti inenjeri kod projektovanja alata iproizvodnje radi verifikacije odluka iobezbeenja da nije proputena nijedna moguaprojektna alternativa. Softverski agenti, jedno odnajaktualnijih podruja istraivanja danasnagovetavaju da e preuzeti zadatak traenjaprave informacije. Ovo je znaajno, imajui uvidu da inenjeri provode veinu vremenastvarajui, razmenjujui i traei kao i ekajuina informacije.

Veinu ovih zadataka mogu preuzeti agenti.Na taj nain kombinacija inteligentnog

kompjuterski podranog projektovanja isoftverskih agenata obeava revoluciju uprojektovanju proizvoda. Nekoliko takvih sistemaprimenjivih na brzo evoluirajue proizvodneprocese, kao to je brzo projektovanjeprototipova su u razvoju. Sastoje se odsoftverskih alata koji povezuju inenjereprojektante preko mree, putem informacionemagistrale i automatski startuju simulacionemodele zasnovane na heirustici kako bi pomogliinenjerima da optimizuju projekte u smisluproizvodnosti. Nedavni pregled 11 programa za

simulaciju livenja koji se koriste u 154 livnice uSAD koje je sproveo Univerzitet Ajova daje profilnjihovog korienja i njihove karakteristike. Oko25% korisnika pojektovali su i verifikovali do45% svojih odlivaka korienjem softvera.Vreme projektovanja livenja/alata smanjeno jeza vie od 40%, cena rada i dorade je smanjenaza 30%, a proseno poveanje obimaproizvedenih odlivaka je bilo 25% [6].

Intelligent CAD programs are distinguishedfrom conventional CAD programs by their abilityto perform tasks requiring specific knowledgeand geometric analysis. (Expert systems, alsocontaining specific knowledge and an interfaceprogram, but cannot operate directly withgeometry).

Geometric analysis is necessary forautomatic recognition of casting features, suchas core holes, according to the 3-dimensionalpart model. Specific knowledge is necessary todetermine whether the feature should berealized using the core, designing core print interms of strength, ventilation, cooling, and othercriteria. Intelligent CAD software, therefore, actsas a manufacturing expert, always available togive assistance to design engineers in creatingthe project for production. Also, it can be usedby engineers in tool design and production in

order to verify their decisions and ensure that nopossible design alternative was overlooked.Software agents, one of the most propulsiveresearch areas today, promise to overtake thetask of searching for the right information. This isimportant, having in mind that engineers spendmost of their time creating, exchanging,searching, and waiting for information.

Most of these tasks can be assumed byagents. In this way, combination of intelligentcomputer aided design and software agentspromises a revolution in product design. Several

such systems, applicable to rapidly evolvingproduction processes, such as fast prototypingare under development. They consist ofsoftware tools connecting design engineers overa network via an information bus thatautomatically start simulation models based onheuristics, helping engineers in projectoptimization in terms of productivity. Recentsurvey of 11 programs for casting simulation,which are used in 154 foundries in the U.S.,conducted by the Iowa University, gives a profileof their usage and features. Around 25% of

users have designed and verified up to 45% oftheir decisions by software. Time to designcastings/tools decreased by more than 40%,labor and finishing price decreased by 30%, andthe average increase in manufactured castingsvolume is 25% [6].


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Najoptija smernica, koju moemo zamislitiu razvoju neke komponente, je informacija odozvoljenom prostoru za ugradnju idozvoljenom ponaanju pod optereenjem. Alive ti krajnji uslovi dovoljni su programima zaoptimizaciju oblika za preliminarnu skicuodlivka. U principu odvija se to tako, da se

najpre u prostoru za ugradnju koji je potpunoispunjen odlivkom, optereenim ispitnimoptereenjem, izvri proraun naprezanja.Program za automatsku optimizaciju ispitujenastupajue deformacije, nalazi podruja snajmanjim optereenjem i redukuje ih naodlivku. Ovaj postupak se ponavlja, sve dokdeformacije ne dostignu maksimalne dozvoljenevrednosti [6].

Kad je jednom CAD zapis podatakaprihvaen, tokom celog veka trajanja nekekomponente, predstavlja sredite za upravljanje

informacijama o geometriji. Tako se promenekonstrukcije komponente, u sluaju potrebe,mogu provesti brzo i za sve CAE-alate kojiprate razvoj proizvoda stajati konzistentno naraspolaganju. Korisno je odmah po izradi CAD-konstrukcije ispitati njeno ponaanje prioptereenju i utvrditi da li se deformacije kreuunutar dozvoljenih granica.

