list of sites to be visited - university of tasmania · list of sites to be visited site no....

List of sites to be visited

Site no. LOWLAND: 0-600m

East South Altit. (m)

1.1 Dry sclerophyll forest - near the park entrance

4775 52739 185

1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall Trees Walk

4755 52743 250

2.1 Sedgeland/heathland near the post-/pre-Carboniferous geolog. bound.

46563 52647 275

2.2 Sclerophyll shrubbery (Kallista Ck) on the Scotts Peak Dam Road

46142 526569 380

2.3 Tim Shea – inter- & intraspecific variation in eucalypts

4562 52703 926

2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature Walk, Scotts Peak Dam Road

44968 525744 463

2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida copses - Gelignite Creek

44945 525159 395

Site no. SUB-ALPINE: 600-1000m (E. delegatensis - E. coccifera)

1.3 Sphagnum bog - near the Lyrebird Nature Walk

4732 52742 645

1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 680m)

4728 52746 680

1.5 Subalpine woodland near Lake Fenton

4695 52746 1000

1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Wombat Moor

4685 52741 1050

1.7 Subalpine woodland near Lake Dobson 4663 52739 1000

Site no. ALPINE: alt. over 1000m

1.8 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll heath- above Ski Huts

4657 52742 1240

1.9 Coniferous shrubbery & alpine rainforest- Roberts Tarn

4648 52757 1180

1.10 Herbfield & microshrubbery - halfway along Tarn Shelf

4641 52758 1150

1.11 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll heath after fire

4639 52757 1150

1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion plant community) at Newdegate Pass

4631 52771 1280

Site no. Logged lowland mixed-forest

3.1 Clearfelled, burnt, 1999, "natural regeneration"

4663 52638 400


4633 52633 350


4666 52634 420

3.4 Selective logging, not burnt, 400years, 4720 52596 350

Published by the School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania Private Bag 55, Hobart 7001

February 2010.

www.utas.edu.au/docs/plant_science/field_botany/field

Contents

Unit outline ........................................................................................... 2 Outline of activities ............................................................................. 4

Assessment ......................................................................................... 6

Reference Guide .................................................................................. 9 Plant Names & Derivations................................................................. 17 Key to Dicot. Families ......................................................................... 20 Key to Monocot. Families ................................................................... 25 List of Plant Communities .................................................................. 28 Notes - Community Descriptions & Scoresheets ............................ 29

Ecology & conservation of a rare & endangered species............... 137 Eucalyptus morrisbyi – Threatened species listing statement .............. 142 Warra longterm ecological monitoring project....................................... 146 Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field ................................................. 150

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook

UNIT OUTLINE

2

Weight 12.5% Prerequisites KPA214 & KPA215 or KPA210 Ecology of Tasmania Co-requisites KPA379 Plant Ecology is recommended Teaching pattern Lectures, tutorials & field work over 8 days Mon 8th - Fri. 12th Feb. 2010 Mt Field National Park, Mon. 16th - Wed. 18th Feb excursions from Sandy Bay campus Campus Field-based course, Mt Field National Park / ex Sandy Bay campus Lecturers Prof Jim Reid, Paddy Dalton & Rob Wiltshire (Unit Co-ordinator) Introduction The first part of the course is field-based, with informal lectures & practical exercises conducted in the Mt Field National Park & SW Tasmania over 5 days, with some plant identification work at night. There is a quite strenuous walk along the Tarn Shelf, over Newdegate Pass & back along the Rodway Range. Students that are not physically fit must seek the advice of the unit coordinator. This part of the course is based at the Giant’s Table, Maydena. The second part of the course introduces demographic techniques, conservation strategies & practice, & examines applied ecological practice in forestry harvesting methods in wet sclerophyll forest in the long-term monitoring site at Warra as day excursions from the Sandy Bay campus. Assessment is by: a field test (50%) on the last day of the course, assessing plant identification ability & an understanding of the ecological processes shaping the vegetation; two reports based on data collected in the field (40%); & a group plant collection (10%). Transport Transport to Mt Field from the University is provided. Vehicles will depart from the Life Sciences car park at 9:00 am Mon. 8th Feb. & return at 5:00 pm on Fri. 12th Feb. Please bring your lunch, waterproofs & collecting gear packed separately for Day 1. Equipment 1. Adequate clothing is essential; warm clothes, good boots & waterproof clothing are required for protection against rain, wind & snow. The weather at Mt Field can be very changeable & work will proceed regardless of weather. Swimming is possible in good weather, so bring bathers. Also bring spare footwear & clothing for evening wear. Bring a light daypack for day trips 2. You will be working at 1000 metres, so bring a sunscreen (15 +), insect repellant & a shade hat. 3. Bring personal collecting equipment, field note books, masking tape, zip-lock plastic bags, hand lens, camera, clipboard & texts. Accommodation & Costs Accommodation is luxurious this year, but you will need to bring your own fluffy dressing gown, slippers, & towel. There is a levy of $120 to help cover accommodation costs, the School will fund the remainder. This should be paid prior to the course at the Cashiers Office (Admin. Building), quoting account no. 1.10.319.44787.3807. Alternatively, you may find your own accommodation but this would diminish the experience. If you have difficulty in paying the levy, please discuss the matter with Dr Anthony Koutoulis. Cooking Dinner is supplied on all four nights. Bring food for breakfast & lunches, although milk & bread, tea & coffee will be provided. Be prepared to take lunches & drinks into the field. . Collections Only small samples of plant specimens may be taken in the National Park, & samples are not to be taken next to or alongside walking tracks. Alternatively, photographic collections may be made. Enquiries: Dr Rob Wiltshire 03 62 262690 email [email protected]


UNIT OUTLINE

3

OBJECTIVES OF FIELD BOTANY At the completion of this unit, students should be able to:

• demonstrate an understanding of the major types of plant communities found in Tasmania

• describe the key elements of the vegetation that differentiate these communities,

• identify major environmental factors affecting plant growth,

• describe the differences between the more common families,

• identify a wide range of the more common plant species,

• describe morphological & physiological strategies evolved by plants in response to their

environment,

• describe & distinguish between the patterns of, & processes leading to, variation within &

between species, using eucalypts as specific examples, &

• undertake vegetation & population surveys.


OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES

4

PART 1. PLANT COMMUNITIES OF MT FIELD & SOUTHWEST TASMANIA An outline of the week's activities at Mt Field follows, although the weather will dictate to some extent what can be achieved, & in what order. Day 1: Altitudinal transect & associated changes in physiognomy & community types

• Examination of sub-alpine sclerophyll woodland, moor, mixed forest & wet sclerophyll communities & the basis of community classifications.

• Species recognition, species identification, plant collection. • Altitudinal variation in plant communities & its causes.

Day 2: Alpine vegetation (Tarn Shelf, Newdegate Pass, Rodway Range) • Examination of communities including: herbfields, microshrubbery (cushionplants), coniferous

shrubbery, alpine rainforest. • Species recognition, species identification, plant collection. • Community identification in relation to microenvironment. • Growth habit & general morphology of microshrubbery. • Effect of fire on alpine vegetation.

Day 3: East-West variation in vegetation • Illustration of the association of vegetation types with geology & soils, • Study of rainforest & buttongrass communities, plant collection. • The nature of boundaries between vegetation types.

Day 4: Succession in wet sclerophyll forest & the impact of forestry practices • Temporal changes in vegetation type & physiognomy following disturbance by fire /

clearfelling from year zero to 400 years. • Ecological basis of silvicultural practices in wet sclerophyll vegetation.

Day 5: Bryological diversity & mophological variation in eucalypts - patterns & processes. • Identification of moss & hepatic species & ecological preferences at Growling Swallet • Morphological changes in the E. vernicosa complex on Tim Shea/Mt Field with altitude &

exposure. • Inter- & intra-specific variation in E. nitida & E. coccifera on Tim Shea.


OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES

5

PART 2. APPLIED FIELD BOTANY

Day 6: Population ecology & conservation of endangered species • Long term monitoring project for

seedling establishment for the rare & endangered Eucalyptus morrisbyi at Calverts Hill.

• Data entry Day 7: Long term ecological monitoring site at Warra

• Variable retention silviculture in Tasmania – alternatives to clearfelling?

Day 8: Field test

• A description of a range of vegetation communities & the ecological factors shaping the vegetation on Mt Wellington.


ASSESSMENT

6

The assessment of student performance in this course will be based on • a field test (50%) of plant identification skills, vegetation description and ecological processes

likely to be shaping the vegetation, • two (2) reports on set topics (40%) due on the Monday of Weeks 3 and 5 (word-processed

documents only), late penalty of 5% per day applies and • a group plant collection (10%) due on the Monday of Week 5.

FIELD TEST (50%) Each student will complete reports at THREE (3) nominated sites in the field on Day 7 of the course to assess your ability to:

• Identify the flora at the: family, generic & specific levels (progressive scores), • Describe the structure of the vegetation (% cover, approximate height, layers, habit), • Describe the most important ecological factors shaping the vegetation (earth, air, fire & water,

& biotic interactions). Approximately 40 minutes will be allocated at each site. This handbook & written notes may be consulted, but not picture books. Each report is to be handed in at the completion of each site. This is an individual assessment, rather than a group exercise, and so no collaboration is permitted. REPORTS (40%) Each student will present TWO (2) practical reports analyzing data collected in the field. These reports will be written as scientific papers, not as class exercises, in the format suggested by the Scribble site on MyLO, or one of the second year report-writing templates. Each student in a group will choose a different topic and so it is important to collect data for all exercises. Report Topics One (1) of the following:

(a) Changes in community structure & species diversity with altitude; (b) Changes in community structure & composition across marked boundaries, due to fire,

waterlogging and temperature; (c) Effects of fire on alpine communities; (d) Ecological replacement of species within families or genera, e.g. epacrids, proteaceae,

eucalypts; (e) Changes in vegetation types associated the East/West transition in geology & climate; (f) Temporal changes in community structure & composition following disturbance in

Tasmanian lowland forest; (g) Ecology of rainforest moss & liverwort species.

All students will present a report on: • Seedling recruitment in the rare and endangered species, Eucalyptus morrisbyi


ASSESSMENT

7

Acknowledgements: Where data or information is obtained in common with other students, this must be stated. If any section of the essay is written in collaboration with any other student or staff, acknowledgement of the collaboration must be made & its extent defined, e.g. (transect data with B. Smith). PLANT COLLECTION (10%) In an effort to minimize the impact on the flora, & to reduce the (considerable) expense incurred by students, plant collections may be submitted as a group effort (max. no. per group is 5 students). Students will be required to indicate the contribution of the other members of the group (from 0 to 100%) in a confidential covering statement. Each plant collection will consist of a minimum of six (6) representative species from each community. Each specimen should be pressed, mounted on paper, & identified by family, genus & species. It should be described briefly by growth habit, size, habitat, etc. (see labelling requirements below). In addition or as an alternative, students may submit a photographic collection. See Dr Wiltshire for details. A general guide to the collection & preservation of plants A. Collection of Specimens Whenever possible, material should be pressed immediately after collection, & for some species, particularly herbs, this is the only manner in which high quality specimens can be obtained. However, it is not always convenient to carry a field press, & in such circumstances, satisfactory results can be obtained for most species by storing the material in a sealed plastic bag until ready for pressing providing they are stored under cool conditions & pressed within 24-48 hours of collection. B. Choice of Specimens Ideally, all stages in the plant life history should be represented for each species. 1. Ensure that the specimen has flowering or fruiting parts present (particularly for eucalypts & monocots). Vegetative material alone may be exceedingly difficult to identify, & its value for comparative purposes is limited. 2. If the species is herbaceous, try to include the underground parts to show their character. 3. Select healthy specimens free from insect damage, fungal infestation, etc. 4. Choose specimens from typical plants, not from the occasional rare oddity. C. Arrangement of Specimens for Pressing 1. Wherever possible, arrange one or more leaves with the lower side uppermost. 2. Ordinarily, a specimen should be restricted to the size of the pressing paper. 3. Herbaceous specimens longer than the pressing paper may be folded D. Equipment required for Pressing Specimens 1. Plant Press The efficiency of a plant press is determined largely by its ability to hold material under a constant & firm pressure, whilst at the same time, allowing the specimens to dry. Field presses are conventionally comprised of a pair of wood or metal frames which can be tightened as the situation demands. Where weight is not an important factor, the design of presses can be more versatile. Home presses may be constructed from a combination of wooden slabs (to provide a flat base) & bricks, books or sundry other weighty objects to maintain a firm even pressure. 2. Absorbent Paper Absorbent paper is used to remove water as the plant dries. The type of paper may vary, but blotting paper is ideal. Paper hand towels are also satisfactory providing the high profile embossed towels are not used - the pattern may become imprinted on the leaf surfaces, petals, etc. Tissues are not recommended because they become stuck to the specimen & cannot be removed easily. 3. Pressing Paper Pressing paper is used to surround the absorbent paper. Folded newspaper is fine for this purpose. 4. Dividers


ASSESSMENT

8

Dividers provide a firm base for each layer of pressing paper. Theoretically, they are not essential but, in practice, their absence may result in curved or misshapen specimens. E. Pressing Specimens Several sandwich layers arranged in the order, divider, pressing paper, absorbent paper, specimen(s), absorbent paper, pressing paper, divider, are stacked on top of each other, & a firm, even pressure is applied. Care must be taken that excessive pressure is not applied resulting in squashed specimens having a misleading appearance e.g. flat stems that should be round. The amount of pressure is variable depending on the hardness of the specimens involved. F. Drying Specimens Specimens should be arranged appropriately & allowed to press for 24 hours. The press should then be opened & the absorbent papers changed. Specimens are then allowed to dry from 10-14 days. For some species, particularly succulents or nectar producing plants, it may be necessary to change the absorbent paper several times. G. Mounting Specimens 1. Specimens should be mounted on A4 paper & enclosed in clear plastic sheet protectors. 2. Glue or paste is recommended to fasten specimens to the mounting. "Aquadhere" is probably best applied directly from the container or by playing small amounts on a thin lid & continually replacing it as it hardens. A match or small stick is suitable for applying the glue to the specimen. Care must be taken that all parts of the specimen in contact with the paper receive a supply of glue. H. Labelling of Specimens Every specimen should have a label recording relevant data, & should be designed to stand alone. Such data should include:-

1. Species name 2. Family 3. Location - site number is not sufficient GPS must be used 4. Altitude 5. Habitat – incl. associated vegetation type 6. Habit – growth form, height 7. Date 8. Collector's name.

Student group

E G S P E=excellent G=good S=satisfactory P=poor

Species list - complete, in a logical order

Accuracy of Identification

Adequate number of specimens

Labelling - habit, location,etc. in accord with instructions

Pressing of specimens

Presentation (including photographs)

Degree of difficulty (specimens not included in the example herbarium), this is substantial weighting factor on the collection

Field Botany Plant Collection Assessment

General comments

KPA375 Field Botany Report#1 Student name/number……………………………. Mark:

E=Excellent G=Good S=Satisfactory U=Unsatisfactory

Assessment Criteria Rating

Structure

The title is appropriate and informative.

E G S U

The abstract, in one paragraph, briefly summarises the aim of the study, the method used, the main results, and the conclusions.

E G S U

The introduction gives a general background. It finishes with a statement of the hypothesis or primary aim of the study.

E G S U

The methods provide a thorough but concise description of the methodology used in the study. Past tense.

E G S U

The results section:You clearly and concisely describe the results of the study.

E G S U

The discussion starts with a statement of your most important results, then deals with each in relation to the literature.

E G S U

The conclusion is an overview and points to the next direction for study or the wider significance of your findings.

E G S U

Organisation Your report is organised in a logical way with effective use of numbering and headings.

E G S U

Use of Figures and Tables

You label figures and tables appropriately.

E G S U

You appropriately introduce, refer to and discuss the figures and tables.

E G S U

Figures and graphs have appropriate axes, axes labels (with units), and legends. The axes demonstrate a reasonable range of values.

E G S U

The tables present data in an organised way. Columns and rows are labelled and include units.

E G S U

Use of Source Material

Literature relevant to the study is appropriately integrated into the report.

E G S U

You adequately acknowledge your sources.

E G S U

You use a correct and consistent referencing system according to the School of Plant Science guidelines.

E G S U

Style and Grammar

Your writing is clear and succinct.

E G S U

Your writing style is appropriate to the assignment.

E G S U

You use correct written English.

