Fire

Lithium Battery FiresLithium Battery Fires for the general public

Welcome to this short course on Fires involving Lithium Batteries. The procedures in this course are for guidance only and are obtained from best practices, however when your company has a procedure for such an emergency then the companies procedures must be followed in preference to what is presented in this course.1

Introduction

The procedures in this course are for guidance only and are obtained from best practices, however when your company has a procedure for such an emergency then the companies procedures must be followed in preference to what is presented in this course.

The procedures in this course are for guidance only and are obtained from best practices, however when your company has a procedure for such an emergency then the companies procedures must be followed in preference to what is presented in this course.2

IntroductionLithium Batteries have become common in modern day life.

They are in your laptop, mobile phone, tablet computer, camera etc.

They give thousands of hours of reliable service and for power to weight they are difficult to beat.Unfortunately they have a problem.

This presentation is based on information from the ICAO, the UK CAA & FAA

Lithium batteries have become very common in modern day life, they are in your laptop, mobile telephone, tablet computer, camera and so on. They give thousands of hours of reliable service and for power to weight ratio they are very difficult to beat, but unfortunately they have a problem.3

IntroductionThey can Catch Fire!!

They can Catch Fire!!

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We will cover the following subjects:What are Lithium Batteries ?Where Lithium Batteries areWhy they catch fire !Preventing firesFighting firesConclusions

We will cover the following subjects:What are Lithium BatteriesWhere Lithium Batteries areWhy they catch firePreventing firesFighting firesConclusions5

What are Lithium Batteries?

Lithium Battery Fires

Before we look at the reasons for the the fires and how to tackle them, we will look at what Lithium batteries are and what items contain them.6

What are Lithium BatteriesLithium Batteries are a family of batteries that use the chemical Lithium as metal or Lithium compounds.

They are chosen for the high energy to density capacity, that is they can store large amounts of energy for their size.

They also have high discharge capacity in that they can provide very high current for short periods.

So what are Lithium batteries? Lithium batteries are a family of batteries that use the chemical Lithium as metal or in compounds. They are chosen for the high energy to density capacity, that is they can store large amounts of energy for their size.They also have high discharge capacity in that they can provide very high current for short periods.7

Portable Electronic Devices (PED)2 main types of Lithium battery;

Both types can catch fire.Lithium Disposable.

Lithium Ion Rechargeable.

The two most common types of Lithium batteries are disposable batteries and rechargeable battery packs, both types of battery can catch fire.8

Lithium Batteries are most often found as:Single Cells used in consumer items.OrBattery Packs found in larger items like laptops.OrConformal Batteries found in some tablets & phones

Lithium Batteries are most often found as:Single Cells used in consumer items.OrBattery Packs found in larger items like laptops.OrConformal Batteries found in some tablets & phones

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Difference between a Cell & a BatteryWe have been using the words cell and battery to describe batteries, so what is the difference.

We should call a distinct unit a battery cell as with this picture.This is one cell, and as it is by itself then it is also known as a battery.

We have been using the words cell and battery to describe batteries, so what is the difference.We should call a distinct unit a battery cell as with this picture.This is one cell, and as it is by itself then it is also known as a battery.

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Difference between a Cell & a Battery

We have been using the words cell and battery to describe batteries, so what is the difference.

So a cell is a self contained battery.As we have seen some batteries, especially larger ones, are made up of a number of smaller batteries to make up the larger capacity battery, these individual batteries are called cells, and the container it is in is called the battery.

We have been using the words cell and battery to describe batteries, so what is the difference.So a cell is a self contained battery.As we have seen some batteries, especially larger ones, are made up of a number of smaller batteries to make up the larger capacity battery, these individual batteries are called cells, and the container it is in is called the battery.

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Difference between a Cell & a Battery

A larger battery made up of many cells is called a battery, the individual batteries it contains are called cells.

So if a battery is only made up of one distinct cell it can be called a battery cell or just cell or just battery.Clear as Mud!!!

So if a battery is only made up of one distinct cell it can be called a battery cell or just cell or just battery.A larger battery made up of many cells is called a battery, the individual batteries it contains are called cells.12

PEDs

Many of the items you carry around (known as Personal Electronic Devices or PEDs in the industry) have Lithium Batteries in them.