Primena CAE-tehnologija, ukljuujuioptimizaciju konstrukcije, simulaciju procesalivenja i ovravanja, simulaciju termikeobrade, te analizu naprezanja mora se

upotrebiti simultano i integrisati u lanackonstrukcije i izrade. Time smo osigurali dauslovi procesa livenja budu rano integrisani uproces dizajniranja i konstrukcije odlivka i da sepotpuno iskoristi stvarni potencijal postupkalivenja. Na osnovu dobijenih CAE rezultata uovoj fazi se mogu izraditi alati i modeli zaodabrane odlivke. Na slici 2. pokazana jeintegracija CAE alata u proces razvoja,projektovanja i proizvodnje odlivka [7].

The most general guideline that can beimagined in the development of acomponent, is the information on allowedspace for embedding, and on the allowedperformance under load. However, eventhese end conditions are sufficient for shapeoptimization programs to make a preliminary

casting drawing. Generally, this is achievedby the following procedure: firstly in thespace for embedding, which is completelyoccupied by the casting, stresscalculation is performed under testload. Automatic optimization programinvestigates forthcoming deformations,finds areas with minimum load, andreduces them on the casting. Thisprocedure is repeated until all deformationsreach maximum allowed values [6].

Once accepted, CAD data record, during

the entire life of a component, representsthe center for geometry informationmanagement. In this way, modifications ofcomponent construction, if necessary, canbe done rapidly, and for all CAE-toolsaccompanying product development beconsistently available. It is useful to examine,immediately after the CAD-construction isgenerated, its behavior under load, anddetermine whether deformations vary withinpermitted boundaries.

Application of CAE-technologies, including

construction optimization, simulation ofcasting and solidification process, thermalprocessing simulation, and stress analysis,have to proceed simultaneously and beintegrated into the design andmanufacturing chain. This ensures thatcasting process conditions are integratedinto the process of casting design andconstruction early on, and that the actualpotential of the casting process is employedfully. Based on obtained CAE results in thisstage, tools and patters can be

manufactured for specific castings. Figure 3.displays integration of CAE tools in theprocess of casting development, design andmanufacturing [7].


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Figure 3. Integration of CAE tools in the product development process

Figure 3. Integration of CAE tools in the product development process

4. VIRTUELNA IZRADA ODLIVAKA-SIMULACIJA LIVENJA, PRORAUNINAPREZANJA I SIMULACIJA TERMIKEOBRADE.

Svet konstrukcije odlivaka suoen je s nekimod najrevolucionarnijih promena od uvoenja

CAD tehnologija tokom 1980-tih. Novodostupne kompjuterske tehnologije kao to susimulacije procesa livenja, raunarskaoptimizacija konstrukcije odlivka i optimizacijaprocesa livenja promenile su znaajno livarskookruenje. Stalno pojaavajui zahtevi kupacaodlivaka za smanjenjem cene uz poveanjekvaliteta i performansi zahtevaju da se livenekomponente optimalno konstruiu. Primer naslici 3. pokazuje da je uteda vremena priproizvodnji odlivka primenom CAE tehnika i

simulacijskih alata 40% u odnosu nakonvencionalni nain, prema podacimadobijenim sa dozvolom Volkswagena.

Primena CAE tehnika je primarno usmerenana pruanje usluga livnicama pri usvajanjunovih kvaliteta materijala, te poveanjupouzdanosti i kvaliteta proizvoda putem izboraodgovarajueg hemijskog sastava,odgovarajuih osobina materijala.

4. VIRTUAL CASTING MANUFACTURINGCASTING SIMULATION, STRESSCALCULATION AND HIGHT TRETMENTSIMULATION

The world of casting construction is faced withsome of the most revolutionary changes sinceCAD technology was introduced in the 1980-ties. Newly available computer technologies,such as casting process simulation, computeroptimization of casting construction, andcasting process optimization have significantlychanged the foundry environment. Increasingcustomer requests for inexpensive castings withincreased quality and performance, require thatcast components be optimally constructed.

Implementation of CAE techniques is primarily

directed at providing services to foundries whoare adopting new material features, and forimprovement of product reliability and qualityby selecting the appropriate chemicalcompound, appropriate material features. Bymastering new material qualities we provideextension of the materials database and thepossibility to use new material quality in otherprojects.