E G S U

Presentation Your report is largely free of errors, demonstrating evidence of proofreading.

E G S U

Comments:


REFERENCE GUIDE

9

Abstracts of many of these references can be found on the website. For a more complete reference list, see Vegetation of Tasmania. Adams, M. & P. Attiwill (1991). “Nutrient balance in forests of northern Tasmania. 1. Atmospheric

inputs & within-stand cycles.” Forest Ecology & Management 44(2-4): 93-113. Adams, M. & P. Attiwill (1991). “Nutrient balance in forests of northern Tasmania. 2. Alteration of

nutrient availability & soil-water chemistry as a result of logging, slash-burning & fertilizer application.” Forest Ecology & Management 44(2-4): 115-131.

Adams, M., P. Attiwill, et al. (1989). “Availability of nitrogen & phosphorus in forest soils in northeastern Tasmania.” Biology & Fertility of Soils 8(3): 212-218.

Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1982). “Nitrogen mineralization & nitrate reduction in forests.” Soil Biol. Biochem. 14(3): 197-202.

Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1984). “Patterns of nitrogen mineralization in 23-year old pine forest following nitrogen fertilizing.” For. Ecol. Manage. 7(4): 241-248.

Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1984). “Role of Acacia Spp. in nutrient balance & cycling in regenerating Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Forests. I: Temporal changes in biomass & nutrient content.” Aust. J. Bot. 32(2): 205-215.

Adams, M. A., P. J. Polglase, et al. (1989). “In situ studies of nitrogen mineralization & uptake in forest soils: Some comments on methodology.” Soil Biol. Biochem. 21(3): 423-429.

Allen, D. (1992). “Blackwood plantations in Tasmania.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 8: viii + 88 pp. Atkin, OK & Collier, DE (1992). Relationship between soil nitrogen & floristic variation in late snow

areas of the Kosciusko alpine region. Aust J. Bot. 40(2), 139-149. Attiwill, P. M. (1986). “Interactions between carbon & nutrients in the forest ecosystem.” Coupling Of

Carbon, Water & Nutrient Interactions In Woody Plant Soil Systems. Proceedings of a Symposium of the International Union Of Forestry Research Organizations. Luxmoore, R.J. 2: 1-3.

Attiwill, P. M. (1994). “The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management.” For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 2-3.

Attiwill, P. M. (1994). “Ecological disturbance & the conservative management of eucalypt forests in Australia.” For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 2-3.

Attiwill, P. M. & M. A. Adams (1993). “Tansley Review No. 50. Nutrient cycling in forests.” New Phytol 124(4): 561-582.

Auld, TD & Morrison, DA 1992. Genetic determination of erect & prostrate growth habit in five shrubs from windswept headlands in the Sydney region. Aust J. Bot 40, 1-11.

Balmer, J., 1990. Two moorland boundaries. Tasforests 2, 133-41. Balmer, J., 1991. Alpine Vegetation. In: Tasmanian Native Bush: A Management Handbook (ed. J.B.

Kirkpatrick), pp. 117-127, Tas. Env. Centre, Hobart. Banks, M.R., 1965. Geology & mineral deposits. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands &

Surveys Department, Hobart. Barker, P., Wardlaw Tj, et al. (1996). “Selection & design of Phytophthora management areas for the

conservation of threatened flora in Tasmania.” Biological Conservation 76(2): 187-193. Barker, P. C. J. (1991). “Podocarpus lawrencei (Hook.f.): Population structure & fire history at

Goonmirk Rocks, Victoria.” Aust. J. Ecol no. 2: pp. Barker, P. C. J. & M. J. Brown (1994). “Anodopetalum biglandulosum: Growth form & abundance in

Tasmanian rainforest.” Aust. J. Ecol no. 4: pp. Bayly-Stark, J., 1987. The Rainforest of Tasmania, Tas.Govt. Printer, Hobart. Bennett, L. T., C. J. Weston, et al. (1996). “The effects of fertilizers on early growth & foliar nutrient

concentrations of three plantation eucalypts on high quality sites in Gippsland, southeastern Australia.” For. Ecol. Manage. 89: 1-3.

Bowman, D. M. J. S. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1984). “Geographic variation in the demographic structure of stands of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker on dolerite in Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr. 11(5): 427-437.

Bowman, D.M.J.S., & Jackson, W.D., 1981. Vegetation Succession in Southwest Tasmania. Search 12, 358-352.

Bowman, D. M. J. S., A. R. Maclean, et al. (1986). “Vegetation-soil relations in the lowlands of south-west Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 11(2): 141-153.

Brasell, H. M. & J. P. Mattay (1984). “Colonization by bryophytes of burned Eucalyptus forest in Tasmania, Australia: Changes in biomass & element content.” Bryologist no. 4: pp.


REFERENCE GUIDE

10

Bridle, K & J.B. Kirkpatrick (1997). Local environmental correlates of variability in the organic soils of moorland & alpine vegetation, Mt Sprent, Tasmania. Aust. J. Ecology 22, 196-205.

Brown, M. J., R. K. Crowden, et al. (1982). “Vegetation of an Alkaline Pan -- Acidic Peat Mosaic in the Hardwood River Valley, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 7(1): 3-12.

Brown, M. J., J. B. Kirkpatrick, et al. (1983). “Conservation status of endemic vascular plants in alpine Tasmania.” Mountain Ecology In The Australian Region. Purdie, R.W. 12(12): 168-169.

Brown, M. J. & F. Podger (1982). “On the apparent anomaly between observed & predicted percentages of vegetation types in south-west Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol no. 2: pp.

Brown, M. J. & F. D. Podger (1982). “Floristics & fire regimes of a vegetation sequence from sedgeland-heath to rainforest at Bathurst Harbour, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot. 30(6): 659-676.

Brown, M. J., D. A. Ratkowsky, et al. (1984). “A comparison of detrended correspondence analysis & principal co-ordinates analysis using four sets of Tasmanian vegetation data.” Aust. J. Ecol. 9(3): 273-279.

Campbell, E. O. (1983). “Mires of Australasia.” Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen & Moor. Regional Studies. Gore, A.J.P. ed.

Carr, S.G.M. & Turner, J.S., 1959. The ecology of the Bogong High Plains I & II. Aust. J. Bot. 7, 12-33; 34-63.

Chambers, D. & P. Attiwill (1994). “The ash-bed effect in Eucalyptus regnans forest: chemical, physical & microbiological changes in soil after heating or partial sterilisation.” Australian Journal of Botany 42(6): 739-749.

Colhoun, E. A. (1985). “Pre-last glaciation maximum vegetation history at Henty Bridge, Western Tasmania.” New Phytol 100(4): 681-690.

Colhoun, E. a. (1992). “Late glacial & Holocene vegetation history at Poets Hill Lake, western Tasmania.” Australia Geographer 23(1): 11-23.

Collins, K. 1990. South-West Tasmania. A natural history & visitor's guide. Heritage Books. Hobart Costin, A.B., 1957. The high mountain vegetation of Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 5, 173-189. Costin, A. B. (1983). “Mountain lands in the Australian region: Some principles of use &

management.” Mountain Ecology In The Australian Region. Purdie, R.W. 12(12): 1-13. Costin, AB et al. (2000). “Kosciuszko Alpine Flora. 2nd Edn.” CSIRO, Collingwood. Cowling, RM & Wittowski, ETC (1994). Convergence & non convergence of plant traits in climatically

& edaphically matched sites in Mediterranean Australia & South Africa. Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 220-232.

Cullen, P. J. (1987). “Regeneration patterns in populations of Athrotaxis selaginoides D. Don. from Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr 14: 39-51.

Cullen, P., 1991. Rainforest. In: Tasmanian Native Bush: A Management Handbook (ed. J.B. Kirkpatrick), pp. 117-127, Tas. Env. Centre, Hobart.

Curtis, W.M. & Morris, D.L. The Student’s Flora of Tasmania, Parts 1-4b. Govt. Printer, Hobart. Davidson, N. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1987). “Gene flow between three eucalyptus species at Snug

Plains.” Papers & Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 121: 101-108. Davidson, N.J., Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B., 1981. Eucalypts. In: Vegetation of Tasmania (ed. W.D.

Jackson), pp. 136-159. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Frost as a factor influencing the growth & distribution of

subalpine eucalypts.” Aust. J. Bot 33: 657-667. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1987). “The influence of hardening & waterlogging on the frost

resistance of subalpine eucalypts.” Aust. J. Bot 35: 91-101. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1989). “Response of eucalypt species to drought.” Aust. J. Ecol 14, 139-

156. Davies, J (1983). “Huon Pine Survey 1983”. National Parks & Wildlife Service, Hobart. Davies, J.L., 1965. Landform. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department,

Hobart. Duncan, F. (1989). “Systematic affinities, hybridisation & clinal variation within Tasmanian eucalypts.”

Tasforests 1(1): 13-25. Duncan, F. & D. Duncan (1984). “A dry sclerophyll woodland mosaic: Vegetation of Cherry Tree Hill,

near Cranbrook, Tasmania.” Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., Launceston.(85). Duncan, F. & Kiernan K (1989). “Drought damage in a Tasmanian forest on limestone.” Helictite

27(2): 83-86.


REFERENCE GUIDE

11

Dungey, H. S., B. M. Potts, et al. (1997). “Mycosphaerella leaf disease: Genetic variation in damage to Eucalyptus nitens, E. globulus & their F1 hybrid.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research: in press.

Ellis, R. C. & A. M. Graley (1983). “Gains & losses in soil nutrients associated with harvesting & burning eucalypt rainforest. Plant & Soil 74, 437-450..” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(3): 307-317.

Ellis, R. C. & A. M. Graley (1987). “Soil chemical properties as related to forest succession in a highland area in north-east Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(3): 307-317.

Ellis, R. C. & P. I. Pennington (1989). “Nitrification in soils of secondary vegetational successions from Eucalyptus forest & grassland to cool temperate rainforest in Tasmania.” Plant Soil 115(1): 59-73.

Ellis, R. C. & P. I. Pennington (1992). “Factors affecting the growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis seedlings in inhibitory forest & grassland soils.” Plant Soil 145: 93-105.

Fensham, R. (1992). “The management implications of fine fuel dynamics in bushlands surrounding Hobart, Tasmania.” Journal of Environmental Management 36(4): 301-320.

Fensham, R. & J. Kirkpatrick (1992). “The eucalypt forest-grassland/grassy woodland boundary in central Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 40(2): 123-138.

Fensham, R. J. (1989). “The pre-European vegetation of the Midlands, Tasmania: A floristic & historical analysis of vegetation patterns.” J. Biogeogr. 16(1): 29-45.

Forestry (1995). “The rainforest map of Tasmania.” 1(1). Friend, AD & Woodward, FI. (1991). Evolutionary & ecophysiological processes of mountain plants to

the growing season environment. Advances in Ecological Research 20, 60-112. Frey, W. & P. Dalton (1996). “Hypnodendron comosum-community in Tasmania.” Nova Hedwigia

62(1-2): 215-220. Fuhrer, B. & R. Robinson (1992). “Rainforest fungi of Tasmania & south-east Australia.” 95(15). Gibson, N. (1986). “Conservation & Management of Huon Pine in Tasmania.” National Parks &

Wildlife Service, Hobart. Gibson, N., 1984. Impact of trampling on bolster heath communities of Mt Field National Park,

Tasmania, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. vol. 118, 47-52. Gibson, N. (1990). “The environments & primary production of cushion species at Mt Field & Mt

Wellington, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 38, 229-244. Gibson, N (1991). The anatomy & morphology of four cushion plants. In: “Aspects of Tasmanian

Botany: A Tribute to Winifred Curtis.” (Ed. MR Banks, et al.). Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart,pp.231-238.

Gibson, N., Brown MJ, et al. (1992). “Flora & vegetation of ultramafic areas in Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Ecology 17(3): 297-303.

Gibson, N., Davies J, & Brown, MJ. (1991). “The ecology of Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook. f.) Quinn (Podocarpaceae) in Tasmania. 1. Distribution, floristics & environmental correlates.” Australian Journal of Ecology 16(2): 215-222.

Gibson, N. & Hope, G. 1986. On the origin & evolution of Australasian alpine cushion plants: In Barlow, B.A. (ed.), Flora & fauna of alpine Australasia CSIRO, Melbourne.

Gibson, N. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1985). “A comparison of the cushion plant communities of New Zealand & Tasmania.” N.Z. J. Bot no. 4: pp.

Gibson, N. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1985). “Vegetation & flora associated with localized snow accumulation at Mount Field West, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 10(2): 91-99.

Goodwin, A. (1990). “Thinning response in eucalypt regrowth.” Tasforests 2(1): 27-35. Gore, AJP (1983). “Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen & Moor.” Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,

Amsterdam. Grant, J., Laffan M, et al. (1995). “Mapping State Forest soils in Tasmania.” ACLEP Newsletter 4(2):

16-19. Grant, J., Laffan Md, et al. (1995). “Forest soils of Tasmania: a handbook for identification &

management.” 189(5). Grierson, P. & P. Attiwill (1989). “Chemical characteristics of the proteoid root mat of Banksia

integrifolia L.” Australian Journal of Botany 37(2): 137-143. Grierson, P. F., M. A. Adams, et al. (1992). “Estimates of carbon storage in the above-ground

biomass of Victoria's forests.” Aust. J. Bot. 40: 4-5. Groves, RH (1994). “Australian Vegetation.2nd Ed.” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Halloy, S. (1983). The use of convergence & divergence in the interpretation of adaptation in high

mountain biota. Evolutionary Theory 6, 232-255.


REFERENCE GUIDE

12

Hardner, C. M. & B. M. Potts (1995). “Inbreeding depression & changes in variation after selfing in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus.” Silvae Genet 44: 46-54.

Hardner, C. M., et al. (1996). “Stand density influences outcrossing rate & growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus.” Silvae Genet ?: pp.

Harle, K. J., A. P. Kershaw, et al. (1993). “Palaeoecological analysis of an isolated stand of Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. in eastern Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 18(2): 161-170.

Hickey, J. & M. Savva (1992). “The extent, regeneration & growth of Tasmanian lowland mixed forest.”Tasmanian Lowland Mixed Forest, Forestry Commission, Hobart.

Hickey, J. E. (1994). “A floristic comparison of vascular species in Tasmanian oldgrowth mixed forest with regeneration resulting from logging & wildfire.” Aust. J. Bot 42: 383-404.

Hickey, J. E., A. J. Blakesley, et al. (1983). “Seedfall & germination of Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst., Eucryphia lucida (Labill.) Baill & Atherosperma moschatum Labill.: Implications for regeneration practice.” Aust. For. Res no. 1: pp.

Hill, R. & Scriven Lj (1995). “The angiosperm-dominated woody vegetation of Antarctica: a review.” Review of Palaeobotany & Palynology 86(3-4): 175-198.

Hill, R. S. (1982). “Rainforest fire in western Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 30: 583-589. Hill, R. S. & N. Gibson (1986). “Distribution of potential macrofossils in Lake Dobson, Tasmania.” J.

Ecol. 74(2): 373-384. Hill, R. S. & J. Read (1984). “Post-fire regeneration of rainforest & mixed forest in western Tasmania.”

Aust. J. Bot. 32(5): 481-493. Hopmans, P, Stewart, HTL & Flinn, DW (1993). Impacts of harvesting on nutrients in a eucalypt

ecosystem in southeastern Australia. Forest Ecology & Management 59, 29-51. Horne, R. & J. Hickey (1991). “Review. Ecological sensitivity of Australian rainforests to selective

logging.” Australian Journal of Ecology 16(1): 119-129. Jackson, W.D., 1965. The vegetation. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys

Department, Hobart. Jackson, W.D., 1968. Fire, air, water & earth, an elemental ecology of Tasmania. Proc. Ecol. Soc.

Aust. 3, 9-16. Jackson, W.D. 1973. Vegetation of the central plateau. In: Banks (ed. M.R. Banks), The lake country,

pp. 61-85. Jackson, W.D., 1981. Vegetation of Tasmania. University of Tasmania. Jackson, W.D., & Bowman, D.M.J.S. 1982. Reply: Ecological Drift or Fire Cycles in South West

Tasmania. Search 13, 175-176. Jarman, S. J. & M. J. Brown (1983). “A definition of cool temperate rainforest in Tasmania.” Search

14: 81-87. Jarman, S. J. & J. E. Hickey (1996). “The Tasmanian component of the National Rainforest

Conservation Program - summary of projects.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 16: 61 pp. Jarman, S. & G. Kantvilas (1995). “Epiphytes on an old Huon pine tree (Lagarostrobos franklinii) in

Tasmanian rainforest.” New Zealand Journal of Botany 33(1): 65-78. Jarman, S. & G. Kantvilas (1995). “A floristic study of rainforest bryophytes & lichens in Tasmania's

myrtle-beech [Nothofagus cunninghamii] alliance.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 14, v + 55 pp.; 47 ref. (Forestry Commission): Tasmamia.