Lithium batteries can be found in many personal electronic devices, also known as PED's, some examples are shown here.13

Industrial Uses

and electric carsThey can be found in electric bikes

They have many larger uses, including bicycles and electric cars.14

Where can I find Lithium Batteries ?One of the most common large capacity lithium battery packs are those in laptop computers.

One of the most common large capacity lithium battery packs are those in laptop computers.15

E CigarettesMost eCigarettes contain Lithium Batteries.

Most eCigarettes contain Lithium Batteries.

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Shipping

Many are shipped around the world

They are moved around the world to manufacturers of PEDs and for other industrial uses. Often by airfreight!17

Why do they catch Fire ?

Lithium Battery Fires

We have seen where Lithium batteries are so we will now look at why they catch fire.18

Why they catch fire !There are Four main reasons for Lithium Batteries catching fire; Manufacture defect.DamageRapid charging.Rapid discharge.

So why do Lithium batteries catch fire? There are four main reasons, these are Manufacturing faults, where small amounts of metal lithium have contaminated the layers of the batteries and cause local short circuits which concentrate current and cause heating. Because of damage to the battery in use, by being dropped, or punctured or some other way. From rapid charging which is normally a fault with the charger and finally by rapid discharging, but this last one is normally caused by damage to the batteries.19

Damage to PackagesIt is unusual for batteries to overheat and catch fire unless they are damaged.

It is unusual for a battery to catch fire unless it has been damaged in some way.20

Thermal Runaway

IncreasedCurrentFire is caused by something called "Thermal Runaway" this is where increased current causes increased chemical reaction rate in the lithium.IncreasedChemicalReaction

Fire is caused by something called "Thermal Runaway" this is where increased current causes increased chemical reaction rate in the lithium, these chemical reactions cause increased heat which in turn causes increased current, that causes increased reaction rate that causes increased heat and so on, this normally occurs when the internal temperature of the battery reaches 130 degrees centigrade. Some of the heat is naturally given off but not quick enough to reduce the rate.21

Thermal Runaway

Heat

IncreasedCurrentIncreasedChemicalReactionThese chemical reactions cause increased heat.

These chemical reactions cause increased heat which in turn causes increased current, that causes increased reaction rate that causes increased heat and so on, this normally occurs when the internal temperature of the battery reaches 130 degrees centigrade. Some of the heat is naturally given off but not quick enough to reduce the rate.22

Thermal Runaway

Heat

IncreasedCurrentIncreasedChemicalReactionWhich in turn causes increased current.

Fire is caused by something called "Thermal Runaway" this is where increased current causes increased chemical reaction rate in the lithium, these chemical reactions cause increased heat which in turn causes increased current, that causes increased reaction rate that causes increased heat and so on, this normally occurs when the internal temperature of the battery reaches 130 degrees centigrade. Some of the heat is naturally given off but not quick enough to reduce the rate.23

Thermal Runaway

Heat

IncreasedCurrentIncreasedChemicalReactionThis causes increased reaction rate that causes increased heat and so on.

Fire is caused by something called "Thermal Runaway" this is where increased current causes increased chemical reaction rate in the lithium, these chemical reactions cause increased heat which in turn causes increased current, that causes increased reaction rate that causes increased heat and so on, this normally occurs when the internal temperature of the battery reaches 130 degrees centigrade. Some of the heat is naturally given off but not quick enough to reduce the rate.24

Thermal RunawayInternal temperature reaches 130oC

Heat

IncreasedCurrentIncreasedChemicalReactionNormally when a battery reaches an internal temperature of around 130 degrees centigrade, this loop becomes self sustaining this is known as Thermal Runaway. Some of the heat is naturally given off but not quick enough to reduce the rate.

Fire is caused by something called "Thermal Runaway" this is where increased current causes increased chemical reaction rate in the lithium, these chemical reactions cause increased heat which in turn causes increased current, that causes increased reaction rate that causes increased heat and so on, this normally occurs when the internal temperature of the battery reaches 130 degrees centigrade. Some of the heat is naturally given off but not quick enough to reduce the rate.25

Thermal Runaway

Eventually the thermal runaway causes the battery to catch fire!

Eventually the thermal runaway causes the battery to catch fire!26

Single CellsAA size cells have very small amounts of Lithium and should burn out in around 1 minute.

Battery will spray molten Lithium as they burn.

This can spread the fire.