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Osvajanjem novih kvaliteta materijalaobezbeujemo proirenje baze podatakamaterijala i mogunost korienja novogkavaliteta materijala u drugim projektima.Takoe ovim aktivnostima stvarale bi se bazeznanja i virtuelni centri izvrsnosti za primenuprocesa simulacije u procesu livenja, kako bi bili

ispunjeni preduslovi za poreenje rezultatasimulacije i rezultata proizvodnje odlivka ulivnici.

Also, these activities create knowledge basesand virtual excellence centers for theimplementation of simulation in the castingprocess, in order to fulfill preconditions forcomparing simulation results and castingproduction in foundries. In the past decade, useof simulation for cast feeding and solidification in

order to inspect mode and speed of castfeeding, temperature distribution and thermalstress in the casting and tool (in case of castingin permanent molds) is a technical matter.

Slika 4.-Poroznost u odlivku bez prime simulacije(leva kolona), poroznost u odlivku korienjemsimulacije(desna kolona)

Figure 4. Porosity in the casting without using simulation(left column), and porosity in the casting usingsimulation(right column)

U posljednjoj dekadi upotreba simulacijepunjenja kalupa i ovravanja radi ispitivanja

naina i brzine punjenja kalupa, raspodeletemperature i toplotnih naprezanja u odlivku ialatu (ako se radi o livenju u trajne kalupe)predstavlja stvar tehnike. Uz pomo toplotno-tehnikih prorauna, s kojima se odreujeprenos toplote iz odlivka u kalup, dobije segrafiki prikaz toplotnog polja i naprezanja.Raunarska simulacija omoguuje takoeanalizu makrosegregacija, toplih pukotina itermike obrade itd. Potrebno je istai da sedanas za simulaciju ulivanja i hranjenja odlivakaprimenjuju alati druge generacije. Oni pored

softvera za raunarsku simulaciju uklju

uju isoftver za optimizaciju, pri emu se dobijaju

programski paketi za raunarsku optimizacijukoji automatski menjaju odgovarajue varijableshodno zadatoj funkciji cilja optimizacije [7].

In the past decade, use of simulation for castfeeding and solidification in order to inspect

mode and speed of cast feeding, temperaturedistribution and thermal stress in the castingand tool (in case of casting in permanent molds)is a technical matter. Using a thermal-engineering calculation that determines heattransfer from casting to mold, produces agraphical illustration of thermal field and stress.Computer simulation enables also analysis ofmacrosegregation, cracks and thermalprocessing, etc. It is necessary to point out thattoday second generation tools are used forsimulation of cast pouring and feeding. These

tools, together with computer simulationsoftware, include optimization softwareproducing software packages for computeroptimization that automatically modifyrespective variables according to the specifiedoptimization goal function [7].


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5. BRZA IZRADA PROTOTIPA ODLIVAKA IDALJI RAZVOJ NA OSNOVU DOBIJENIHREZULTATA, RAZVOJ BAZA ZNANJA IEDUKACIJA KADROVA ZA POTREBELIVNICA, KONSULTACIJE.

Neophodno je uspostaviti partnerske odnosesa kupcima odlivaka kako pri razvoju novihodlivaka tako i pri optimizaciji proizvodnjeosvojenih odlivaka. Kupac zajedno saproizvoaem mora biti prisutan i asistirati odfaze razvoja, projektovanja, izrade do prodajeodlivka na tritu. Tim eksperata pruao bi uslugelivnicama u Srbiji, a prednost primene simualcijelivenja metala dokazivala bi se na svakomkonkretnom odlivku. Usluga simulacije livenjametala sa optimizacijom tehnologije livenja vrilabi se za svaki konkretan proizvod i direktnozaintersovanim livnicama sa mogunou brzeizrade prototipa odlivka, kalupa, jezgra, delova

ulivnog sistema.U tu svrhu danas je dostupna najnovija

tehnologija 3D tampanja, za brzu izraduprototipa. Tehnologija 3D tampanja je brza,ekonomina i univerzalna. Originalno razvijenana Institutu za Tehnologiju Masausets (MIT)1993., trodimenziona tehnologija tampanja(3DP) je osnova procesa izrade prototipova.3DP tehnologija generie trodimenzioni fizikiprototip ovravanjem slojeva nanetog praha,koristei teno vezivno sredstvo. Po definiciji,3DP je brz proces univerzalnih mogunosti koji

procesira objekte razliite geometrijskekompleksnosti u stotinama razliitih aplikacija ipodrava veliki broj tipova materijala.Korienjem 3DP tehnologije, viestruko sesmanjuje vreme potrebno za izradu delovasistema livenja [8].