Jordan, G., R. Carpenter, et al. (1991). “Late Pleistocene vegetation & climate near Melaleuca Inlet, south-western Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 39(4): 315-333.

Jordan, G. J., N. M. G. Borralho, et al. (1994). “Identification of races in Eucalyptus globulus ssp globulus based on growth traits in Tasmania & geographic distribution.” Silvae Genet 43: 292-298.

Jordan, G et al. (1992). The effects of fire intensity on the regeneration of mixed forest tree species in the Clear Hill/Mount Wedge are. Tasforests 4, 25-38.

Jordan, G. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1993). “Variation in the Eucalyptus globulus complex revisited.” Aust. J. Bot 41: 763-785.

Judd, T. S., L. T. Bennett, et al. (1996). “The response of growth & foliar nutrients to fertilizers in young Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) plantations in Gippsland, southeastern Australia.” For. Ecol. Manage. 82: 1-3.

Kantvilas, G. (1988). “Tasmanian rainforest lichen communities: A preliminary classification.” Phytocoenologia 16: 391-428.

Kantvilas, G. & P. W. James (1987). “The macrolichens of Tasmanian rainforest: Key & notes.” Lichenologist 19: 1-28.


REFERENCE GUIDE

13

Kantvilas, G. & S. J. Jarman (1993). “The cryptogamic flora of an isolated rainforest fragment in Tasmania.” Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 111(2): 211-228.

Kile, G., J. Packham, et al. (1989). “Myrtle wilt & its possible management in association with human disturbance of rainforest in Tasmania.” Special issue: Workshop on forest health in the South Pacific, Rotorua, 30 31 May & 1 June 1989 19(2-3): 256-264.

Kirkpatrick, J. (1990). “A synusia-based mapping system for the conservation management of natural vegetation, with an example from Tasmania, Australia.” Biological Conservation 53(2): 93-104.

Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1982). “Phytogeographical Analysis of Tasmanian Alpine Floras.” J. Biogeogr. 9(3): 255-271.

Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1983). “Treeless plant communities of the Tasmanian High Country.” MOUNTAIN ECOLOGY IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. Purdie, R.W. 12: 61-77.

Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1986). “Conservation of plant species, alliances & associations of the treeless high country of Tasmania, Australia.” Biol. Conserv. 37(1): 43-58.

Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1997). “Alpine Tasmania.” (Oxford University Press, Oxford). Kirkpatrick, J. B. & Bridle, K. (1999). Environment & floristics of ten Australian alpine vegetation

formations. Aust. J. Bot 47, 1-21. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & M. J. Brown (1984). “A numerical analysis of Tasmanian higher plant endemism.”

Bot. J. Linn. Soc no. 3: pp. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & M. J. Brown (1987). “The nature of the transition from sedgeland to alpine

vegetation in south-west Tasmania. I. Altitudinal vegetation change on four mountains.” J. Biogeogr. 14(6): 539-549.

Kirkpatrick, J. B. & K. J. M. Dickinson (1984). “The impact of fire on Tasmanian alpine vegetation & soils.” Aust. J. Bot 32, 613-629.

Kirkpatrick, J. B. & F. Duncan (1987). “Tasmanian high altitude grassy vegetation: Its distribution, community composition & conservation status.” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(1): 73-86.

Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Gibson, N. 1984. Dynamics of a Tasmanian bolster heath string fen. Vegetatio 58, 71-78.

Kirkpatrick, J. & Gilfedder L (1995). “Maintaining integrity compared with maintaining rare & threatened taxa in remnant bushland in subhumid Tasmania.” Biological Conservation 74(1): 1-8.

Kirkpatrick, J. B. & C. E. Harwood (1983). “Plant communities of Tasmanian wetlands.” Aust. J. Bot. 31(5): 437-451.

Kirkpatrick, J.B., Minchin, P.R. & Davies, J.B. 1985. Floristic composition & macroenvironmental relationships of Tasmanian vegetation containing bolster plants. Vegetatio. 63, pp. 89-96.

Ladd, P., D. Orchiston, et al. (1992). “Holocene vegetation history of Flinders Island.” New Phytologist 122(4): 757-767.

Laffan, M. (1995). “Assessment & classification of site productivity & land suitability for Eucalypt [Eucalyptus] plantations in Tasmania.” ACLEP Newsletter 4(2): 12-16.

Li, H., J. L. Madden, et al. (1995). “Variation in volatile leaf oils of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus species - 1. Subgenus Monocalyptus.” Biochemical Systematics & Ecology 23(3): 299-318.

Li, H., J. L. Madden, et al. (1996). “Variation in volatile leaf oils of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus species II. Subgenus Symphyomyrtus.” Biochem. Syst. Ecol X: pp.

Lynch, A. J. J. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1995). “Pattern & process in alpine vegetation & landforms at Hill One, Southern Range, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 43: 537-554.

Macphail, M.K. 1979. Vegetation & climates in Southern Tasmania since the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Research 11, 306-41.

Macphail, M. K. & E. A. Colhoun (1985). “Late last glacial vegetation, climates & fire activity in southwest Tasmania.” Search 16: 1-2.

Macphail, M., G. Jordan, et al. (1993). “Key periods in the evolution of the flora & vegetation in western Tasmania I. the early-middle Pleistocene.” Australian Journal of Botany 41(6): 673-707.

Macphail, M.K. & Peterson, J.A. 1975. New deglaciation dates from Tasmania. Search 6, 127-30. Maheswaran, J. & P. M. Attiwill (1987). “Loss of organic matter, elements, an organic fractions in

decomposing Eucalyptus microcarpa leaf litter.” Can. J. Bot.. 65(12): 2601-2606. Marsden Smedley, J. & W. Catchpole (1995). “Fire behaviour modelling in Tasmanian buttongrass

moorlands. I. Fuel characteristics.” International Journal of Wildland Fire 5(4): 203-214. Marsden Smedley, J. & Catchpole Wr (1995). “Fire behaviour modelling in Tasmanian buttongrass

moorlands. II. Fire behaviour.” International Journal of Wildland Fire 5(4): 215-228.


REFERENCE GUIDE

14

McCormick, N. (1991). “Lowland dry eucalypt forests.” Technical Bulletin Native Forest Silviculture, Forestry Commission, Tasmania(3).

McCormick, N. & J. Cunningham (1989). “Uneven-aged forest management in Tasmania's dry sclerophyll forests.” Tasforests 1(1): 5-12.

Minchin, P. R. (1989). “Montane vegetation of the Mt. Field massif, Tasmania: A test of some hypotheses about properties of community patterns.” Vegetatio 83: 1-2.

Moore, A. & I. Noble (1990). “An individualistic model of vegetation stand dynamics.” Journal of Environmental Management 31(1): 61-81.

Mount, A.B. (1982). Fire-cycles or succession in S.W. Tasmania. Search 13, 174-175. Nesbitt, K. A., B. M. Potts, et al. (1995). “Partitioning & distribution of RAPD variation in a forest tree

species, Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae).” HEREDITY 1995 vol 74: 628-637. Neyland, M. & M. Brown (1994). “Disturbance of cool temperate rainforest patches in eastern

Tasmania.” Australian Forestry 57(1): 1-10. Neyland, M. & J. Hickey (1990). “Leatherwood silviculture - implications for apiculture.” Tasforests

2(1): 63-72. Neyland, M. G. & M. J. Brown (1994). “Disturbance of cool temperate rainforest patches in eastern

Tasmania.” Australian Forestry 57(1): 1-10. Nicholls, K.D. & Dimmock, G.M. 1965. Soils. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands &

Surveys Department, Hobart. Nunez, M., Kirkpatrick Jb, et al. (1996). “Rainfall estimation in south-west Tasmania using satellite

images & phytosociological calibration.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 17(8): 1583-1600.

Olesen, T. (1994). “Light climate as a factor in the morphological variation of Atherosperma moschatum in a Tasmanian forest.” Australian Journal of Ecology 19(1): 40-45.

Ogden, J. 1978. Investigation of the dendrochronology of the genus Athrotaxis D. Don (Taxoidiaceae) in Tasmania. Tree Ring Bull. 38, 1-13.

Ogden, J. & POWELL, J.A. 1979. A quantitative description of the forest vegetation on an altitudinal gradient in the Mt. Field National Park, Tasmania, & a discussion of its history & dynamics. Aust. J. Ecol. 193-325.

Pannell, J. (1992). “Swamp Forests of Tasmania.” Forestry Commission, Hobart. Pemberton, M., 1989. Land Systems of Tasmania, Region 7: South West. Dept Agriculture, Hobart. Peterson, M. (1990). “Distribution & Conservation of Huon Pine.” Forestry Commission Tasmania,

Hobart. Podger, F., T. Bird, et al. (1988). “Human activity, fire & change in the forest at Hogsback Plain,

Southern Tasmania.” Proceedings of the First national conference on Australian forest history, Canberra.

Podger, F. & M. Brown (1989). “Vegetation damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi on disturbed sites in temperate rainforest in western Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 37(6): 443-480.

Podger, F., C. Palzer, et al. (1990). “A guide to the Tasmanian distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi & its effects on native vegetation.” Tasforests 2(1): 13-20.

Polglase, P. & P. Attiwill (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. I. Return from plant to soil in litterfall.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 157-166.

Polglase, P., P. Attiwill, et al. (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. II. N mineralization & nitrification.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 167-176.

Polglase, P., P. Attiwill, et al. (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. III. Labile inorganic & organic P, phosphatase activity & P availability.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 177-185.

Polglase, P. J., P. M. Attiwill, et al. (1986). “Immobilization of soil nitrogen following wildfire in two eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia.” Acta Oecol. Oecol. Plant. 7(3): 261-271.

Potts, B. M. (1983). Phenetic variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. Colloque International sur les Eucalyptus résistants au Froid, Bordeaux, France, AFOCEL.

Potts, B. M. (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii- archeri complex. 111. Reciprocal transplant trials.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 687-704.

Potts, B. M. (1985). Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex on the Central Plateau, Tasmania. Current Research on Tasmanian High Altitude Eucalypt Forests, Hobart, Tasmania, Department of Geography, University of Tasmania.


REFERENCE GUIDE

15

Potts, B. M. (1986). “Population dynamics & regeneration of a hybrid zone between Eucalyptus risdonii Hook. f. & E. amygdalina Labill.” Aust. J. Bot 34: 305-329.

Potts, B. M. & W. D. Jackson (1986). Evolutionary processes in the Tasmanian high altitude eucalypts. Flora & Fauna of Alpine Australasia. Ages & Origins. B. A. Barlow. Melbourne, CSIRO: 511-527.

Potts, B. M. & G. J. Jordan (1994). “The spatial pattern & scale of variation in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus: Variation in seedling abnormalities & early growth.” Aust. J. Bot 42: 471-492.

Potts, B. M., W. C. Potts, et al. (1987). “Inbreeding & interspecific hybridization in Eucalyptus gunnii.” Silvae Genet 36 194-198.

Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1983). “Hybridization between Eucalyptus obliqua l'Herit. & E. pulchella Desf.” Aust. J. Bot 31: 211-229.

Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. I. Variation in the adult phenotype.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 337-359.

Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. II. The origin of variation.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 519-541.

Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1988). “Hybridisation as a dispersal mechanism.” Evolution 42: 1245-1255. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1990). “The evolutionary significance of hybridization in Eucalyptus.”

Evolution 44: 2151-2152. Potts, B. M. & R. J. E. Wiltshire (1997). Ch 4. Eucalypt genetics & genecology. Eucalypt Ecology:

Individuals to Ecosystems. J. Williams & J. Woinarski. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 56-91.

Read, J. (1995). “The importance of comparative growth rates in determining the canopy composition of Tasmanian rainforest.” Australian Journal of Botany 43(3): 243-271.

Read, J. & J. R. Busby (1990). “Comparative response to temperature of the major canopy species of Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest & their ecological significance. II. Net photosynthesis & climate analysis.” Australian Journal of Botany 38(2): 185-205.

Read, J. & R. S. Hill (1983). “Rainforest invasion onto Tasmanian old-fields.” Aust. J. Ecol 8: 149-161. Read, J. & R. S. Hill (1988). “The dynamics of some rainforest associations in Tasmania.” J. Ecol.

76(2): 558-584. Reid, JB, Hill, RS, Brown, M & Hovenden, M (1999). Vegetation of Tasmania ABRS, Canberra. Sale, M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Molecular differentiation within & between Eucalyptus risdonii, E.

amygdalina & their hybrids using RAPD markers.” Australian Journal of Botany 44: 559-569.

Sale, M. M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Molecular differentiation within & between Eucalyptus risdonii, E. amygdalina & their hybrids using RAPD markers.” Aust. J. Bot ?: pp.

Sale, M. M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Relationships within Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) using PCR-amplification & southern hybridisation of chloroplast DNA.” Australian Systematic Botany 9: 273-282.

Scanlon, A.P., Graham, J.F. & Yaxley, M.L. (eds). 1990. Behind the Scenery. Dept. of Education & the Arts, Tasmania.

Schemske, D. W. & M. T. Morgan (1990). “The evolutionary significance of hybridization in Eucalyptus.” Evolution publ. 1991, 44(8): 2150-2151.

Shapcott, A. (1995). “The spatial genetic structure in natural populations of the Australian temperate rainforest tree Atherosperma moschatum (Labill.) (Monimiaceae).” Heredity 74(1): 28-38.

Shapcott, A., M. J. Brown, et al. (1996). “Stand structure, reproductive activity & sex expression in Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook L.) Quinn.).” J. Biogeogr ?: pp.

Shaw, M. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1984). “Variation within & between Eucalyptus nitida Hook.f. & E. coccifera Hook.f.” Australian Journal of Botany 32: 641-654.

Skinner, M. F. & P. M. Attiwill (1981). “The Productivity of Pine Plantations in Relation to Previous Land Use II. Phosphorus Adsorption Isotherms & the Growth of Pine Seedlings.” Plant & Soil 61(3): 329-339.

Smith, J. M. B. (1981). “Colonist Ability, Altitudinal Range & Origins of the Flora of Mt. Field, Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr ?: pp.

Steane, D. A., M. Byrne, et al. (1998). “Chloroplast DNA polymorphism signals complex interspecific interactions in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae).” Australian Journal of Systematic Botany 11: in press.

Thomas, I. & G. Hope (1994). “An example of Holocene vegetation stability from Camerons Lagoon, a near treeline site on the Central Plateau, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 19(2): 150-158.


REFERENCE GUIDE

16

Thomas, I. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1996). “The roles of coastlines, people & fire in the development of heathlands in northeast Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr. 23(5): 717-728.

Tyler, P. A. (1992). “A lakeland from the Dreamtime. The Second Founders' Lecture.” Br. Phycol. J ?. ?.

Tyson, M. (1995). The determination of size & the estimation of age of genotypes in a mallee eucalypt stand, University of Tasmania.

Wakefield, N.A. 1955. Ferns of Victoria & Tasmania. Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Melbourne. Wang, L., P. M. Attiwill, et al. (1996). “Fertilizer impacts on the understorey of a regenerating

mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forest, Victoria.” Aust. J. Ecol. 21(4): 459-463.

West, P. & G. Osler (1995). “Growth response to thinning & its relation to site resources in Eucalyptus regnans.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25(1): 69-80.

West, P. W. & K. F. Wells (1992). “Method of application of a model to predict the light environment of individual tree crowns & its use in a eucalypt forest.” Ecological Modelling 60(3-4): 199-231.

Weston, C. J. & P. M. Attiwill (1990). “Effects of fire & harvesting on nitrogen transformations & ionic mobility in soils of Eucalyptus regnans forests of south-eastern Australia.” Oecologia 83(1): 20-26.

Weston, C. J. & P. M. Attiwill (1996). “Clearfelling & burning effects on nitrogen mineralization & leaching in soils of old-age Eucalyptus regnans forests.” For. Ecol. Manage. 89: 1-3.

Whitham, T. G., P. A. Morrow, et al. (1994). “Plant hybrid zones as centers of biodiversity: The herbivore community of two endemic Tasmanian eucalypts.” Oecologia 97, 481-490.