Single cells, either disposable or rechargeable found in items like cameras have very small amounts of lithium in them and should burn out in about one minute, however they will spray molten lithium as they burn, this molten lithium can spread the fire to the surroundings or to adjacent batteries.27

Lithium Ion CellsBattery Packs are used in larger PEDs, especially laptops.

The packs are normally made up of individual cells but you cannot see them as they are encased in plastic.

Battery packs used in larger PEDs, especially laptops consist of individual cells but you cannot see them as they are encased in plastic.28

Lithium Ion Cells

Heat in battery packs spreads from cell to cell, each one running away and spreading to the next cell.

Heat in battery packs spreads from cell to cell, each one running away and spreading to the next cell.29

Preventing FiresLithium Battery Fires

Preventing fires30

Understand where Lithium Batteries are!

First line of defence is to know where the batteries can be found.Lithium Batteries can be found in many everyday items, including:Photographic & Film EquipmentBuilding equipment (cordless equipment)Scuba equipment (Lights)Models (Aircraft / Cars / Boats)Oxygen concentratorsMedical equipmentPEDs

First line of defence is to know where the batteries can be found.Lithium Batteries can be found in many everyday items, including:Photographic & Film EquipmentBuilding equipment (cordless equipment)Scuba equipment (Lights)Models (Aircraft / Cars / Boats)Oxygen concentratorsMedical equipmentPEDs

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OverheatingOne of the reasons the batteries catch fire is due to overheating!Dont put your phone or tablet computer somewhere that it is not ventilated.This can cause thermal runaway and cause it to catch fire!!!!Dont put it under your pillow!!!

One of the reasons the batteries catch fire is due to overheating!Dont put your phone or tablet computer somewhere that it is not ventilated.This can cause thermal runaway and cause it to catch fire!!!!Dont put it under your pillow!!!

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Damaged BatteriesIf you drop or damage a PED be very aware that on rare occasions it could catch fire.

Keep it in a place where you can monitor it.

If you drop or damage a PED be very aware that on rare occasions it could catch fire.Keep it in a place where you can monitor it.33

Damage to containers

Most battery fires can be traced back to damage to the package that the batteries were stored in.

Most battery fires can be traced back to damage to the package that the batteries were stored in.34

E CigarettesThere have been cases of eCigarettes catching fire due to being charged with incorrect chargers.Always use the charger that came with your device.

There have been cases of eCigarettes catching fire due to being charged with incorrect chargers.Always use the charger that came with your device.35

PrecautionsBuy batteries from reputable sources and only use batteries approved for your device - avoid counterfeits!Look for the mark of an independent testing or standards organization, such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).Do not carry recalled or damaged batteries on aircraft. Check battery recall information at the manufacturer's website.Only charge batteries which you are sure are rechargeable! Non-rechargeable batteries are not designed for recharging, and become hazardous if placed in a battery charger. A non-rechargeable battery placed in a charger may overheat or cause damage later.Only use a charger compatible with your rechargeable battery - don't mix and match!

Buy batteries from reputable sources and only use batteries approved for your device - avoid counterfeits!Look for the mark of an independent testing or standards organization, such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).Do not carry recalled or damaged batteries on aircraft. Check battery recall information at the manufacturer's website.Only charge batteries which you are sure are rechargeable! Non-rechargeable batteries are not designed for recharging, and become hazardous if placed in a battery charger. A non-rechargeable battery placed in a charger may overheat or cause damage later.Only use a charger compatible with your rechargeable battery - don't mix and match!36

PrecautionsIf original packaging is not available for spare batteries, effectively insulate battery terminals by isolating the batteries from contact with other batteries and metal. Place each battery in its own protective case, plastic bag, or package, or place tape across the battery's contacts to isolate terminals. Isolating terminals prevents short-circuiting.Take steps to prevent crushing, puncturing, or putting a high degree of pressure on the battery, as this can cause an internal short-circuit, resulting in overheating.If you must carry a battery-powered device in any baggage, package it to prevent inadvertent activation.

If original packaging is not available for spare batteries, effectively insulate battery terminals by isolating the batteries from contact with other batteries and metal. Place each battery in its own protective case, plastic bag, or package, or place tape across the battery's contacts to isolate terminals. Isolating terminals prevents short-circuiting.Take steps to prevent crushing, puncturing, or putting a high degree of pressure on the battery, as this can cause an internal short-circuit, resulting in overheating.If you must carry a battery-powered device in any baggage, package it to prevent inadvertent activation.37

Lithium Batteries Carried in EquipmentBatteries that are carried in equipment must be protected from inadvertent activation.

