literal translation and post-editing processes · post-editing processes michael carl, moritz...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes
Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen,
Copenhagen Business School
![Page 2: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Literal Translation
• Toury’s (1995) law of interference: “in translation, phenomena pertaining to the make-up of the source text tend to be transferred to the target text”
• Tirkkonen-Condit (2005) monitor model: “It looks as if literal translation is a default rendering procedure, which goes on until it is interrupted by a monitor that alerts about a problem in the outcome.”
![Page 3: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Overview
– Mental representation of translation • shared combinatorial nodes (Hartsuiker, 2004)
• experimental method: priming
– A quantitative definition of literal translation • word order and word translation perplexity
– Word translation perplexity • In translation and post-editing
– Translation cycles (inspired by Jakobsen, 2013) • ST reading
• TT production and monitoring
• Verification of produced translation
• Translation revision
![Page 4: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Hartsuiker et al (2004)
![Page 5: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Priming effects
• Non-conscious form of human memory: spreading activation decreased effort
• Psychological method developed early 1970s
– "yellow" faster recognize "banana“
– DOCTOR faster recognize NURSE than BREAD
• Many types of priming:
– Positive (facilitating, speed up) – negative (slow down)
– Perceptual / Semantic / Conceptual (table – chair)
• Cross modality: image / audio / written / spoken
• Cross languages: syntactic / lexical
![Page 6: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Literality in translation
Priming effects are likely to produce literal translations, because literal translations encode linguistic information in a more similar way.
Conscious cognitive effort is required to arrive at more idiomatic translations.
![Page 7: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Quantifyable translation literality metric
1. Word order is identical in the source text (ST) and target text (TT)
2. ST and TT items correspond one-to-one
3. Each ST word has only one possible translated form in a given context
![Page 8: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Ideal literal translation
1. One-to-one translation correspondences
2. ST-TT identical word order
3. One possible translation per ST word
![Page 9: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Less literal translation
1. m-to-n translation correspondences
2. distorted word order
3. several different translations possible per word
![Page 10: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
32 translations into Spanish of ”He was given four life sentences”
![Page 11: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Total Reading Time (TRT) per character on ST words (GazeS) and Total Reading Time on TT words (GazeT) correlates with translation perplexity
![Page 12: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Translation Variation in translation (TT) vs. post-editing (PE)
In a gesture sure to rattle the Chinese Government , Steven Spielberg pulled out of the Beijing Olympics... 8 translators -> 7 versions 7 post-editors -> 3 versions Post-editors: • produce un-idiomatic versions, • 4 out of 7 solutions identical to
MT output are primed by the MT output
![Page 13: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Word translation perplexity in post-
editing (PE) and translation (TRA)
En De and
En Es
![Page 14: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Literal translation and facilitation effects in the translation cycle
Step1: Initial reading of source-text (Gaze on ST)
Step2: Monitoring translation production (Gaze on TT)
Step3: Verification of produced translation (Gaze on ST)
Step4: Translation revision (Gaze on TT)
Behavioral measure: Total reading time (TRT) per character
![Page 15: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Step 1: Reading the source-text
• Combinatorial nodes are activated and automatic pre-translation is initiated, pre-selecting possible translations and syntactic re-ordering
• TRT per character on ST words correlates with the ST alignment crossing distance (CrossS)
![Page 16: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
TRT per character on ST words (GazeS) correlates with the ST alignment crossing distance (CrossS)
Step 1
![Page 17: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Step 2: Typing and monitoring translation
• Combinatorial nodes are activated from TT
• Mind maps the produced TT words back onto equivalent ST items, controlling whether the emerging TT is equal to the ST chunk.
• TRT per character on TT words correlates with the TT alignment crossing distance (CrossT)
![Page 18: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
TRT per character on TT words (GazeT) correlates with the TT alignment crossing distance (CrossT)
Step 2
![Page 19: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Step 3: Verification of produced translation
• Switch visual attention again back to the ST, thereby gazing at the ST segment which corresponds to the current TT words
• TRT per character on ST words correlates with the TT alignment crossing distance (CrossT)
![Page 20: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
TRT per character on ST words (GazeS) correlates with the TT alignment crossing distance (CrossT)
Step 3
![Page 21: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Step 4: Translation revision
• Reading the TT in a TT revision mode
• TRT per character on TT words correlates with the ST alignment crossing distance (CrossS)
![Page 22: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
TRT per character on TT words (GazeT) correlates with the ST alignment crossing distance (CrossS)
Step 4
![Page 23: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Correlation of reading times and local ST – TT distortion (Cross)
Trt Source Trt Target
CrossS Step1: Initial reading of a source-text chunk
Step4: Translation revision
CrossT Step3: Verification of produced translation
Step2: Typing and monitoring translation production
![Page 24: Literal Translation and Post-editing Processes · Post-editing Processes Michael Carl, Moritz Schaeffer, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen, Copenhagen Business School . Germersheim, January, 2015](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fcc07e91555cf09180debe4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Germersheim, January, 2015
Conclusions
• Model of shared combinatorial nodes explains literal translation through spreading activity
• Measure to quantify literality in translation
• Correlation between literality and total reading time
• More literal translations are less effortful for
– ST reading for translation and pre-translation
– Translation production and monitoring
– Translation revision