Wilkinson, G., M. Battaglia, et al. (1993). “Silvicultural use & effects of fire.” Technical Bulletin Native Forest Silviculture, Forestry Commission, Tasmania No. 11, 60 pp.; (Forestry Commission): Tasmania.

Wilkinson, G. & W. Neilsen (1995). “Implications of early browsing damage on the long term productivity of eucalypt forests.” Forest Ecology & Management 74(1-3): 117-124.

Williams, K., F. Duncan, et al. (1990). “Biological conservation in Tasmania's production forests.” Tasforests 2(1): 73-78.

Williams, RJ (1987). Patterns of air temperature & accumulation of snow in subalpine heathlands & grasslands on the Bogong High Plains, Victoria. Aust. J. Ecol. 12: 153-163.

Willis, J.H. 1970. A Handbook of Plants in Victoria Vol.. 1 & 2, 2nd edn. Melb. Univ. Press, Melbourne.

Wiltshire, R.J.E 1992. Section III. Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G.Brett. In Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. Reid, J.B. & Brown, M.J. (Eds): Conservation of Endangered Species of Eucalypts in Tasmania. A report to the World Wildlife Fund.

Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B. (1991). Phenetic affinities, variability & conservation status of a rare Tasmanian endemic, Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G. Brett. In Banks, M.R. et al. (Eds): Aspects of Tasmanian Botany – A tribute to Winifred Curtis. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 31:213-229.

Wiltshire, R. J. E., B. M. Potts, (1991). “A paedomorphocline in Eucalyptus: Natural variation in the E. risdonii/E. tenuiramis complex.” Aust. J. Bot. 39: 545-66.

Wiltshire, R. J. E., B. M. Potts, & Reid, J.B. (1992). “A paedomorphocline in Eucalyptus . II. Variation in seedling morphology in the E. risdonii /E. tenuiramis complex.” Aust. J. Bot 40: 789-805.

Yeats, GW & Lee, WG (1997). Burning in a New Zealand snow-tussock grassland: effects on vegetation & soil fauna. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21, 73-79.


TABLE 1 PLANT NAME DERIVATIONS

17

Acacia Gk. for a prickly Egyptian shrub acculeata pointed, referring to the leaves acetosus having an acid taste adscendens rising upwards, ref. to the tendency of the flowering branchlets to stand erect aestivus, aestivalis of summer agrestis of fields or cultivated land alatus winged albus white alpestris, alpinus of the Alps or high mountains altissimus very tall altus tall, high angustatus narrow, slender Anopterus anomes= iregular; pteris= a wing, the seed has unequal wings apetala without petals arborescens treelike archeri, Archeria William Archer of Cheshunt near Deloraine - illustrator of Flora Tasmanie (1860) argenteus silvery Aristotelia thought to be in honour ofAristotle Atherosperma Gk. atheros= the beard of an ear of corn; sperm= a seed aureus golden yellow australis southern axillaris indicates that the flowers are in the axils of the leaves Banksia Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820) Bedfordia Randolf Bedford Bellendena beautiful native Billardiera Jacques Julien Labillardiere - Bruni D'Entrecasteaux Blandfordia possibly to honour son of a Duke of Marlborough Boronia Francesco Borone - Italian plant collector Brachycome Gk. brachys= short; comas= hair; ref. to the short pappus hair aroung the florets caeruleus sky blue caesius blue grey Caladenia Gk. kalos= beautiful; aden= a knob, ref. to the long slender flower parts end in dark clubs calcaratus spurred Callistemon Gk. kallistos= most beautiful; stemon= a stamen campanulatus bell-like campestris of fields Cassinia Count Alexandre Henri-Gabriel Cassini (1748-1832), a French botanist,who specialized in the Compositae castaneus chestnut coloured caudata tailed cerinthoides like Cerinthe, the honeywort or wax plant in the family Boraginaceae cinereus ash grey clavatus club shaped Clematis Gk. small vine coccineus scarlet collinus of hills comosus, comatus tufted concolor uniform in colour Coprosma Gk. kopros= dung; osme= smell corniculatus, cornutus having a hornlike appendage costatus, costatalis ribbed crassus thick, fleshy cyaneus dark blue Cyathodes cup-like, ref. to the flower dealbata off-white or silver derwentiana belonging to the Derwent River diemensis from Van Diemens Land Dillwynia LW Dillwyn (1778-1855) - English botanist Diplarrhena ????? discolor not uniform in colour dracophylla leaves resembling those of the Dragon Tree Drimys Gk. drimus - acid dulcis sweet dumosus bushy echinatus spiny edulis used for food elatus tall elodes of marshes ensatus swordlike Epacris Gk. epi= upon; akros= the top, ref. to ??? Eriostemon hairy stamens esculentus edible Eucalyptus Gk. eu= well; kalyptos= covered, ref. to the operculum Eucryphia Gk. eu= well; kryphia= covering, the calyx forms a cap ferrugineus rust coloured flabellatus fanlike flavus pale yellow flexuosus bending alternately in opposite directions floribunda many-flowered floribundus flowering profusely fluitans floating fluviatilis of rivers foetidus foul smelling



18

fontinalis, fontanus of springs Forstera JR Forster & JGA Forster - Cook's 2nd voyage forsteri JR Forster & JGA Forster - Cook's 2nd voyage franklinii Sir John Franklin - naval Governor of VDL fulgens, fulgidus bright, shining fulvus yellow brown furcatus forked gelidus of cold regions Gentianella little gentian - from Gentius, King of Illyria who found the healing properties in the Yellow Gentian of Europe gentianoides leaves like those of a small gentian glandulosus small swellings or glands on the serrations of the leaf globulus a small globe glutinosus sticky Goodenia Samuel Goodenough (1743-1827) - Bishop, V.P. of Roy. Soc. gracilis slender graveolens strong smelling gunnii Ronald Campbell Gunn of Launceston hederaceus ivy-like Helichrysum Gk. helios= sun; khrysos= gold hepaticus liver coloured Hibbertia George Hibbert - London merchant hibernus, hiemalis of winter hirsutus hairy hookeri Joseph Dalton Hooker, visited Hobart 1840, Surgeon -General hookeriana Joseph Dalton Hooker, visited Hobart 1840, Surgeon -General horridus very bristly humulis dwarf impressa dented, ref. to the impressions at the base of the corrolla incarnatus flesh coloured indicus of India Indigophera Indigo - Indian blue dye; fero= I carry insignis outstanding integrifolius having entire leaves johnstonii RM Johnston - junceus rushlike lacustris of lakes or ponds laevigatus smooth, polished lanatus, lanosus woolly lanceolata leaves shaped like lance-heads lasianthos Gk.lasios= hairy; anthos= a flower latifolius having broad leaves Leptospermum Gk. leptos= slender; sperma= seed leucanthus having white flowers limosus of muddy places lineatus marked with parellel lines littoralis of the seashore Lomatia Gk. lomatos= an edge, ref. to the winged seeds longiflora long flower luteus deep yellow Lyperanthos Gk. lyperos= mournful; anthos= flower major the larger marginata ref. to the tightly rolled leaf margins meredithae Louise Meredith - illustrator & author of popular books on plants & animals milliganii Dr Joseph Milligan - naturalist, Sec. to the Governor mollis softly hairy monogyna incorrectly indicates that the style is undivided - the plant has 3 free styles montana of the mountains montanus, monticolus of the mountains moraea from resemblance to S. African Butterfly Iris, named in honour of Robert Moore - English botanist (18th C) moschatum with a musky scent, ref. to ??????? nanus dwarf natans floating on or under water nemoralis, nemorosus of shade or woodlands niger black nivalis, niveus, nivea snow white, of the snow Nothofagus Gk. nothos= false; fagus= beech nudus naked nutans nodding, hanging occidentalis western, American officinalis having medical use Olearia probably from Olea, the olive, from the resemblance of the leaves in some species orientalis eastern, Asian ovata egg-shaped, ref. to the leaves paludosus, palustris of bogs, marshes, or swamps parvifolia small leaves parvus small peduncularis long flower stalk pilosa covered with distinct hairs Pimelea Gk. pimele= fat, ref. to the cotyledons plenus, pleniformis full, double Pomaderris Gk. poma = a lid; derris = skin, referring to the fact that the fruit opens by a thin lid pratensis of meadows Prionotes Gk. prion= a saw, ref. to the leaf margins procumbens prostrate or procumbent habit Prostanthera Gk. prostheke= appendage; anthera= anther, ref. to the projection on the anther



19

pulcher beautiful punicea Gk. puniceus= scarlet, from Punica, the pomegranate, which bears dark scarlet flowers purpurascens purplish of turing purple pusillus very small; weak quadrifida split into four ramosus branched ramulosa ramulus= a small branch reniformis kidney shaped repens, reptans creeping, prostrate Richea CAG Riche - botanist with D'Entrecasteaux riparius growing by rivers or streams rivularis, rivalis growing by streams or brooks rodwayi Leonard Rodway - The Tasmanian Flora (1903) roseus pink rostratus beaked ruber red ruderalis growing in rubbish rupestris growing on rocks salicina willow-like, referring to the leaves sativus cultivated saxatilis growing among rocks scaber rough scandens climbing scoparia from its resemblance to a small broom plant, Sarothamnus scoparius scorpioides like a scorpion sericeus silky serotinus late setaceus, setasus bristly sinensis of China speciosus good looking spectabilis showy spiceri Rev. WW Spicer - A Handbook of the Plants of Tasmania (1878). squamatus scaly squarrosus having overlapping leaves with outward- projecting tips Stackhousia John Stackhouse (1742-1819) - botanist, Cornwell, England stellulata little star Styphelia Gk. styphelos= hard, rough, ref. to the leaves Telopea Gk. tele= distant; opas= colour tenuis slender terrestris of dry ground Tetratheca tetra = four, theca = box - alluding to the anthers tinctoria useful for dyeing tinctorius used for dyeing truncata ending abruptly as if cut off, ref. to the leaves umbrosus of shade uncinatus hooked usitassimus, utilis useful velutinus velvety ventricosus inflated, especially unevenly so vernalis, vernus of spring Veronica to honour St Veronica, a nun who died in Milan in 1497 verrucosus covered with warts versicolor variously coloured vescus small; edible virens, viridus green viridiflorus green flowering vulgaris common


KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

20

Some of the more significant dicotyledonous families in the Tasmanian flora are listed below with some of their principal diagnostic features. This list is intended only as a guide to the recognition of the main Tasmanian families in the field; the characters cited are the most obvious ones which distinguish the families concerned, but they are not invariably confined to, or present in, the families they characterize; the word “usually” should be placed before almost every character in the list. MYRTACEAE - myrtle family, eucalypts, bottlebrushes, tea-trees. Woody shrubs or trees. Leaves are alternate or opposite, simple & with no stipules; oil glands present & aromatic when crushed. Flowers regular, perianth 5+5 (2 whorls), petals may be fused into an operculum(e.g. Eucalyptus); stamens usually numerous, occasionally 5 or 10, sometimes united in bundles (e.g. Melaleuca); ovary often inferior. Fruit usually dry, often a woody capsule opening by valves at the top, or a berry. The arrangement of the fruit is a useful generic diagnostic. Major genera in Tasmania are: Eucalyptus, in which the flower has a perianth fused to become a deciduous operculum, stamens are many & conspicuous, Melaleuca, in which the stamens are the conspicuous part of the flower & are arranged in five bundles, woody capsules are sessile & clustered around the stem, Callistemon, similar flowers to Melaleuca, but the stamens are not clustered into bundles, similar arrangement of the woody fruit, Leptospermum, the petals are the showy part of the flower & the stamens are relatively short, capsules usually solitary. Also: Baeckea, Kunzea, Thryptomene.

RUTACEAE - rue family, citrus, boronias, correas. Woody shrubs or (small) trees. Most have opposite leaves, which contain oil glands, & are aromatic when crushed. Surface features include stellate hairs & peltate scales. Flowers actinomorphic, perianth in (4)'s or (5)'s, stamens often double the number of petals. Ovary superior, disc often present. Fruit commonly dry & leathery, splitting into segments at maturity, or a berry as in the citrus group. Principal genera include: Boronia, Correa, Eriostemon, Nematolepis, Phebalium,Philotheca, Zieria.



21

ASTERACEAE - (COMPOSITAE) daisy family Most numerous of all dicot. families, may be herbs, woody shrubs or small trees. Leaves with a taste like bitter lettuce. Inflorescence is a compact head (capitulum), surrounded by involucral bracts. This may resemble a flower but is comprised of many florets. Fruit is usually dry, 1-seeded & indehiscent & may have a pappus of hairs, bristles or awns to aid in dispersal. Some genera are: Abrotanella, Bedfordia, Brachyscome, Cassinia, Celmisia, Cotula, Craspedia, Erigeron, Ewartia, Gnaphalium, Helichrysum, Microseris, Olearia, Podolepsis, Pterygopappus, but there are 60 others.

ERICACEAE - heath family Most are small, woody shrubs (< 1 m). The leaves are usually small, tough & pointed, sessile or shortly stalked with (nearly) parallel venation (most obvious on the lower surface). Flowers regular, perianth in 5's. Sepals often grading into bracts of similar size & texture. Petals fused into a tube, 5 stamens, each anther opening by a single slit, ovary superior. The major Tasmanian genera are: Acrotriche, Astroloma, Archeria, Cyathodes, Drachophyllum, Epacris, Leucopogon, Monotoca, Pentachondra, Richea, Sprengelia, Styphelia.

PROTEACEAE - protea family, banksias, grevilleas, hakeas Small shrubs to small trees. Leaves are mostly simple but often lobed or deeply divided, & usually stiff & leathery, often terete & pungent (e.g. Hakea). Flowers often characteristically irregular; perianth 4 -partite in a single whorl; stamens 4; ovary superior. Fruit often a woody or leathery follicle, sometimes aggregated in cones. Includes the genera: Agastachys, Banksia, Bellendena, Cenarrhenes, Conospermum, Grevillea, Isopogon, Hakea, Lomatia, Orites, Telopea.



22

CASUARINACEAE - she-oaks Small to medium trees, usually with a drooping habit. Leaves (except for the tips) fused with the branchlets & with each other along each internode & so appear to be reduced to small, scales arranged in whorls about photosynthetic, terete branches. She-oaks either monoecious or dioecious. Flowers non-petaloid; male flowers borne in a spike; female flowers borne in small globular heads that become the characteristic woody cone. One genus in Tasmania: Allocasuarina.

RHAMNACEAE - buckthorn family Small prostrate woody shrubs to medium trees. Young stems & leaves often with stellate hairs. Leaves are simple, often rugose (wrinkled) or with a rough surface. Stipules are present but may be deciduous. Flowers are regular but are usually inconspicuous, surrounded by conspicuous bracts. Petals (if present) opposite the stamens & often hooded over them. Ovary half inferior to inferior, conspicuous bracts surround inconspicuous flowers. Best known genera include: Pomaderris Spyridium & Cryptandra.



23

LEGUMINOSAE - now separated into 3 families with 2 in Tasmania. a) FABACEAE - (PAPILLIONACEAE) pea family Herbs & woody shrubs. Leaves with stipules. Characteristic pea-flower, & legume (pod) fruit. Ovary superior. Best known genera include: Aotus, Bossiaeae, Daviesia, Dillwynia, Gompholobium, Hovea, Kennedya, Oxylobium, Platylobium, Pultenaea, Swainsonia. b) MIMOSACEAE - (MIMOSOIDEAE) mimosa family, wattles Small to large trees. Some with bipinnate leaves but most have phyllodes. Flowers are small, yellow, actinomorphic & arranged in heads or spikes with a mass of conspicuous yellow anthers. Fruit a legume. Includes the genus Acacia. RUBIACEAE Trees, shrubs or, less frequently, herbs. Leaves opposite, oil glands sometimes present; stipules interpetiolar (at either side of the leaf-base & hence between the leaves) or intrapetiolar (in front of the leaf-base & hence between the leaf & the axis), sometimes leaf-like & distinguished from leaves only by the absence of buds in their axils (plants with stipules of this kind look as if there is a whorl of leaves at each node). Flowers usually hermaphrodite & regular. Ovary ± inferior, commonly bicarpellate. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Includes the genera: Coprosma, Galium, Opercularia.