Proces vezivanja slobodnog praha kako biovrsnuo u gotov komad kompatibilan je samnogim tipovima materijala. Dok 3D tampaostaje isti, korisnik moe da menja gradivniimaterijal da bi proizveo komade sa irokimspektrom karakteristika materijala kojizadovoljavaju razliite zahteve aplikacije.Korisnik moe da izabere najbolji materijal kojiodgovara zahtevima specifine primene.

Materijal za direktno livenje koristi se zapravljenje kalupa za livenje u pesku obojenihmetala. Ovaj materijal je meavina livarskogpeska, gipsa, i drugih aditiva koji u kombinacijiproizvode jake kalupe sa dobrom zavrnomobradom povrina. Materijal moe izdratitoplotu koja je neophodna da bi se izlili obojenimetali.

5. FAST CASTING PROTOTYPING ANDFURTHER DEVELOPMENT BASED ONACQUIRED RESULTS, DEVELOPINGKNOWLEDGE BASE AND FOUNDRYSTAFF TRAINING, CONSULTING.

It is necessary to establish partnershiprelations with customers in the new castingsdevelopment stage, and during the optimizationof the production of existing castings. Thecustomer, together with the manufacturer, mustbe present and assist in the development phase,design, manufacturing, up to castings sale on themarket. An expert team would provide services tofoundries in Serbia, and the advantages ofsimulation application to metal casting would bevalidated on each concrete casting. Metal castingsimulation with casting technology optimizationservice would be performed for each concreteproduct directly to interested foundries with the

option of rapid prototyping, mold, core, parts ofgating system construction.

To this end, today we have available the latest3D printing technology for rapid production ofprototypes. 3D printing technology is fast,economic and universal. Originally developed atthe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)in 1993., this three-dimensional printingtechnology (3DP) is the basis of the process ofprototype manufacturing. 3DP technologygenerates a three-dimensional physical prototypeby solidification of layers of deposited powder

using liquid binder. By definition, 3DP is a fastprocess of universal possibilities which processesobjects of various geometric complexity inhundreds of different applications and supportsnumerous material types. By using 3DPtechnology, time necessary for manufacturingparts of the casting system is manyfolddecreased [8].

Process of binding of free powder in order forit to solidify into a finished part is compatible withmany material types. While the 3D printerremains the same, the user can change thebuilding material in order to produce parts with awide spectrum of material characteristics whichsatisfy various requirements of the application.User can select the best material correspondingto the requirements of the specific application.

Material for direct casting is used for creatingmolds for casting in the sand of non-ferrousmetals. This material is a compound of castingsand, plaster and other additives whichcombined produce strong molds with fine finalprocessing of the surface. Material can resist

heat necessary for casting non-ferrous metals.


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Procesom se mogu kreirati prototipoviodlivaka bez trokova mainske obrade iutroenog vremena koje uzrokuje kanjenje urealizaciji proizvoda.

Materijal za livenje u vosku generie delovekoje korisnik umae u vosak da bi proizveomodele za livenje u vosku bez kalupa igeometrijskih ogranienja. Materijal je meavinaceluloze, specijalnih vlakana i drugih aditiva kojikombinovani daju peecizan komad,maksimizujui apsorpciju voska i minimizirajuitalog tokom procesa peenja. Koristi se zalivenje u vosku radi dobijanja odlivaka visokogkvaliteta sa izuzetnim zavrnom obradompovrine u nekoliko industrijskih grana.

Kljune karakteristike ovog 3DP patenta saMIT-a su univerzalnost i brzina. Stalno seusavrava proces putem mainskih inovacija i

inovacija materijala. Uvoenjem prvog 3Dtampaa u boji visoke definicije, prvog

pristupanog 3D monohromatskog tampaa ibrojnih poboljanja softvera i materijala, livnice ialatnice u Srbiji mogu efikasno i brzo uznajmanji utroak vremena, novca i materijala, sobzirom na tehnoloke inovacija u oblasti brzeizrade prototipova, doi do novog proizvoda.Primenom ove tehnologije livnice i alatnice epoeti da unapreuju jezgro svoje tehnologije iostvaririti kompartivnu prednost u odnosu nadruge tehnologije.