Use trigger lock or tape switch in the OFF position.

Batteries that are carried in equipment must be protected from inadvertent activation.Use trigger lock or tape switch in the OFF position.38

Lithium Batteries Carried by AirWe will now look at carrying Lithium Batteries on-board aircraft.

We will now look at carrying Lithium Batteries on-board aircraft.39

Spare BatteriesWhen transporting spare lithium batteries they should be in the original packaging or if this is not possible then the exposed terminals must be insulated, for example the terminals are tapped over or placed into separate plastic bags.

When transporting them by air they must not be put in the baggage that is checked in but they can be carried in your hand baggage provided that they are between 100Wh and 160Wh and no more than 2 batteries person. The rules state that the total number of spares carried must be reasonable.

It is best that you check with the check in staff.All must be in Carry on baggage NOT hold baggage.

When transporting spare lithium batteries they should be in the original packaging or if this is not possible then the exposed terminals must be insulated, for example the terminals are tapped over or placed into separate plastic bags.

When transporting them by air they must not be put in the baggage that is checked in but they can be carried in your hand baggage provided that they are between 100Wh and 160Wh and no more than 2 batteries person. The rules state that the total number of spares carried must be reasonable.

It is best that you check with the check in staff.

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Batteries in Baggage

Remember batteries must not be packed in baggage you are going to check in. They can, in small quantities, be carried in carry on baggage.Carry On BagChecked In Bag

Remember batteries must not be packed in baggage you are going to check in. They can, in small quantities, be carried in carry on baggage.

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Larger Quantities

For larger quantities of cells these must be carried via the Dangerous Goods system.Lithium Batteries must not be carried as freight in passenger carrying aircraft, to or from the USA.

For larger quantities of cells these must be carried via the Dangerous Goods system.Lithium Batteries must not be carried as freight in passenger carrying aircraft, to or from the USA.

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Lithium Batteries Carried by VehicleAnd now about carrying them in road vehicles.

And now about carrying them in road vehicles.

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Transporting Lithium Batteries by RoadNo special requirements required if only carrying 4 cells or 2 batteries.If transporting larger quantities then you must meet the requirements of:The 2011 edition of the ADR in ADR affiliated countries (i.e. Europe): Special Provision 188 Any relevant local legislation in non ADR countries (i.e. Rest of the World)

No special requirements required if only carrying 4 cells or 2 batteries.If transporting larger quantities then you must meet the requirements of:The 2011 edition of the ADR in ADR affiliated countries (i.e. Europe): Special Provision 188 Any relevant local legislation in non ADR countries (i.e. Rest of the World)

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Lithium Batteries Carried by SeaAnd now carrying the batteries by sea.

And now carrying the batteries by sea.

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Transport by SeaNo special requirements if only carrying 4 cells or 2 batteries.If carrying larger quantities then you need to comply with the 2010 edition of the IMDG Code: Special Provision 188

No special requirements if only carrying 4 cells or 2 batteries.If carrying larger quantities then you need to comply with the 2010 edition of the IMDG Code: Special Provision 188

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Lithium Batteries in the PostAnd what about sending Lithium Batteries in the Post?

And what about sending Lithium Batteries in the Post?

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Lithium Batteries in the PostIn the UK the following are NOT allowed in International mail.Lithium Ion / Polymer / Metal / Alloy batteries sent on their own or sent with but not connected to a device such as a mobile phone, MP3 player or digital camera.Check with your local postal provider, what is allowed in the post.

In the UK the following are NOT allowed in International mail.Lithium Ion / Polymer / Metal / Alloy batteries sent on their own or sent with but not connected to a device such as a mobile phone, MP3 player or digital camera.Check with your local postal provider, what is allowed in the post.

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Allowed in the MailThe following ARE allowed in the International mail:Electronic devices containing Lithium batteries.Only when the battery is connected to the device.The package must not contain more than four cells or two batteries connected to a device.

For Lithium Ion / Lithium Polymer batteries then the Watt hour rating must not exceed 20Wh per cell or 100Wh per battery.