EUPHORBIACEAE - spurges Trees, shrubs & herbs. Latex sometimes present. Inflorescence consists of several male flowers & one female flower enclosed in a cup-shped involucre of 5 fused bracts. There are no perianth parts (except for Ricinocarpus, which has distinct petals). Flowers unisexual; ovary superior, trilocular, sometimes stalked. Includes the genera: Amperea, Beyeria, Euphorbia, Poranthera, Ricinocarpus. RANUNCULACEAE - buttercup family Most are herbs, but some (e.g. Clematis) are climbers. In Clematis, leaves are opposite, simple or compound, & twining. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, regular; sepals 4, petaloid; no petals; stamens & carpels indefinite in number. Female flowers become a cluster of achenes, each bearing a long, plumose awn derived from the style. Includes the genera: Clematis & Ranunculus.



24

LAURACEAE - laurel family Parasitic perrenials in Tasmania (Cassytha), with tough twining stems. Attach to host plants by haustoria. Leaves reduced to minute scales. Flowers are small, regular & bisexual. Perianth in two whorls of 3; 9 stamens in 3 whorls of 3; carpel solitary; ovary superior. Fruit is a berry or drupe. BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) Herbs; leaves with a sharp taste like raddish, often with a strong odour; sepals & petals 4, stamens 6; fruit bilocular, the outer walls separating from below upwards when ripe & leaving the seeds attached to the septum dividing the loculi (a siliqua if long & narrow, a silicula if short & broad). Includes: Cardamine, Cheesemannia, Cuphonotus, Lepidium, Stenopetalum.

APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) – parsley family Herbaceous; leaves compound or deeply dissected, with a taste like celery or parsley & a characteristic smell; bases of petioles sheathing; stems often ridged; internodes often hollow or with a broad pith; inflorescence an umbel; flowers small, actinomorphic, 5-partite except for the ovary; ovary inferior, stigmas 2. Includes the genera: Actinotus, Apium, Centella, Diplaspis, Hydrocotyle, Lilaeopsis, Oreomyrrhis, Trachymena, Xanthosia. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Herbaceous; leaves opposite; nodes swollen; inflorescence a dichasium; placentation free central; fruit a capsule. Includes the genera: Colobanthus, Spergularia, Stellaria. SCROPHULARIACEAE Corolla bilabiate; stamens 4 or 2; fruit a 2-celled capsule. Includes the genera: Euphrasia, Gratiola, Limosella, Mazus, Nimulus, Ourisia, Veronica. LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) – mint family Most are aromatic shrubs or herbs. The stems are often quadrangular in cross-section with simple, opposite, or occasionally whorled leaves. Inflorescences usually axillary cymose clusters. Flowers zygomorphic, bisexual with 5 united sepals & petals, both the calyx & corolla bilabiate (2-lipped); stamens 4 or 2. Fruit splits into 4 achene-like nutlets. Includes the genera: Mentha, Prostanthera, Prunella, Westringia.


KEY TO MONOCOT FAMILIES

25

Most monocots are herbaceous annuals or perennials that shoot each season from an underground storage organ (bulb, corm or rhizome) although some do form small woody trees (e.g. Xanthorrhoea). Many species have short stems & most leaves are basal, sometimes forming dense tussocks. The leaves are usually long & slender & have parallel venation. The floral parts are usually in 3's. When the perianth is petaloid (showy) there are usually two whorls, each of 3 parts. In the grasses, sedges & rushes, the perianth may be much reduced or absent. Below is a key that might be useful for determining the family of a flowering specimen. A Basic Key to the Common Monocotyledonous Families of Tamania (based on floral characters). 1) Petaloid perianth present a) Perianth actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) LILIACEAE XANTHORRHOEACEAE AMARYLLIDACEAE IRIDACEAE b) Perianth zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) ORCHIDACEAE IRIDACEAE 2) Petaloid perianth absent a) Flowers arranged in spikelets (i) Leaves conspicuous CENTROLEPIDACEAE POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) CYPERACEAE (ii) Leaves reduced to sheathing scales RESTIONACEAE b) Flowers arranged in clusters JUNCACEAE LILIACEAE - lily family Plants herbaceous. Leaves often linear & grass-like arising from a bulb, tuber, corm or rhizome. Flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual. Inflorescence often a raceme. Perianth 2 whorls of 3 tepals, free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3; ovary superior. Fruit usually a capsule or berry. Best known genera include: Astelia, Blandfordia, Burchardia, Dianella, Drymophila, Milligania. XANTHORRHOEACEAE- grass-trees, mat-rushes Small trees or perennials with more or less woody stems. Leaves are tough & linear. Flowers radially symmetrical, usually bisexual but sometimes unisexual in Lomandra. Inflorescence may be spike-like or flowers may be solitary. Tepals 6, in 2 whorls of 3, free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3, united; ovary superior. Fruit usually a capsule. Best known genera include: Lomandra, Xanthorrhoea AMARYLLIDACEAE- amaryllis family Plants herbaceous. Leaves linear arising from a bulb. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual. Inflorescence usually an umbel, borne on a scape (stalk). Perianth 2 whorls of 3 tepals, free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3; ovary often inferior. Fruit a capsule or berry. Mostly naturalised aliens, e.g. Agapanthus, Allium, Narcissus.



26

IRIDACEAE - iris family Plants herbaceous. Leaves often linear & grass-like forming a rosette or a tuft & arising from a bulb, corm or rhizome. Flowers bisexual. Inflorescences various, often panicles. Perianth of 6 tepals, inner or outer whorlk may be united to form a tube; stamens 3; carpels 3; ovary inferior. Fruit a capsule. Best known genera include:, Diplarrena, Isophysis, Patersonia.

ORCHIDACEAE - orchid family Most orchids are perennial herbs, arising annually from rhizomes, tubers or thickened rootstocks. Flowers zygomorphic with one petal (the labellum) very different from the others & a central column; stamen 1, fused with the style; ovary inferior. Best known genera include: Caladenia, Cryptostylis, Diuris, Prasophyllum, Pterostylis, Thelymitra.

CENTROLEPIDACEAE Leaves radical; small moss-like plants < 10 cm. Flowers unisexual or bisexual subtended by 2 or more longer, subequal bracts; one stamen; fruit dehiscent. Best known genera include: Centrolepis, Gaimardia. POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) - grasses Plants herbaceaous. Culms (upper stalks) usually terete (circular in cross-section), with hollow internodes. Leaves sheathing, open, ligules present (small flap of tissue at the junction of the leaf blade & sheath). Flower bisexual subtended by two bracts (palea + lemma); perianth segments 2, in 1 whorl. Fruit circular in cross section; pericarp & testa fused. Best known genera include: Agropyron, Agrostis, Deyeuxia, Danthonia, Eragrostis, Hierochloe, Poa, Setaria, Sporobolus, Stipa, Tetrarrhena.



27

CYPERACEAE - sedges Leaves sheathing, closed, ligules absent. Stems solid, often triangular in cross-section. Flowers bisexual subtended by 1 bract. Perianth segments 0-6, in 1 whorl. Fruit often triangular in cross-section, pericarp & testa free from one another. Best known genera include: Carex, Carpha, Cladium, Gahnia, Gymnoschoenus, Lepidosperma, Oreobolus, Schoenus, Scirpus, Unscinia. Table 2. Differences between Cyperaceae & Poaceae CYPERACEAE POACEAE Stems usually solid & triangular in cross-section; ligules usually absent.

Internodes usually hollow & stems usually circular in cross-section; ligules usually present.

Leaf sheath closed. Leaf sheath not closed. Inflorescence usually subtended by one or more leaf-like involucral bracts.

Inflorescence not usually subtended by leaf-like involucral bracts.

Spikelets not usually subtended by bracts, individual florets usually subtended by one bract.

Spikelets usually subtended by two bracts, individual florets also usually subtended by two bracts.

Perianth absent or represented by up to 6 scales or bristles.

Perianth usually represented by 2 lodicules.

Pericarp & testa usually free from one another, embryo surrounded by the endosperm.

Pericarp & testa usually fused, embryo usually on one side of the endosperm.

RESTIONACEAE Perennial herbs. Flower unisexual, subtended by 1 bract. Perianth segments 4-6, in 2 whorls; loculi of the ovary 1-3, ovules 1 per loculus. Best known genera include: Acion, Calorophus, Empodisma, Hypolaena, Lepidobolus, Leptocarpus, Restio.

JUNCACEAE Leaves often reduced to basal sheathing scales. Flowers bisexual. Perianth segments 6 free & equal scarious parts, in 2 whorls; carpels 1-3, ovules commonly 1 per loculus; fruit a nut. Best known genera include: Juncus, Lugula, Xerotes.

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook

28 List of Plant Communities

Site no. LOWLAND: 0-600m

East South Altit.

(m) 1.1 Dry sclerophyll forest - near the park

entrance 4775 52739 185

1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall Trees Walk

4755 52743 250

2.1 Sedgeland/heathland near the post-/pre-Carboniferous geolog. bound.

46563 52647 275

2.2 Sclerophyll shrubbery (Kallista Ck) on the Scotts Peak Dam Road

46142 526569 380

2.3 Tim Shea - well it should be subalpine, shouldn't it?

4562 52703 926

2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature Walk, Scotts Peak Dam Road

44968 525744 463

2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida copses - Gelignite Creek

44945 525159 395

Site no. SUB-ALPINE: 600-1000m (E. delegatensis - E. coccifera)

1.3 Sphagnum bog - near the Lyrebird Nature Walk

4732 52742 645

1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 680m)

4728 52746 680

1.5 Subalpine woodland near Lake Fenton

4695 52746 1000

1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Wombat Moor

4685 52741 1050

1.7 Subalpine woodland near Lake Dobson 4663 52739 1000

Site no. ALPINE: alt. over 1000m

1.8 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll heath- above Ski Huts

4657 52742 1240

1.9 Coniferous shrubbery & alpine rainforest- Roberts Tarn

4648 52757 1180

1.10 Herbfield & microshrubbery - halfway along Tarn Shelf

4641 52758 1150

1.11 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll heath after fire

4639 52757 1150

1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion plant community) at Newdegate Pass

4631 52771 1280

Site no. Logged lowland mixed-forest


4663 52638 400


4633 52633 350


4666 52634 420

3.4 Selective logging, not burnt, 400years, 4720 52596 350

Select the image toview full size

Grid Reference E4775 S52739. Altitude 185m.

Site Description: Marginal dry sclerophyll forest, possibly maintained by the interaction ofthe soil type, aspect and frequent disturbance by fire.

Distinguishing species:

Ampereaxiphoclada

Aotus ericoides

Dianella revoluta

Epacris impressa

Eucalyptusamygdalina

Exocarpuscupressiformis

Leptospermumscoparium

Pteridiumesculentum

Pultenaeajuniperina

Ecological factors:

Soil:Light brown grey, stony uniform sandy-loam onbedrock.

Aspect: North-West 290 degrees.

Slope: 5-25 degrees.

Rainfall(annual):

950mm

Vegetationtype:

Eucalyptus obliqua / Eucalyptus amygdalinaopen forest

Geology: Permian mudstone / siltstone

Vegetation Structure

open E. obliqua/E. amygdalina forest to 15munderstorey of Exocarpus and Banksia.shrublayer of Epacris impressa, Pultenaea juniperina,Davisea latifolia.Very sparse ground layer of Gonocarpus teucroides withhigh coverage of bare ground, rocks and litter.

Fire Frequency

controls structure of vegetationspecies present adapted to fire including increasednumber of Fabaceae memberssoil and nutrient status affected by fire


30 QuadratSite 1.1 Dry sclerophyll forest - near the park entrance (alt. 160m)

Em

erge

nt

Dom

inan

t

Sub

dom

inan

t Und

erst

orey

Shr

ub

Gro

undc

over

Oth

ers

Height top (m)Height bottom

Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

Bare groundRock (>10cm)Litter

DENNSTA Pteridium esculentum ERICACEA Epacris impressa EUPHORBIACAmperea xiphocladaFABACEA Aotus ericoides FABACEA Daviesia latifolia FABACEA Daviesia ulicifolia FABACEA Pultenaea daphnoides FABACEA Pultenaea juniperina HALORAG Gonocarpus tetragynus HALORAG Gonocarpus teucrioides LAURACEA Cassytha glabella LILIACEAE Dianella revoluta MIMOSAC Acacia dealbata MIMOSAC Acacia melanoxylon MYRTACE Eucalyptus amygdalina MYRTACE Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACE Leptospermum scoparium PITTOSPORARhytidosporum procumbensPROTEAC Banksia marginata PROTEAC Persoonia juniperina SANTALAC Exocarpus cupressiformis SANTALAC Leptomeria drupacea

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%


31 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


32 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Select the image to view full size


Site Description: Wet sclerophyll forest with gigantic emergent eucalypts 70m tall, with atypical closed understorey of a variety of Acacia species, and the indicator species Oleariaargophylla (musk).


Dicksoniaantarctica

Eucalyptusobliqua

Eucalyptusregnans

Oleariaargophylla

Pomaderrisapetala

Ecological factors

Soil: Deep gradational clay loam over light brown clay.

Aspect: South-East 120 degrees

Slope: 1-5 degrees

Rainfall(annual):

750-1000mm

Vegetationtype:

Eucalyptus regnans Eucalyptus obliqua tallopen-forest.

Geology: Permian mudstone and siltstone.


Discontinuing canopy of E. obliqua and E. regnans, suggestingfire events of reasonably long intervals. Canopy 60m in heightwith a 25-50% canopy cover.Understorey of Acacia sp., 25-30m in height and >75%coverage.Ground cover, 3-4m and sparse consisting mainly of fernspecies (Dicksonia antartica)

Vegetation Processes

successional processes including regeneration events, Acaciasrole in Nitrogen fixation, Eucalypt and rainforest speciesinteractions.


34

Quadrat ScoresheetSite 1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall Trees Walk (alt. 250m)

Em

erge

nt

laye

r

Dom

inan

t la

yer

Sub

dom

inan

t la

yer

Und

erst

orey

Shr

ub la

yer

Gro

undc

over

Oth

ers


* Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)


MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnansMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliquaRHAMNACEA Pomaderris apetalaASTERACEAE Olearia argophyllaRUTACEAE Nematolepis squameaRUTACEAE Zieria arborescensMIMOSACEA Acacia vernicifluaMIMOSACEA Acacia melanoxylonMIMOSACEA Acacia dealbataERICACEAE Monotoca glaucaRUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifidaLILIACEAE Drymophila cyanocarpaDICKSONIAC Dicksonia antarcticaDENNSTAED Histiopteris incisaDENNSTAED Pteridium esculentumBLECHNACEA Blechnum wattsiiBLECHNACEA Blechnum nudum



35 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


36 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description: Waterlogging as a result of the underlying sandstone shelf has produced adramatically different vegetation type from the adjacent Site 1.4, with very slow-growingplants, the remarkable pandani "palms" and sphagnum bog.

Distinguishing species:Anodopetalumbiglandulosum

Phyllocladusaspleniifolius

Richeapandanifolia

Sphagnumaustrale

Tetracarpaeatasmanica

Ecological factors:

Soil:Peat / sandy loam over shallow dark grey brownsandy loam.

Aspect: South-East 115 degrees.

Slope: < 5 degrees.

Rainfall: 1250mm.

Vegetationtype:

Implicate Rainforest / Sphagnum bog.

Geology: Triassic sandstone.


Implicate rainforest species (Phyllocladus sp. andAnodopetalum biglandulosum) and Eucalyptussubcrenulata stunted, 5-10m, canopy coverage >75%excepting over the sphagnum bog.Understorey predominantly epacrid species with Richeapandanifolia to 2.5mGroundcover dependent on waterlogging, generallySphagnum sp.


Edaphic disclimax of vegetation through waterlogging.Interaction of nutrients and soil pH.Difference in floristic composition over small distance ispronounced.


38 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description: Wet sclerophyll forest being replaced by rainforest in the absence of fire,producing emergent eucalypts (big ones!) with a closed understorey of rainforest species.


Anopterusglandulosus

Atherospermamoschatum

Eucalyptusdelegatensis

Nothofaguscunninghamii


Ecological factors:

Soil: Clay Loam over brown, uniform deep stony clayloam.

Aspect: East 90 degrees

Slope: 5-10 degrees

Rainfall: 1250 mm

Vegetationtype:

Mixed forest (Eucalyptus delegatensis tall -forest).

Geology: Triassic sandstone


Rainforest canopy species (Nothofagus sp. andAtherosperma) approximately 25-30m and 95% coverage,emergent eucalypts upto 60m.Understorey generally composed of rainforest speciesGroundcover dominated by ferns and bryophytes.