Material for casting in wax generates partsthat the user immerses into wax for producingmodels for casting in wax without a mold andgeometrical limitations. Material is composed ofcellulose, special fibers and other additiveswhich combined produce precise unit,maximizing wax absorption and minimizing

residue during firing process. It is used forcasting in wax for obtaining high quality castswith exceptional final process of the surface inseveral industrial branches.

Key features of this 3DP patent from MIT areits universality and speed. This process isconstantly undergoing developments byimplementing machine and material innovations.By introducing the first high-definition 3D colorprinter, the first affordable 3D monochromeprinter and numerous improvements in softwareand material, the foundries and tool-shops in

Serbia can efficiently and promptly make newproducts with the least possible time, resourceand material consumption, consideringtechnological innovations in the field of fastprototype production. By implementing thistechnology, the foundries and tool-shops caninitiate promotion of the essence of itstechnology and achieve comparison advantagecomparing to other technologies.

Slika 5.- Primer kalupa i modela napravljen 3D printer-om

Figure 5. Examples mould and casting making on the 3D printer


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6. ZAKLJUAK

Cilj su utede u livnicama i alatnicama Srbije,kroz transer znanja i tehnologija u livnice priosvajanju novih proizvoda i optimizacijitehnologija livenja postojeih proizvodaprimenom CAE tehnika projektovanja proizvoda-odlivka i kompjuterske simulacije livenja metala.Primenom CAE tehnika obezbeuje se prenosekspertskih znanja transferom tehnologija,implementacijom novih tehnologija livenja,optimizacijom postojeih tehnologija livenja,primenom novih" livakih materijala, edukacijeitd. Polazi se od nekoliko kljunih ciljeva, kojemoraju u budunosti ispuniti livnice i alatnice uSrbiji:

Proizvedeni odlivci moraju odgovaratizahtevima kupca, pre svega na podrujukvaliteta,

Livnice moraju proi kriterijum trokova uodnosu na druge proizvodne tehnologije,

Imid odlivaka i livake tehnologije morabiti pozitivan za kupca.

Radni uslovi u livnicama i ekolokakompatibilnost moraju odgovaratisvetskim standardima i propisima.

U pogledu navedenih optih ciljeva lako jeuoiti niz prepreka sa kojim e se suoiti srpskelivnice pri integraciji u Evropsku uniju. Samo one

livnice koje budu pravovremeno izvrileodgovarajue promene mogu opstati na tritu.Transer znanja iz razvojne sfere u proizvodnetehnologije do sada je bio neproduktivan, samalim ueem znanja u vrednosti proizvoda iukupnom izvozu. Tranzicija taj deo proivredegotovo da nije dodirnula. Zahtevi trita danas sutakvi da je neophodno ubrzati primenu znanja i ugotovom proizvodu-odlivku.

Preduslov za primenu znanja i novihtehnologija nisu samo raunarski programi,dobre maine i simulacijski alati, vepre svega

volja i spremnost na pravi timski rad.Neophodno je uspostaviti partnerske odnose sakupcima odlivaka, kako pri razvoju novihodlivaka, tako i pri optimizaciji proizvodnjeosvojenih odlivaka. Koncept virtuelne izradeodlivaka omoguuje livnici neposrednijukooperaciju s kupcem odlivaka u smisluoptimizacije dizajna i funkcionalnosti odlivka.

6. CONCLUSION

The objective is to accomplish savings infoundries and toolshops in Serbia, throughknowledge and technology transfer intofoundries mastering new products, and intechnology optimization for casting existingproducts by using CAE techniques for product-casting design and metal casting computersimulation. Implementing CAE techniquesprovides transfer of expert knowledge bytransferring technologies, implementing newcasting techniques, optimization of existingcasting technologies, implementing new"casting materials, staff training, etc. The startingpoint are several key objectives that have to befulfilled in the future by foundries and toolshops inSerbia:

Manufactured castings must meet

customers requests, primarily concerningproduct quality,

Foundries must satisfy the cost criterioncompared to other manufacturingtechnologies,

The customer must perceive a positiveimage of castings and casting technology,

Working conditions in foundries andecological compatibility must correspondto global standards and regulations

Regarding the above general objectives it is

easy to observe a number of obstacles which willface Serbian foundries during integration into theEuropean Union. Only those foundries thatperform in time the appropriate changes cansurvive on the market. Until now knowledgetransfer from the development sphere intoproduction technologies has not been productive,with small participation of knowledge in theproduct value and in the overall exports.Transition has scarcely touched this sector. Also,market demands today necessitate accelerationof the implementation of knowledge in thefinished product-casting.