For Lithium Metal / Lithium Alloy batteries then the Lithium content must not exceed 1g per cell or 2g per battery.

The following ARE allowed in the International mail:Electronic devices containing Lithium batteries.Only when the battery is connected to the device.The package must not contain more than four cells or two batteries connected to a device.

For Lithium Ion / Lithium Polymer batteries then the Watt hour rating must not exceed 20Wh per cell or 100Wh per battery.

For Lithium Metal / Lithium Alloy batteries then the Lithium content must not exceed 1g per cell or 2g per battery.

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Sending by Courier

All couriers must comply with the Dangerous Goods Regulations the IMDG code or the ADR, or the local equivalents, dependent on the mode of transport being used.

Some couriers are more restrictive.

Contact the courier to find out what the requirements are.

All couriers must comply with the Dangerous Goods Regulations the IMDG code or the ADR, or the local equivalents, dependent on the mode of transport being used.

Some couriers are more restrictive.

Contact the courier to find out what the requirements are.

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Fighting Lithium Battery FiresLithium Battery Fires

So we have looked at why the batteries catch fire but now we need to look at how to fight them in the rare occasions that they do.

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What are you going to do ?

What are you going to do ?52

Thermal RunawayInternal temperature reaches 130oC

Heat

IncreasedCurrentIncreasedChemicalReactionRemember that the fire will be caused by Thermal runaway, our priorities are to fight the fire and then cool the battery.

Remember that the fire will be caused by Thermal runaway, our priorities are to fight the fire and then cool the battery.53

Steps in Fighting a Lithium Battery Fire

Raise the AlarmMove People away from the FireRemove power if possibleFight the fireCool the battery

We will now look at the steps in fighting a Lithium Battery FireRaise the AlarmMove People away from the FireRemove power if possibleFight the fireCool the battery

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Raise the Alarm

Set off the Fire Alarm.OrCall the Emergency ServicesShout loudly to warn other people.The most important thing is the preservation of Life !!!

Set off the Fire Alarm.OrCall the Emergency ServicesShout loudly to warn other people.The most important thing is the preservation of Life !!!55

Move People Away

Move people away from the fire.

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Remove the PowerIf possible, unplug the power.

If possible, unplug the power.57

If Safe to do so Fight the FireChoose your Fire Extinguisher

or

Puts out the fire.No Danger of Electrocution.Does not cool the batteries.

Danger of Electrocution if item is still plugged into the power supply.Cools the batteries.Puts out the fire.

Choose your Fire ExtinguisherCO2 or Water Fire ExtinguishersThe advantages of the CO2 are that it puts out the fire and there is no danger of electrocution but the disadvantage is that it does not cool the batteries.The advantages of the Water extinguisher is that it also puts out the fire and it also cools the batteries, but the major disadvantage is that there is a danger of electrocution it the item is still plugged into the power supply.58

If Safe to do so Fight the FireChoose your Fire Extinguisheror

Puts out the fire.No Danger of Electrocution.Insulates the batteries.

Puts out the fire.

No Danger of Electrocution.Insulates the batteries.

Choose your Fire ExtinguisherFoam or Powder Fire ExtinguishersThe advantages of the Foam is that it puts out the fire and there is no danger of electrocution but the disadvantage is that it does not cool the batteries, in fact it insulates them.The advantages of the Powder is that it puts out the fire and there is no danger of electrocution but the disadvantage is that it does not cool the batteries, in fact it insulates them.

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If Safe to do so Fight the FireChoose your Fire Extinguisheror

Puts out the fire.No Danger of Electrocution.Insulates the batteries.

Puts out the fire.

No Danger of Electrocution.Insulates the batteries.If these extinguishers are used you MUST cool the batteries immediately the fire is extinguished.

If these extinguishers are used you MUST cool the batteries immediately the fire is extinguished.60

Make sure the fire does not start again!

Once the fire is out the emergency is not over!Because the fire was caused by thermal runaway of a chemical reaction, the fire will start again if we do not cool the battery.

Make sure the fire does not start again!Once the fire is out the emergency is not over!Because the fire was caused by thermal runaway of a chemical reaction, the fire will start again if we do not cool the battery.61

Cool the BatteryDry IceIceAlcoholic DrinksSoft DrinksWaterNon-Flammable Liquids.We need to cool the battery cells, take a moment to think which of the following items can be used to cool the cells.?