Mixed forest- a reality or a seral successional stage, adisclimax.Light limitation on understorey vegetation restrictsgrowth to rainforest species.Absence of a fire event in the next 50-100 years willresult in die-off of emergent eucalypts and noregeneration of eucalypt seedlings therefore a purerainforest will result.


40

Quadrat Site 1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 680m)Vegetation structure of a wet sclerophyll / rainforest community

Em

erge

nt

Dom

inan

t

Sub

dom

inan

t

Und

erst

orey

Shr

ub

Gro

undc

over

Oth

ers


* Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)


ASPIDIA Polystichum proliferumBLECHN Blechnum wattsii DENNS Histiopteris incisaDICKSO Dicksonia antarcticaELAEOC Aristotelia peduncularisEPACR Trochocarpa gunniiESCALL Anopterus glandulosusFAGAC Nothofagus cunninghamiiMONOM Atherosperma moschatumMYRTA Eucalyptus delegatensisPROTEA Telopea truncataRANUN Clematis aristata RUBIAC Coprosma hirtellaRUBIAC Coprosma quadrifida


Select image to viewfull size


Site Description: A subalpine woodland with an amazing variety of shrub species, mostlymembers of the Proteaceae and Epacridaceae families but some striking daisies as well.


Cyathodesstraminea

Oritesdiversifolia

Tasmannialanceolata

Richeapandanifolia

Eucalyptuscoccifera

Richeascoparia

Eucalyptussubcrenulata

Telopeatruncata

Gaultheriahispida

Trochocarpathymifolia

Lomatiapolymorpha

Oleariapinifolia

Ecological factors:

Soil:Deep uniform yellowishbrown, very stony clay loam.

Aspect: East-North-East 80 degrees

Slope: 9 degrees

Rainfall: 1550mm.

Vegetationtype:

Eucalyptus coccifera lowwoodland.

Geology: Dolerite.


Species rich sclerophyll woodlanddominated by E. coccifera / E.subcrenulata to 10-15mUnderstorey to 3m consisting ofProteaceae and Epacrids.N. cunnnighamii and Athrotaxisselaginiodes also present.


Vegetation is prevalent on slightlysheltered slopes allowing for cold airdrainage and abundant water.


41 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


42 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


44 Quadrat Scoresheet Site 1.5 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Lake Fenton (alt. 1000m)

Canopy Shrub Groundcove

r Quadrat size _____x______m layer layer layer

* Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Olearia erubescens ASTERACEAE Olearia persoonioides ASTERACEAE Olearia pinifolia ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides ERICACEAE Cyathodes dealbata ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Leptecophylla

juniperina subsp. parvifolia

ERICACEAE Richea gunnii ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides ERICACEAE Trochocapa thymifolia ERICACEAE Gaultheria hispida ESCALLIONIACEAE Tetracarpaea tasmanica GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpina LILIACEAE Astelia alpina MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus subcrenulata MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus urnigera

MYRTACEAE Leptospermum lanigerum

MYRTACEAE Leptospermum rupestre

PROTEACEAE Hakea lissosperma PROTEACEAE Lomatia polymorpha PROTEACEAE Orites acicularis PROTEACEAE Orites diversifolia PROTEACEAE Orites revoluta PROTEACEAE Telopea truncata RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa WINTERACEAE Tasmannia lanceolata * Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%


46 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


47 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Select Image to view full size


Site Description: An abrupt boundary between a moorland community and a subalpinecommunity with very different floristic composition. The question is, "why?"


Asteliaalpina

Eucalyptuscoccifera

Baeckeagunniana


Boroniacitriodora

Gleicheniaalpina

Cyathodesstraminea

Leptospermumrupestre

Tasmannialanceolata

Richeascoparia

Epacrisserpyllifolia


Ecological factors:

Soil:

Deep uniform yellow vorwn,very stony clay loam inwoodland, abruptly gradingto deep, dark brown to blackpeat.

Aspect: North-west, 315 degrees.

Slope: 5 degrees.

Rainfall: 2030mm

Vegetationtype:

Eucalyptus coccifera /Eucalyptus subcrenulatawoodland with abruptboundary to Astelia alpina /Gleichenia alpina closed -herbland (see top left photo).

Geology: Dolerite.


Boundary between open woodlandand moorlandOpen E. coccifera / E. subcrenulatawoodland, 10-15m in height, <40%coverUnderstorey of shrubs to 1.5mcomposed of Bauera rubioides andRichea scoparia.Moorlands consist of emergent shrubsof Leptospermum rupestre, Epacrisserpyllifolia, Boronia citriodora.Groundcover >95% consisting ofGleichenia alpina and Astelia alpina.


49

Transect ScoresheetSite 1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Wombat Moor (alt. 1050m)Transition from woodland copse to moor

0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Soil depth (cm)Soil pH

* Cove Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)


ASTERACEA Ozothamnus hookeri CUNONIAC Bauera rubioides ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina subsp. parvifoliaERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides GLEICHENIA Gleichenia alpina HALORAGA Gonocarpus serpyllifoliusLILIACEAE Astelia alpina MYRTACEA Baeckea gunniana MYRTACEA Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACEA Eucalyptus subcrenulata MYRTACEA Leptospermum lanigerumMYRTACEA Leptospermum rupestre PROTEACE Orites acicularis PROTEACE Orites revoluta RESTIONAC Empodisma minus RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa WINTERAC Drimys lanceolata


Transect interval (m)


50 Quadrat ScoresheetSite 1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Wombat Moor (alt. 1050m)

Canopy Shrub Groundcoverlayer layer layer

* Cover * Cover * CoverSoil depth (cm) (%) (%) (%)Soil pH

Bare groundRock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides ERICACEAE Cyathodes parvifolia ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpina LILIACEAE Astelia alpina MYRTACEAE Baeckea gunniana MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus subcrenulata MYRTACEAE Leptospermum rupestre PROTEACEAE Orites acicularis PROTEACEAE Orites revoluta RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa WINTERACEAE Tasmannia lanceolata



51 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


52 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


53 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Select Image to view

full size


Site Description: A tremendeous variety of shrubby species, mostly members of theProteaceae and Epacridaceae families.


Cyathodesparvifolia

Lomatiapolymorpha

Cyathodesstraminea

Oleariapersoonioides

Cyathodesjuniperina

Oleariapinifolia

Epacrisserpyllifolia

Oritesdiversifolia

Eucalyptuscoccifera

Richeapandanifolia


Tasmannialanceolata

Exocarposhumifusus

Telopeatruncata

Gaultheriahispida

Tetracarpaeatasmanica

Leptospermumlanigerum


Ecological factors:

Soil:Deep uniform yellowishbrown, very stony clayloam.

Aspect: North-north-east to east, 10degrees -90 degrees.

Slope: Flat but with nearby slope.

Rainfall: 2000-2500mm.

Vegetationtype:

Eucalyptus coccifera /Eucalyptus subcrenulata woodland grading toAthrotaxis cuppressoidesclosed - forest withemergent Eucalyptussubcrenulata.

Geology: Dolerite.


55 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description:


Bellendenamontana

Oritesrevoluta

Diselma archerii Ozothamnusrodwayii

Microcachrystetragona

Pimeliasericea

Microstrobosniphophilus

Podocarpuslawrencii

Olearia ledifolia Richeascoparia

Orites acicularis

Ecological factors:

Soil:Shallow yellowish brown,very stony clay loam.

Aspect:East-north-east, 60degrees.

Slope: < 5 degrees.

Rainfall: 2600mm.

Vegetationtype:

Alpine coniferous closedheath / Sclerophyllopen-heath.

Geology: Dolerite.

Common species at this site


57

Quadrat Site 1.8 Coniferous shrubbery and sclerophyll heath - above Ski Huts (alt. 1240m)Vegetation structure of an alpine rainforest? community

Em

erge

nt

laye

r

Dom

inan

t la

yer

Subd

omin

ant

laye

r

Und

erst

ore

y Shr

ub la

yer

Gro

undc

over O

ther

s


* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)


ASTERAC Celmisia saxifragaASTERAC Ewartia planchonii?ASTERAC Ozothamnus rodwayiASTERAC Olearia ledifoliaASTERAC Senecio pectinatusCUPRESS Diselma archeriiDROSERA Drosera sp.ERICACEA Cyathodes dealbataERICACEA Planocarpa petiolarisERICACEA Epacris serpyllifoliaERICACEA Pentachondra pumilaERICACEA Richea scopariaERICACEA Richea sprengeliodesERICACEA Sprengelia incarnataGENTIANA Chinogentias diemensisLYCOPOC Huperzia australianaMYRTACE Baeckea gunnianaMYRTACE Eucalyptus cocciferaMYRTACE Leptospermum rupestrePOACEAE Poa alpinaPODOCAR Microcachrys tetragonaPODOCAR Microstrobos niphophilus Pherosphaera hookerianaPODOCAR Podocarpus lawrenciiPROTEAC Bellendena montanaPROTEAC Orites acicularisPROTEACEAOrites revolutaRESTIONACEEmpodisma minusROSACEAE Acaena montanaSANTALACEAExocarpos humifususSCROPHULAEuphrasia collinusSCROPHULAEuphrasia striataTAXODIACEAAthrotaxis cuppressoidesTAXODIACEAAthrotaxis selaginoidesTHYMELIACEPimelea sericeaWINTERACETasmannia lanceolata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or


58 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


59 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description:


Archeriacomberi

Nothofagusgunnii

Persoonia gunnii

Ecological factors:Soil: Shallow yelowish brown, very stony clay loam.

Aspect: East-north-east, 60 degrees.

Slope: < 5 degrees.

Rainfall: 2600mm.

Vegetationtype:

Alpine coniferous closed heath / open montanerainforest.

Geology: Dolerite.

Common species at thissite


61 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description: Fascinating vegetation type, less than 10cm in height but a wealth ofspecies.


Carpha alpina Lepidospermainops

Celmisiasaxifraga


Cyathodesdealbata

Mitrasacmemontana

Dracophyllummilliganii

Oreoboluspumilio

Droseraarcturi

Pentachondrapumila

Ewartiaplanchonii

Seneciopectinatus

Helichrysumpumilum

Ecological factors:

Soil:Shallow fibrous peat overshallow olive brown, stonyclay loam.

Aspect:North-north-east, 20degrees.

Slope: < 5 degrees.

Rainfall: 2600mm.

Vegetationtype:

Alpine herbfield /microshrubbery.

Geology: Dolerite.


less than 0.1m high, a mat ofcontinuous cover except for rockoutcrops.

main species Gymnosperms, butgenerally a very diverse assemblageof species with >15 spp in a 0.5m x0.5m quadrat, many epacrids.


Exposure

Snowlie creates equivalent ofmainland herbfields.


63

Quadrat Site 1.10 Herbfield along the Tarn Shelf (alt. 1150m)Vegetation structure of an alpine rainforest? community

Em

erge

nt

laye

r

Dom

inan

t la

yer

Sub

dom

inan

t la

yer

Und

erst

orey

Shru

b la

yer

Gro

undc

over

Oth

ers


* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)


APIACEAE Actinotus mooreiAPIACEAE Actinotus suffocataAPIACEAE Diplaspis cordifoliaAPIACEAE Diplaspis hydrocotyleAPIACEAE Trachymene humilisASTERACEAE Abrotanella scapigeraASTERACEAE Celmisia saxifragaASTERACEAE Cotula alpinaASTERACEAE Erigeron gunniiASTERACEAE Erigeron pappocromusASTERACEAE Erigeron stellatusASTERACEAE Erigeron tasmanicusASTERACEAE Ewartia planchoniiASTERACEAE Helichrysum pumilumASTERACEAE Senecio pectinatusCENTROLEPIDACGaimardia fitzgeraldiiCENTROLEPIDACGaimardia setaceaCUPRESSACEAEDiselma archeriiCYPERACEAE Carpha alpinaCYPERACEAE Lepidosperma inopsCYPERACEAE Oreobolus acutifoliusCYPERACEAE Oreobolus distichusCYPERACEAE Oreobolus pumilioDROSERACEAE Drosera arcturiERICACEAE Cyathodes dealbataERICACEAE Dracophyllum milliganiiERICACEAE Pentachondra pumilaERICACEAE Richea sprengeliodesHALORAGACEAEGonocarpus montanusLILIACEAE Campynema lineareLOGANIACEAE Schizacme archeriLOGANIACEAE Schizacme montanaLYCOPODIACEA Huperzia spPODOCARPACEAMicrocachrys tetragonaPODOCARPACEAPherosphaera hookerianaPROTEACEAE Bellendena montanaSANTALACEAE Exocarpos humifususSCROPHULARIA Euphrasia sp.


64 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


65 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description: Fire has a devastating effect on alpine vegetation, as can be seen in thedramatic fire scar (left) and the dead Pencil Pine stags (right) more than 30 years later. Recovery is slow because the alpine vegetation is poorly adapted to fire, soil is thin andsubject to erosion after fire, and growth rates of alpine vegetation (especially thegymnosperms) is very slow.


Astelia alpina Ewartiaplanchonii

Baeckeagunniana Gnaphalium sp.

Carpharodwayii


Celmisiasaxifraga

Oreoboluspumilio

Cyathodesdealbata

Ozothamnusrodwayi

Dracophyllummilliganii

Pentachondrapumila

Drosera arcturi Richeascoparia

Epacris serpyllifolia

Seneciopectinatus

Sprengeliaincarnata

Ecological factors:

Soil:Shallow fibrous peat overshallow olive brown,stony clay loam.


Slope: < 5 degrees.

Rainfall: 2600mm.

Vegetationtype:

Alpine / microshubbery.

Geology: Dolerite.



67

Transect ScoresheetSite 1.11 Coniferous shrubbery and Sclerophyll heath after fire.

Fire

bo

unda

ry

0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12


* Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)


ASTERAC Celmisia saxifragaASTERAC Ewartia planchoniiASTERAC Gnaphalium sp.ASTERAC Ozothamnus rodwayiASTERAC Senecio pectinatusCUPRES Athrotaxis cupressoidesCUPRES Athrotaxis selaginoidesCUPRES Diselma archeriiCYPERA Carpha rodwayiiCYPERA Oreobolus pumilioDROSER Drosera arcturiERICACE Cyathodes dealbataERICACE Dracophyllum milliganiiERICACE Epacris serpyllifoliaERICACE Pentachondra pumilaERICACE Richea scopariaERICACE Sprengelia incarnataGLEICHE Gleichenia alpinaLILIACEA Astelia alpinaLOGANIA Mitrasacme montanaLYCOPO Lycopodium fastigiatumLYCOPO Lycopodium scariosumMYRTAC Baeckea gunnianaPOACEA Poa alpinaPODOCA Microcachrys tetragonaPODOCA Microstrobos niphophilus Pherosphaera hookerianaPODOCA Podocarpus lawrenciiPROTEA Bellendena montanaPROTEA Lomatia polymorphaPROTEA Orites acicularisPROTEA Orites revolutaRESTION Empodisma minusSCROPH Euphrasia collinusSCROPH Euphrasia gibbsiaeSCROPH Euphrasia striata




68 Quadrat Record the number & height of all Athrotaxis seedlings in three 5 x 5m quadrats under the pencil pine canopy

fire boundary 5m from fire boundary


69 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Select Image To view full size


Site Description: Remarkable plant community, "cushions" or "bolsters" of densely-packedplants producing a flat surface where one square meter may contain hundreds, or thousands,of individuals and maybe a dozen different species. The morphological convergence betweenquite unrelatedtaxa can make identification quite difficult.


Abrotanellaforsteroides

Donatia novae-zelandiae

Dracophyllumminimum

Ewartia meridithae

Pterygopappuslawrencii

Ecological factors:

Soil: Shallow fibrous peat over muck peat on olivebrown, clay.

Aspect: East-south-east, 110 degrees.

Slope: < 5 degrees.

Rainfall: 2600mm.

Vegetationtype:

Alpine Bolster Heath.

Geology: Dolerite.



71

Quadrat ScoresheetSite 1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion plant community) at the top of Newdegate Pass (alt.Dynamic or static community ?