Prerequisites for the implementation ofknowledge and new technologies are not onlycomputer software, modern machines andsimulation tools, but above all willingness andreadiness for true teamwork. It is necessary toestablish partnership relations with customers inthe development of new castings, and also inthe production of mastered castingsoptimization. Virtual castings manufacturingconcept enables immediate cooperationbetween foundry and the customer in view of

optimization of casting design and functionality.


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Predloeni koncept znaajno smanjuje vremei trokove razvoja novih vrsta odlivaka zaserijsku i pojedinanu proizvodnju, tosvakako doprinosi poveanju konkurentnostilivnica.

Ovaj koncept u proizvodnji odlivaka se, zarazliku od pokuaja i greke, temelji na primenisavremenih kompjuterskih tehnologija ulivarstvu i eliminaciji moguih greaka.Konano, ne smemo zaboraviti i najvanijukariku u lancu, a to je ovek. Bez dobroobrazovanih strunjaka sva navedena opremapredstavlja mrtvo slovo na papiru.Impelmentacijom rezultata ovog projektaostvarie se efekti u upravljanju, inenjerstvu,proizvodnji i prodaji kroz:

Smanjenje trokova;

Poveanje kvaliteta;

Pomeranje granica procesa livenja vannaih iskustava;

Omoguavanje livnicama proizvodnjuveeg broja visokoprofitabilnih odlivka;

Bre prisustvo na tritu;

Poboljanje organizacije.

LITERATURA

[1] B. Ravi: Computer-Aided Casting Design Past, Present and Future, Paper on WFOTechnical Forum 2003 16 - 17 June 2003,www.worldfoundrymen.org

[2] Radia R., Guliija Z., Primenakonkurentnog inenjerstva pri razvoju ioptimizaciji tehnologija livenja metala,Racionalno korienje energije u metalurgijii procesnoj industriji, Monografija, str. 35-45, Srbija, Beograd, April 2006.

[3] Radia R., Guliija Z., Use of concurentengineering by development andoptimisation of technology of metal casting,radu asopisu TEHNIKA No. 4, Srbija,

Beograd, Septembar 2006.[4] M. Trbian: Perspective of foundry industryof new eu members, Paper on 44thFoundryConference in, Slovenia, Portoro,September 2004.

[5] M. krbec: Simultaneous engineeringapplication during casting prototipe andsamples development, Paper on 44thFoundry Conference, Slovenia, Portoro,September 2004.

[6] C.D. Orogo, H.D. Callihan, G.K. Sigworthand H.A. Kuhn, A Vision of Computer-

Aided Casting in the Year 2000, ModernCasting, Vol.83, No.10, 1993, pp.20-24.

Proposed concept significantly decreases thetime and costs of developing new casting typesfor serial and individual production, whichundoubtedly increases foundrycompetitiveness.

This concept in the castings production is, as

opposed to trial and error, based on theapplication of modern computer technologiesin casting and in elimination of errors. Finally,we must not forget the most important link inthe chain- man. Without well educated experts,all the above tools are worthless. Implementingresults of this project will achieve effects inmanagement, engineering, production andmarketing by:

Cost decrease;

Quality improvement;

Extending limits of the casting processbeyond experience;

Enabling foundries to produce largernumber of highly profitable castings;

Expedient entry on the market;

Improved organization

REFERENCES

[1] B. Ravi: Computer-Aided Casting Design Past, Present and Future, Paper on WFOTechnical Forum 2003 16 - 17 June 2003,www.worldfoundrymen.org

[2] Radia R., Guliija Z., Rational use ofenergy in metallurgy and processingindustry, Monograph, page 35-45, Serbia,Belgrade, April 2006.

[3] Radia R., Guliija Z., Use of concurentengineering by development andoptimisation of technology of metal casting,radu asopisu TEHNIKA No. 4, Srbija,Beograd, Septembar 2006.

[4] M. Trbian: Perspective of foundry industryof new EU members, Paper on 44thFoundry

Conference in, Slovenia, Portoro,September 2004.