We need to cool the battery cells, take a moment to think which of the following items can be used to cool the cells.Dry IceIceAlcoholic DrinksSoft DrinksWaterNon-Flammable Liquids.62

Use non Flammable LiquidsDry IceIceAlcoholic DrinksSoft DrinksWaterNon-Flammable Liquids.

WARNING:Do not try to cool the device with ice.

You must use liquids that will not feed a fire non-flammable liquids.WARNING:Do not try to cool the device with ice.63

Do Not Use IceIce insulates the battery and can cause a build up of heat.Ice can cause the battery to explode!

Do not use iceIce insulates the battery and can cause a build up of heat.Ice can cause the battery to explode!

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WarningsWARNING:Do not attempt to pick up and move a smoking or burning device.WARNING:Do not cover the device.WARNING:Do not try to cool the device with ice.WARNING:Do not put in burn bag.

WARNING:Do not attempt to pick up and move a smoking or burning device.WARNING:Do not cover the device.WARNING:Do not put in burn bag.WARNING:Do not try to cool the device with ice.

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Warning

Lithium Batteries are integral to the device when in use.This is not a Lithium BatteryThis is a power supplyTreat as a normal electrical fire!

Lithium Batteries are integral to the device when in use.This is not a Lithium BatteryThis is a power supplyTreat as a normal electrical fire!66

Precautions & Conclusions

Lithium Battery Fires

We will now look at Precautions & Conclusions67

ConclusionsLithium Batteries are very common in everyday items.Lithium Battery Fires are rare but do happen.The fire is caused by Thermal Runaway.Thermal runaway is caused by;Manufacturers fault.Damage.Over Charging (Fault with charger).Over Discharging (Fault with PED).

Lithium Batteries are very common on aircraft in PEDs& Cargo .Lithium Battery Fires are rare but do happen.The fire is caused by Thermal RunawayThermal runaway is caused by;Manufacturers fault.Damage.Over Charging (Fault with charger).Over Discharging (Fault with PED). 68

ConclusionsFight a Lithium Battery Fire By;Raise the Alarm.Clear people from the area.Remove power (if applicable).Extinguish fire using CO2 or Water Fire Extinguishers.Cool cells using non-alcoholic fluids.

Fight a Lithium Battery Fire By;Raise the Alarm.Clear people from the area.Remove power (if applicable).Extinguish fire using CO2 or Water Fire Extinguishers.Cool cells using non-alcoholic fluids.69

WarningsWARNING:Do not attempt to pick up and move a smoking or burning device.WARNING:Do not cover the device.WARNING:Do not try to cool the device with ice.WARNING:Do not put in burn bag.

WARNING:Do not attempt to pick up and move a smoking or burning device.WARNING:Do not cover the device.WARNING:Do not put in burn bag.WARNING:Do not try to cool the device with ice.

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CertificateWant a certificate for taking this course?To get a certificate, you need to take the exam, the exam can be found at:http://lbf.aviationtrain.comNote: to access the exam you will need to log into the Learning Management System.Any details captured by the system will not be used for anything but the recording and printing of your certificate.Versions of this course are also available as online training for Airline Crew & Staff, visit the website above for details.

Want a certificate for taking this course?To get a certificate, you need to take the exam, the exam can be found at:http://lbf.click2advance.comVersions of this course are also available as online training for Airline Crew & Staff, visit the website above for details.Note: to access the exam you will need to log into the Learning Management System.Any details captured by the system will not be used for anything but the recording and printing of your certificate.

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FAA VideoThe FAA has a very good video that is available on YouTube

Click on the link below to view the FAA video.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcd34tt8YPU

The video is 10 min 41 seconds but is worth watching.

The FAA has a very good video that is available on YouTubeClick on the link below to view the FAA video.www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcd34tt8YPUThe video is 10 min 41 seconds but is worth watching.

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Course DeveloperThis PowerPoint presentation was brought to you by www.aviationtrain.comProviders of eLearning for Aviation and other industries.

For PowerPoint or online versions of this course then please contact us at contact@aviationtrain.com

This PowerPoint presentation was brought to you by www.click2advance.comProviders of eLearning for Aviation and other industries.

For PowerPoint or online versions of this course then please contact us at contact@aviationtrain.com

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Lithium Battery FiresEnd of Presentation

End of Presentation74