Emer

gent

la

yer

Dom

inan

t la

yer

Subd

omin

ant

laye

r

Und

erst

ore

y Shru

b la

yer

Gro

undc

over O

ther

s


* CoveCover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

Bare groundRock (>10cm)LitterLitter

ASTERAC Abrotanella forsteroidesASTERAC Celmisia saxifragaASTERAC Ewartia meridithiaeASTERAC PterygopappuslawrenciiASTERAC Senecio pectinatusCYPERAC Carpha alpinaCYPERAC Carpha rodwayiCYPERAC Oreobolus pumilioDONATIA Donatia novae-zelandiaeDROSERA Drosera arcturiERICACEA Cyathodes dealbataERICACEA Dracophyllum minimumERICACEA Epacris serpyllifoliaERICACEA Sprengelia distichophyllaERICACEA Sprengelia incarnataGENTIAN Chinogentias diamensisLILIACEA Astelia alpinaLOGANIA Mitrasacme archeriLOGANIA Mitrasacme montanaPLANTAG Plantago gunniiPODOCAR Microcachrys tetragonaPROTEAC Orites acicularisRESTION Empodisma minusSCROPHU Euphrasia collinusSCROPHU Euphrasia striata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >

Select Image to viewfull size


Site Description: A dramatic transition in the flora to communities like this buttongrassmoorland with eucalypt copses, once the geological boundary is crossed.


Bauera rubioides Restiocomplanatus

Epacris lanuginosa Sprengeliaincarnata

Eucalyptus nitida Xyrismarginata

Gymnoschoenussphaerocephalus

Hypolaenafastigiata

Lepidospermafiliforme

Leptocarpus tenax

Melaleucasquamea

Ecological factors:

Soil:

Red Black fibrous peattending to black muckpeat over siliceousgravels.


Slope: 5-25 degrees.

Rainfall: 1250mm.

Vegetationtype:

Buttongrass sedgelandgrading toLeptospermumscoparium heath.

Geology:Precambrian / cambriansiltstone / sandstone.



73 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Select Image To view Full size


Site Description: A prime site for jack jumpers, watch where you sit.


Agastachysodorata

Gymnnoschoenussphaerocephalus

Bauerarubioides

Leptospermumglaucescens

Eucalyptusnitida

Melaleucasquamea

Ecological factors:

Soil:

Black To dark red brownfibrous shallow peat overgrey graditional sandy clayon upper slope near road, todeep black fibrous peat overblack muck on lower slope.

Aspect: South-west, 220 degrees.

Slope: 1-5 degrees.

Rainfall: 1500mm.

Vegetationtype:

Buttongrass sedgelandgrading to Melaleucasquamea shrubland and Eucalyptus nitidaopen-scrub.

Geology:Precambrian / cambriansiltstone / sandstone.


Shrubland/heath vegetation to1.5m with Leptospermumglaucescens, Melaleuca squamea,Acacia mucronata, Banksiamarginata.Groundcover of sedges and rushespredominantly Restio sp. andGymnoschoenus sp..



75 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Select image to view full size

Grid Reference E4562 S52703 Altitude 926 m.

Site Description: Subalpine sclerophyllous heath on the quartzitic substrate typical of muchof the South West. On this site, the species composition and structure differs quite markedlyfrom the vegetation of Mt Field at a comparable altitude (compare Site 1.5), just a fewkilometres away.


Eucalyptusnitida

Eucalyptuscoccifera

Eucalyptusvernicosa

Blandfordiapunicea


Ecological factors:

Soil: Organic Brown Peat on Quartzite sand

Aspect: -

Slope: -

Rainfall: 2000-2500mm

Vegetation type: buttongrass/heath

Geology: Quartzite



77 Quadrat Scoresheet Site 2.3 Subalpine sclerophyll heath at Tim Shea (alt. 926m) Heath vegetation with some mallee form eucalypts

Emergent Shrub Groundcover layer layer layer

* Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides CYPERACEAE Acion hookeri CYPERACEAE Empodisma minus CYPERACEAE Eurychorda complanata CYPERACEAE Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus

ERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina ssp. parvifolia

ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Epacris lanuginosa ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides ERICACEAE Sprengelia incarnata FABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticum GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpina IRIDACEAE Diplarrena latifolia LILIACEAE Astelia alpina MYRTACEAE Baeckea gunniana MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus coccifera/nitida

MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus subcrenulata /vernicosa

MYRTACEAE Leptospermum rupestre MYRTACEAE Melaleuca squamea PROTEACEAE Cenarrhenes nitida PROTEACEAE Orites acicularis PROTEACEAE Orites revoluta RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus ROSACEAE Anemone crassifolia ROSACEAE Rubus gunnianus RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa STYLIDIACEAE Stylidium graminifolium THYMELIACEAE Pimelea linifolia WINTERACEAE Tasmannia lanceolata * Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%


78 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


79 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description: Cool temperate rainforest with a large number of vascular plant species onthe margins, but on entering the "Creepy Crawly" walk, the main diversity is in the multitudeof nonvascular plants, the mosses, lichens and liverworts.


Anodopetalumbiglandulosum


Anopterisglandulosa


Atherospermamoschatum

Polystichumproliferum

Cenarrhenesnitida

Prionotescerinthoides

Dicksoniaantarctica

Richeapandanifolia

Eucryphialucida

Ecological factors:

Soil:

Dark Brown shallowgraditional litter peat overgravelly, dark / browndeep sandy clay.

Aspect: East 100 degrees.

Slope: 1-5 degrees.

Rainfall: 2000-2500 mm.

Vegetationtype:

Thamnic horizontal cooltemperate rainforest (Nothofagus cunninghamiitall closed forest overAnodopetalumbiglandulosum).

Geology:Middle cambrianinterbedded sediments.


Broken canopy of N. cunninghamiiand A. moscahtum to 40m with>75% cover..Uneven understorey of Anopterisglandulosa, Anodopetalumbiglandulosum.


81

Quadrat scoresheetSite 2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature Walk, Scotts Peak Dam Road (alt. 463m)

Emer

gent

la

yer

Dom

inan

t la

yer

Subd

omin

ant

laye

r

Und

erst

ore

y Shru

b la

yer

Gro

undc

over O

ther

s


* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)


ASPIDIACEA Polystichum proliferumBLECHNACE Blechnum nudumBLECHNACE Blechnum wattsiiCUNONIACEA Anodopetalum biglandulosumCYPERACEA Ghania grandisDENNSTAED Histiopteris incisaDICKSONIAC Dicksonia antarcticaERICACEAE Prionotes cerinthoidesERICACEAE Richea pandanifoliaESCALLIONA Anopterus glandulosusEUCRYPHIAC Eucryphia lucidaFAGACEAE Nothofagus cunninghamiiMIMOSACEA Acacia mucronataMONOMIACE Atherosperma moschatumPITTOSPORA Pittosporum bicolorPODOCARPA Phyllocladus aspleniifoliusPROTEACEA Cenarrhenes nitidaPROTEACEA Orites diversifolia



82 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


83 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Select Image To view full size


Site Description: Eucalyptus nitida copses perched on slight elevations surrounded by a sea ofbuttongrass. Is the boundary between the two communities stable or is the copse shrinking orexpanding, and why?


Empodismaminus

Lepyrodiatasmanica

Eucalyptus nitida Melaleucasquamea

Gymnoschoenussphaerocephalus

Restiocomplanatus

Hypolaenafastigiata

Restiohookeri

Lepidospermafiliforme

Restiomonocephala

Leptocarpustenax

Sprengeliaincarnata

Leptospermumnitidum

Ecological factors:

Soil:

Brown shallow peaty loamover grey brown clay loamon knoll, grading to blackshallow fibrous muck peatover quartzite gravel onexposed slope.

Aspect: West 265 degrees.

Slope: 1-5 degrees.

Rainfall: 1500-2000mm.

Vegetationtype:

Eucalyptus nitida /Banksia marginata /Monotoca submutica lowopen forest abruptlygrading to Gymnoshoenussphaerocephalussedgeland with sparseemergent shrubs.

Geology:Quarternary scree talus ofPrecambrian / Cambrian.


E. nitida to 10m with 50-75 cover.Banksia and Monotoca submuticaunderstorey with littlegroundcover (1-5%).Moorland contains monocots to0.5m, 50-75% cover


85

Transect ScoresheetSite 2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida copses - Gelignite creek,

Scotts Peak Dam Road (alt. 375m)

0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60


* Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)


CUNONIAC Bauera rubioidesCYPERAC GymnoschoesphaerocephalusCYPERAC LepidospermafiliformeCYPERAC Schoenus tenuissimus?DENNSTA Pteridium esculentumERICACEA Epacris corymbifloraERICACEA Epacris lanuginosaERICACEA Monotoca glaucaERICACEA Monotoca submuticaERICACEA Sprengelia incarnataFABACEAE Aotus ericoidesLENTIBULA Utricularia dichotomaMYRTACE Baeckea leptocaulisMYRTACE Eucalyptus nitidaMYRTACE Leptospermu nitidumMYRTACE Leptospermu scopariumMYRTACE Melaleuca squameaPROTEAC Banksia marginataRESTIONA Chordifex hookeriRESTIONA Chordifex monocephalusRESTIONA Empodisma minusRESTIONA Eurychorda complanataRESTIONA Hypolaena fastigiataRESTIONA Leptocarpus tenaxRUTACEA Boronia citriodoraRUTACEA Boronia pilosaXYRIDACE Xyris marginata




86 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


87 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


88 Title/Description: Cryptogamic substrate ecology

Date: Page___of___

Location: Growling Swallett _______ 1:25,00 Grid Ref: _______

Species:

Treatment: Field personnel: Quadrat dimensions

Notes:* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

Tran

sect

Posi

tion

Type Family Species name Common name

Stat

us

Epip

hyte

Terr

estr

ial

Roc

k

Log

Oth

er

Moss Hookeriaceae Achrophyllum

dentatum

Moss Lembophyllaceae Camptochaete

arbuscula

Moss Hypopterygiaceae Cyathophorum

bulbosum Quill moss

Moss Dicranaceae Dicranoloma

billarderi Elfin moss

Moss Dicranaceae Dicranoloma

menziesii

Moss Hookeriaceae Distichophyllum

pulchellum

Moss Hypnodendraceae Hypnodendron

comosum

Moss Hypnaceae Hypnum

chrysogaster

Moss Hypnaceae Hypnum

cupressiforme Wing or Plait moss

Moss Hypopterygiaceae Hypopterygium

didictyon Umbrella moss

Moss Leucobryaceae Leucobryum

candidum Milk moss

Moss Ptychomniaceae Ptychomnion

aciculare Pipecleaner moss

Moss Rhizogoniaceae Rhizogonium

novae-hollandiae

Moss Bryaceae Rosulabryum

billarderi

Moss Meteoriaceae Weymouthia

cochlearifolia

Moss Sematophyllaceae Wijkia extenuata


89

Tran

sect

Posi

tion

Type Family Species name Common name

Stat

us

Epip

hyte

Terr

estr

ial

Roc

k

Log

Oth

er

Hepatics (liverworts) leafy

Lepidoziaceae Bazzania involuta

Whipwort


Lepidolaenaceae Gackstroemia weindorferi


Geocalycaceae Heteroscyphus fissistipus

Hepatics (liverworts) thallose

Hymenophytaceae Hymenophyton flabellatum

Fan liverwort


Lepidoziaceae Lepidozia glaucophylla

Milky fingerwort


Plagiochilaceae Plagiochila fasciculata

Featherwort


Schistochilaceae Schistochila lehmanniana


Pallaviciniaceae Podomitrium phyllanthus


Pallaviciniaceae Symphyogyna podophylla

Ribbon liverwort


Tricholeaceae Trichocolea mollissima

Woollywort

Hepatics (liverworts)

Acrobolbaceae Tylimanthus pseudosaccatus


90 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


91 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


92 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


93 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


94 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


95 Quadrat.loggingSite 3.000 Logging coupe, clearfelled burnt 2008Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community

Dominant Understorey Shrub Groundcoverlayer layer layer layer


* Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover(%) (%) (%) (%)


ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicinaASTERACEAE Senecio biserratusASTERACEAE Olearia argophyllaCYPERACEAE Gahnia grandisDENNSTAEDTIACPteridium esculentumDICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarcticaERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperinaERICACEAE Monotoca glaucaFABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticumFABACEAE Pultenaea juniperinaGERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloidesHALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus teucrioidesJUNCACEAE Juncus sp.JUNCACEAE Luzula sp.MIMOSACEAE Acacia mearnsiiMIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronataMIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbataMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnansMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensisMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliquaMYRTACEAE Leptospermum scopariumPITTOSPORACEABillardiera longifloraPITTOSPORACEAPittosporum bicolorRANUNCULACEA Clematis aristataRHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetalaROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiaeRUBIACEAE Coprosma hirtellaRUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifidaRUTACEAE Nematolepis squameaRUTACEAE Zieria arborescensSOLANACEAE Solanum laciniatum



96 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Dominant UnderstoreyGroundcoverlayer layer layer


* Cover * Cover * Cover(%) (%) (%)


ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicinaASTERACEAE Senecio biserratusASTERACEAE Olearia argophyllaCYPERACEAE Gahnia grandisDENNSTAEDTIA Pteridium esculentumDICKSONIACEAEDicksonia antarcticaERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperinaERICACEAE Monotoca glaucaFABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticumFABACEAE Pultenaea juniperinaGERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloidesHALORAGACEA Gonocarpus teucrioidesJUNCACEAE Juncus sp.JUNCACEAE Luzula sp.MIMOSACEAE Acacia mearnsiiMIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronataMIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbataMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnansMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensisMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliquaMYRTACEAE Leptospermum scopariumPITTOSPORACEBillardiera longifloraPITTOSPORACEPittosporum bicolorRANUNCULACEAClematis aristataRHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetalaROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiaeRUBIACEAE Coprosma hirtellaRUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifidaRUTACEAE Nematolepis squameaRUTACEAE Zieria arborescensSOLANACEAE Solanum laciniatum



98 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


99 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description: Recently cleared and burnt (1999) logging coupe seeded with E.delegatensis and E. regnans. The vegetation is dominated by the early colonizing weedspecies, but wet sclerophyll species have also germinated and are growing as seedlings.


Gahnia grandis

Bedfordia salicina

Senecio linearifolius

Pomaderris apetala

Juncus sp.

Acaenanovaezealandia

Gonocarpusteucriodes

Ecological factors:Soil: Red clayey soil, mineralized due to recent firing

Aspect: North-east

Slope: 5°


Vegetationtype:

Regenerating forest dominated by weed speciesand wet sclerophyll understorey species

Geology: Tertiary Basalt




Dominant UnderstoreyGroundcovelayer layer layer




ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicinaASTERACEAE Senecio biserratusASTERACEAE Olearia argophyllaCYPERACEAE Gahnia grandisDENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentumDICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarcticaERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperinaERICACEAE Monotoca glaucaFABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticumFABACEAE Pultenaea juniperinaGERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloidesHALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus teucrioidesJUNCACEAE Juncus sp.JUNCACEAE Luzula sp.MIMOSACEAE Acacia mearnsiiMIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronataMIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbataMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnansMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensisMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliquaMYRTACEAE Leptospermum scopariumPITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longifloraPITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum bicolorRANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristataRHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetalaROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiaeRUBIACEAE Coprosma hirtellaRUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifidaRUTACEAE Nematolepis squameaRUTACEAE Zieria arborescensSOLANACEAE Solanum laciniatum



102 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


103 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Select Image to view fullsize


Site Description: Young eucalypt saplings form a dominant canopy of about 10 m height. There is a high density of stems of both eucalypt and understorey species (mainly Acaciadealbata) and intense competition for light and very little groundcover. Natural thinning willdramatically decrease the number of individuals over the next 5-10 years.


Acacia dealbata

Cassiniaaculeata

Gahnia grandis

Eucalyptusregnans

Billardieralongiflora

Ecological factors:

Soil: Red clayey Kraznozem, relatively deep

Aspect: North

Slope: 5-10°


Vegetationtype:

Regenerating Eucalypt plantation dominated byEucalyptus and Acacia

Geology: Tertiary Basalt



105 Site 3.2 Logging coupe 1990Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community

Dominant Understorey Groundcoverlayer layer layer




ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicinaASTERACEAE Olearia argophyllaASTERACEAE Ozothamnus thyrsoideusASTERACEAE Senecio linearifoliusCYPERACEAE Gahnia grandisDENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentumDICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarcticaERICACEAE Cyathodes juniperinaERICACEAE Monotoca glaucaGERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloidesHALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus teucrioidesJUNCACEAE Juncus sp.MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbataMIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronataMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensisMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliquaMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnansPITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longifloraPITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum bicolorRANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristataRHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetalaROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiaeRUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifidaRUTACEAE Nematolepis squameaRUTACEAE Zieria arborescens



106 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


107 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________



Site Description: Four decades after logging and natural regeneration, the vascular flora ofthe mixed forest has been larely restored. In this site the rainforest elements are not yet ascommon as the eucalypt and acacia dominants. Perhaps the main difference in thevegetation lies in the non-vascular flora (mosses and lichens).