[5] M. krbec: Simultaneous engineeringapplication during casting prototype andsamples development, Paper on 44thFoundry Conference, Slovenia, Portoro,September 2004.

[6] C.D. Orogo, H.D. Callihan, G.K. Sigworthand H.A. Kuhn, A Vision of Computer-Aided Casting in the Year 2000, ModernCasting, Vol.83, No.10, 1993, pp.20-24.


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UPUTSTVO ZA SARADNIKE ASOPISA LIVARSTVO

INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASSOCIATES OF LIVARTSVO (METAL CASTING) MAGAZINE

Uvod

asopis LIVARSTVO, izdaje Srpsko Livako

Drutvo (SLD), predstavlja periodini,tromeseni nauno-struni informator iji jezadatak afirmacija naunih istraivanja, razmenastrunih saznanja i praktinih iskustava,kontinualno obrazovanje i sveobuhvatnoinformisanje iz oblasti livarstva. asopisLIVARSTVO, obljavljuje neobjavljene orginalnenaune i strune radove (autorski radovi),prevode strunih dokumenata renomiranihmeunarodnih institucija, obrazovne teme,priloge iz razvoja opreme, materijala,konstrukciskih i tehnolokih reenja,

proizvodnje, odravanja iz oblasti livarstva,standardizacije, bibliografske preglede i prikazestrunih domaih i inostranih literatura, kao istrukovne informacije i informacije o strunimskupovima u zemlji i inostranstvu.

Zvanini jezik i pismo asopisa LIVARSTVOje srpski latinica. Svi tekstovi se obljavljujudvojezino, prvi stubac na srpskom, a drugi naengleskom ili samo na engleskom jeziku.Autorski tekstovi podleu obaveznoj anonimnojrecenziji dva recezenta iz relevantne nauneoblasti.

1. Uputstvo autorima asopisa

Rukopis prireen za tampu treba da sadrinaslov (na srpskom i engleskom jeziku ili samoengleskom ako je ceo tekst na engleskom),podatke o autorima (puno ime i prezime autora ikoautora, zvanje, adresa ustanove/preduzea ukojoj je zaposlen, grad i e-mail adresa),izvod(na srpskom i engleskom jeziku), kljunerei(na srpskom i engleskom jeziku), integralniteks(na srpskom i engleskom), zakljuak iliteratura(na srpskom i engleskom jeziku).

Tekst pripremljen u Microsoft word A4formata (297x210), font Arial 11pt sa podeenimmarginama (leva 25 mm i gornja, donja i desna20 mm) u dva jednaka stupca (kolumne)razmaka 6 mm dotavlja se u elektronskomobliku mail-om ili CD-om urednikom odboruasopisa. Svojim mail-om autor potvrujeizvornost lanka i svoje autorstvo, kao i prihvatasvoju odgovornost. Ukoliko rukopis dostavljaCD-om, potreban je jedan odtampan i potpisanrukopis.

Introduction

Magazine LIVARSTVO issued by the Serbian

Foundrymen Society (SFS), is a periodical,quarter scientific and professional informer withobjective of establishing scientific researches,exchanging professional knowledge andpractical experience, continual education andoverall informing in the field of metal casting.Magazine LIVARSTVO publishes unpublishedoriginal scientific and professional papers(authorship), translations of professionaldocuments of renowned internationalinstitutions, educational topics, supplementsrelated to the development of equipment,

materials, construction and technologicaldesigns, manufacturing, maintenance in the filedof metal casting, standardization, bibliographyreviews and reviews of professional domesticand foreign literature, as well as profession-related information about professionalgatherings in the country and abroad.

Official language and writing of the magazineLIVARSTVO is Serbian Latin. All texts arepublished in two languages: the first column is inSerbian and the second in English or only inEnglish. Authorship texts are subjected to

mandatory anonymous review of two reviewersfrom respective scientific field.

1. Instructions for authors of the magazine

The script prepared for printing shouldcontain the title (in English if entire text is inEnglish), data about authors (full name andsurname of the author and co-author, vocation,address of the institution/company ofemployment, city and e-mail address), abstract(in English), keywords (in English), integral text(in English), conclusion and literature (in

English).Text prepared in Microsoft Word, A4 format

(297x210), font Arial 11 pt with marginadjustment (left 25 mm and top, bottom and right20 mm) in two equal columns, 6 mm spacingand submitted in electronic form by e-mail or onCD to the Editorial Board of the magazine. Bysending e-mail, the author confirms authenticityof the paper and respective authorship, andassumes liabilities. Should the script is furnishedon CD, it is necessary to attach one signedhard-copy of the script.


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Tekstovi koji nemaju status autorskog radaprema kategorizaciji dostavljaju se uelektronskom obliku bez posebnih zahteva zaureenjem i prevodom na engleskom jeziku.

Svi rukopisi se dostavljaju na adresi SrpskogLivakog Drutva, tj. tehnikom uredniku, kojinakon to ih proita odreuje dalji postupak:salje odmah na recenziju ili ako ima odreenihprimedbi ili sugestija vraa autoru na doradu ilise odbija rukopis. Ukoliko autor ne usvojiprimedbe i obradi tekst u skladu sa sugestijama,rukopis se odbija. Rukopis se odbija usluajevima kada tema koju obrauje rukopisnije relevantna, rukopis sa slinom temom vejeobljavljen u asopisu ili ako rukopis ne ispunjavastandarde asopisa. U tom sluaju autoru sealje kratko obaveetenje.

1.1. Sadraj rada

Rad treba biti relevantan za naunu istrunu oblast livarstva, s jasno naglaenimciljevima i rezultatima istraivanja, zakljukom,referencama u tekstu i bibliografskim jedinicamana kraju rada. Ideje u radu moraju biti originalnei treba da imaju jasan doprinos razvojupredmeta istraivanja. Autori moraju obratitipanju odgovarajuem struktuisanju teksta injegovoj duini u skladu sa postavljenimstandardima

Naslov rada, treba da jasno odraavasutinu rada i po mogunosti to krai.Naslov rada mora mora biti prvo nasrpskom, a zatim na englekom jeziku,(font 11 pt i tekst bold).

Autor, kao idejni tvorac i nosilacaktivnosti o izradi rada navodi svoje i imei prezime ostalih koautora, dok ufoosnote navodi potpune informacije osebi i koautorima. Ukoliko je vei brojuesnika u stvarnju rada, poeljno je dase autor ogranii na najbitnije koautore,a imena ostalih navodi u zahvali na krajurada.

Izvod, treba da sadi do 150 rei,potrebno je da bude kratak, informativani da upozorava na zakljuke za svakunovu informaciju koju nosi sam rad. Kodradova koji ne daju nove rezultate kaoto su pregledni ili referentni radovi,potrebno je napisati indikativni izvod sakratkim opisom predmeta rada. Izvodautor dostavlja na srpskom i engleskomili samo engleskom jeziku, ako je rad naengleskom jeziku.

Texts without authorship status inaccordance with categorization are to besubmitted in electronic form without particularrequests for adjustments and Englishtranslation.

All scripts are to be furnished to the addressof the Serbian Foundrymen Society, i.e. to theTechnical Editor, who after reading determinedfurther procedure: sends to review immediatelyor in case of any remarks and suggestionsreturns to the author for finishing or rejects thescript. Should the author fail to adoptsuggestions and process text in accordance withsuggestions, the script is to be rejected. Thescript is rejected in cases then topic elaboratedin the script is not relevant, the script with similartopic has already been published in themagazine or the script doesnt conform tomagazine standards. In this case, brief

notification shall be send to the author.1.1. Contents of papers

Paper should be relevant for scientific andprofessional field of metal casting, with clearlyhighlighted objectives and results of research,conclusion, references in the text andbibliography items at the end of paper. Ideas inthe paper have to be original and should haveclear contribution to the development ofresearch subject. Authors have to pay attentionto appropriate text structure and its length in

accordance with set standards. Title of paper should clearly reflect the

essence of the paper and to be as shortas possible. Title of paper has to be inSerbian, followed by English version,font 11 pt, bold.

Author, as a creator and activityperformer states his and other co-authors name and surname, insertingcomplete information about him/her andco-authors in footnotes. If the number ofparticipants in paper drafting is larger, it

is advisable that the author limits only tothe most important co-authors, andacknowledge names of others at the endof paper.

Abstract should contain up to 150words; it is necessary to be brief,informative and to refer to all newinformation in the paper. As for paperswithout new results, like review orreference papers, it is mandatory to stateindicative source with brief description ofpaper subject. Abstract is to be

submitted in Serbian and English or onlyin English, if the paper is in English.

livarstvo_01

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