Acacia dealbata

Dicksonia antarctica

Atherosperma moschatum

Eucalyptus regnans

Histiopteris incisa

Blechnum nudum

Blechnum wattsii

Ecological factors:

Soil: Relatively deep, organic soil well-drained

Aspect: NW

Slope: 5°

Rainfall: 1200mm

Vegetationtype:

Natural regeneration - Mixed Forest

Geology: Basalt



109 Quadrat.loggingSite 3.3 Logging coupe 1951Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community

DominantUnderstoreroundcovelayer layer layer




ASPIDIACEAE Polystichum proliferumASTERACEA Cassinia aculeataBLECHNACEAE Blechnum nudumCUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioidesCYPERACEAE Gahnia grandisDENNSTAEDTIACEAE Histiopteris incisaDENNSTAEDTIACEAE Hypolepsis rugulosaDENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentumDICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarcticaERICACEAE Monotoca glaucaFABACEAE Acacia melanoxylonFABACEAE Acacia dealbataFABACEAE Acacia mucronataGLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpinaMONOMIACEAE Atherosperma moschatumMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnansMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliquaPHYLLOCLADACEAE Phyllocladus aspleniifoliusPITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longifloraPITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum bicolorRANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristataRESTIONACEAE Empodisma minusRHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetalaROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiaeRUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifidaRUTACEAE Nematolepis squameaRUTACEAE Zieria arborescensTHYMELIACEAE Pimelea drupacea



110 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


111 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

e


Site Description: This site in the Styx Valley has been unburnt for about 400 years and hassome Eucalyptus regnans trees of about that age. These trees are some of the tallestflowering plants in the world reaching about 90m in height. The emergent eucalypts towerover the secondary canopy of rainforest species that will become pure rainforest as theeucalypts die, if fire is excluded for another 50 years or so.


Dicksonia antarctica

Eucalyptus regans

Grammitis billardieri

Histiopteris incisa

Hypolepsis rugulosa

Hymenophyllum flabellatum

Nothofagus cunninghamii

Ecological factors:Soil: Deep organic clay, well-drained

Aspect: Essentially flat

Slope: less than 5°


Vegetationtype: Mixed Forest (Old Growth Forest)

Geology: Sandstone


113 Site 3.4 Logging coupesVegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community

Dominant Understorey Groundcoverlayer layer layer




ASPIDIACEAE Polystichum proliferumASPLENIACEAE Asplenium sp.ASTERACEA Olearia argophyllaBLECHNACEAE Blechnum nudumCUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioidesCYPERACEAE Gahnia grandisDENNSTAEDTIACEAE Histiopteris incisaDENNSTAEDTIACEAE Hypolepsis rugulosaDENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentumDICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarcticaDRYOPTERIDACEAE Rumohra adiantiformisERICACEAE Monotoca glaucaHYMENOPHYLLACEAE Crepidomanes venosumHYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum australeHYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum cupressiformeHYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum flabellatumHYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum marginatumHYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum peltatumHYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum rarumMONOMIACEAE Atherosperma moschatumMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnansPODOCARPACEAE Phyllocladus aspleniifoliusPITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longifloraPOLYPODIACEAE Microsorum pustulatumPSILOTACEAE Tmesipteris obliquaRANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristataRHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetalaRUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifidaRUTACEAE Nematolepis squameaRUTACEAE Zieria arborescensTHYMELIACEAE Pimelea drupaceaVIOLACEAE Viola sp.



114 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


115 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


116 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


117 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


118 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


119 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


120 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


121 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


122 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


123 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


124 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


125 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


126 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


127 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


128 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


129 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


130 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


131 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


132 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


133 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


134 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


135 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


136 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


137 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


138 Day 6 Ecology & conservation of a rare & endangered species,

Eucalyptus morrisbyi • Establishment of a long term monitoring project for the rare & endangered E. morrisbyi at Calverts

Hill o Seedling recruitment & population demography

Introduction

The Calverts Hill population of Eucalyptus morrisbyi is the largest remaining stand of this endangered species (see the Threatened Species Listing Statement in the Handbook for more details). This population has been acquired as a reserve after more than 20 years of negotiation & restricted access for study. This presents us (in co-operation with the Private Forest Reserves Program) with the opportunity to start a long term monitoring program to provide us with some information for an active management program of this important community. An extensive survey of the mature trees in the population was conducted in 1990 (Wiltshire et al. 1991), but under the pressure of sheep grazing very little seedling recruitment was observed. Sheep grazing has been excluded for five years & there is evidence of seedling growth since that period. What is now required is a survey to determine:

how many seedlings are being recruited, where are they being recruited (i.e. is the population expanding?), & are they surviving?

One method of addressing these questions is by running transects across the boundaries of the populations, establishing them permanently with marker posts (Warratah strainers), so that the information can be re-collected each year, & the population dynamics can be monitored.

Materials & methods Each group will collect information on two x 100m transects bisecting a boundary

o three transects will run across the southern edge of the population (S1-S3) o three transects will run across the ridge (1427 on the map, R1-R3) & o three transects will run across the northern edge of the population (N1-N3), and o one transect will run across the western boundary of the population (T1 for top of the hill).

The centre point of each transect is marked with a Warratah stake (0m) & a stake marks the 10m, 30m, & 50m intervals in each direction north (+) & south (-). The stakes are colour coded & labeled with aluminium tags. i.e. N1 +50 N1 +30 N1 +10 N1 0 N1 -10 N1 -30 N1 -50 NORTH SOUTH Score the presence & height of all seedlings in 2 m either side of your transect line, recording the transect position of the seedling, the height of the seedling, health of the seedling, and record the distance to the edge of the canopy of the nearest reproductively mature E. morrisbyi. Mark each new seedling with a sequentially numbered aluminium tag next to the seedling. So, you should have recorded: the number, health & position of seedlings along two (2) 100m quadrats, & the distance of each of seedling from the nearest seed source. PLEASE BE CAREFUL NOT TO TREAD ON THE BABIES!!!!!!!!! We will also score some experimental quadrats on the Southern boundary of the population, in which we examine the substrate preference for seedling establishment.


139

Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheet

19-02-07 Tree 01 Tree 02 Tree 03 Tree 04 Tree 05 Tree 06

Posi

tion

(m)

Trea

tmen

t

Cag

ed

Aliv

e

Dea

d

Aliv

e

Dea

d

Aliv

e

Dea

d

Aliv

e

Dea

d

Aliv

e

Dea

d

Aliv

e

Dea

d

0 Control yes 0 0 1 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 Herbicide yes 1 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 2 0 0 Scarified yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Control yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 Herbicide yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scarified yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 Control yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 Herbicide yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scarified yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 suppl. Control yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 Herbicide yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 1 0 0 0 0 Scarified yes 1 5 2 0 4 1 no 1 1 0 1 1 1


140 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________


141 Notes Site _________________________________________Day____________

Tran

sect

Pos

ition

See

dlin

g ID

Hei

ght (

cm)

Dea

d

See

d so

urce

(m

)

S1 -24.9 S1 16 absentS1 -24.5 S1 15 absentS1 -23.5 S1 14 absentS1 -22.7 S1 13 absentS1 -21.2 S1 11 4S1 -21.2 S1 12 3.8S1 -20.5 S1 10 absentS1 -20.1 S1 08 absentS1 -20.1 S1 09 5.95S1 -19.5 S1 07 5.4S1 6.4 S1 01 absent 0.01S1 16.9 S1 02 absentS1 18.3 S1 03 absentS1 34.4 S1 04 absentS1 45.2 S1 05 absentS1 48.9 S1 06 absentS1 -30 s1 17 5.1S1 -23.7 s1 18 3.1S1 -17 s1 19 1.5S1 -17.1 s1 20 7.5S1 -16.7 s1 21 2.5S1 20 s1 22 absent 1S1 45.3 S1 23 0S1S1S1S1S1

S2 42.3 Absent 0S2 42.4 Not healthy 0S2 note single plantS2 -34.3 Absent 15S2 -35 Absent 15S2 -36.9 Absent 16.7S2 -24.4 Absent 0.01S2 -42 Absent 11.9S2S2S2S2

S3 8 Absent 0S3 39 Browsed 0S3 41.0 0S3 42 Absent 0S3 -46.8 Absent 7S3 -46.4 Browsed 7S3 40 0S3S3S3S3

R1 -39.7 R1 06 absent 0.01R1 -41.5 R1 07 absent 3R1 -42.3 R1 10 sick 0.01R1 -7.4 R7- absent 1R1 -12 R12- absent 0.5R1 -22.4 R+5 sick 1R1 -38 R38- healthy 0.01R1 -39 R39- nearly sick 0.01

Treatment: Field personnel: Quadrat dimensions Width:____ Length:_____ Segment length:____

16/02/2010

Title/Description: Seedling recruitment Date Page___of___

Location: Calverts Hill Species: E. morrisbyi

Tran

sect

Pos

ition

See

dlin

g ID

Hei

ght (

cm)

Dea

d

See

d so

urce

(m

)

16/02/2010

R1 -40 R40- sick 0.01R1 -41.5 R41.5- absent 0.01R1R1R1R1R1

R2 NoneR2R2R2R2

R3 NoneR3R3R3R3R3

N1 28.5 N101 absent 0.01N1 25 N120 0.01N1 43.3 N121 absent 0.01N1 41 N122 0.01N1 41 N123 0.01N1 42 N102 0.01N1 43.2 N124 2N1 45 N104 0.01N1 45 N103 0.01N1 45 N125 0.6N1 45 N105 0.1N1 45 N106 0.1N1 45 N126 0.8N1 45 N127 dead 0.1N1 45 N128 0.1N1 45 N129 0.1N1 45 N130 absent 0.1N1 45 N131 1.01N1 45 N132 1.4N1 45 N112 0.1N1 45 N111 0.1N1 45 N113 0.1N1 46 N107 0.1N1 46 N108 0.1N1 46 N109 0.1N1 46 N110 0.1N1 46 N133 2N1 46 N134 2N1 46 N135 2.1N1 46 N136 2N1 47 N137 0.5N1 47 N138 absent 0.5N1 47 N139 absent 0.5N1 47 N114 1.5N1 47 N115 2.1N1 48 N140 2N1 48 N141 absent 2N1 48 N142 absent 2N1 48 N143 2N1 48 N144 0.02N1 48 N145 0.02N1 48 N146 2N1 48 N147 absent 2N1 48 N148 absent 2N1 49 N149 2N1 49 N150 2N1 49 N151 2N1 49 N152 2.5N1 49 N153 2.5

Tran

sect

Pos

ition

See

dlin

g ID

Hei

ght (

cm)

Dea

d

See

d so

urce

(m

)

16/02/2010

N1 49 N154 2.5N1 49 N155 2.5N1 49 N156 2.5N1 49 N157 2.5N1 49 N118 1.5N1 49 N119 1.5N1 49 N116 1.5N1 absentN1 50 N158 absent 2.8N1 50 N159 2.8N1 50 N160 0.1N1 50 N161 0.1N1 50 N162 0.5N1 40.4 N163 0N1 46 N164 1N1 46.6 N165 absent 2N1 49 N166 3N1 43.5 N167 absent 0.01N1 49.3 N168 0.01N1 48 N172 0.04N1 48 N170 3N1 46 N171 0.01N1 47 N173 0.01N1 50 N174 0.01N1 49 N175 0.01N1 12 N169 absent 4N1 N179 4.7N1 N178 5.4N1 N176 3.5N1N1

N2 -12.2 absent 6N2 -10.7 N2+10.7 absent 7N2 -9.4 absent 6N2 -2.4 absent 1N2 22.0 N2 -22 absent 3.5N2 23.2 n2 -23.2 75 regen 3.5N2 28.5 N2 -28.5 35 regen 10N2 29.2 N2 -29.2 17 healthy 12N2 29.8 N2 -29.8 63 healthy 13N2 30.0 N2 -30 33 healthy 13N2 32.0 absent 13N2 40.7 N2 -40.7 220 ligno 6N2 44.4 N2 -44.4 46 dead 10N2 20.0 100 browsed 2.5N2 21.5 36 regen 4.9N2N2

N3 -20.0 N3 -14 60 damaged 6N3 -14.0 N3 -11 40 browsed 6N3 -14.0 N3 -12 32 healthy 6N3 -14.0 N3 -13 absent 5N3 -12.0 N3 -04 absent 7N3 -12.0 N3 -05 80 browsed 7N3 -12.0 N3 -06 absent 7N3 -12.0 N3 -07 absent 7N3 -12.0 N3 -08 absent 7.5N3 -12.0 N3 -09 absent 6N3 -12.0 N3 -10 absent 6.5N3 -2.0 N3 -01 absent 5N3 -2.0 N3 -02 122 healthy 6.5N3 -2.0 N3 -03 56 browsed 5N3 4.0 N3 +01 absent 2.5N3 28.0 N3 +02 absent 3.5N3 32.0 N3 +03 absent 3N3 35.0 N3 +04 absent 4.5N3 26 N3 +05 50 regrowth 1

Tran

sect

Pos

ition

See

dlin

g ID

Hei

ght (

cm)

Dea

d

See

d so

urce

(m

)

16/02/2010

N3 30 N3 +06 14 1.3N3 -1.3 N3 -15 42 2.1N3 -34 N3 -16 absent 2.4N3 -31.5 N3 -17 30 poor 0N3

T1 NoneT1T1T1

Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheetTree 01 -Bottom of the hill

Position 0m 5m 10m 10 suppl.

6

6 Scarified Control Scarified

5 Scarified

5

4

4 Herbicide Herbicide Control

3 Control

3

2

2 Control Scarified Herbicide

1 Herbicide

1

Bottom


Tree 02


6

6 Control Control Control

5 Control

5

4

4 Herbicide Herbicide Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Scarified Scarified Scarified

1 Scarified

1


Tree 03


6

6 Scarified Control Scarified

5 Scarified

5

4

4 Control Scarified Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Herbicide Herbicide Control

1 Control

1


Tree 04


6

6 Control Control Control

5 Control

5

4

4 Scarified Herbicide Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Herbicide Scarified Scarified

1 Scarified

1


Tree 05


6

6 Herbicide Herbicide Scarified

5 Scarified

5

4

4 Control Control Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Scarified Scarified Control

1 Control

1


Tree 06


6

6 Scarified Scarified Control

5 Control

5

4

4 Control Control Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Herbicide Herbicide Scarified

1 Scarified

1

KPA375 Field Botany – E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment Report 2010 Student name/number…………………………….

E=Excellent G=Good S=Satisfactory U=Unsatisfactory

Assessment Criteria Comments Rating

The title is • brief, • appropriate and • informative.

Species name is italicized

E G S U

The abstract, in one paragraph, briefly summarises • What did you do? • Why did you do it? • What happened? • What do the results mean

in theory? • What are the results good for in

practice?

The abstract is the • right length (200 words) • the correct structure (see left) • your results are precisely

stated cv. vaguely suggested

E G S U

The introduction gives a • General background to

seedling recruitment or rare species.

• More specific background on E. morrisbyi is given suggesting why it is a useful study species.

• The hypothesis or primary aim of the study is correctly stated at the finish.

The introduction is the • right length • the correct structure (see left) • references support each

statement of fact

E G S U

The materials & methods provide a thorough but concise description of the methodology used in the study.

• Site details are given (map?) • Characters measured are clearly

stated (perhaps in a table) • Past tense was used

E G S U

The results section clearly and concisely describes the results of the study.

• The results are grouped and dealt with logically.

• There is evidence of discrimination in presenting the important results.

• Seedling recruitment in the 3 sets of transects

• Seedling mortality • Dispersal distance from seed

source

E G S U

You appropriately refer to and discuss the figures and tables in the text.

Figures & tables are inserted after the citation in the text.

E G S U

Figures (below) and tables (above) are labelled appropriately so that they are independent.

E G S U

Figures have appropriate axes, axes labels (with units), and legends.

E G S U

Tables present data in an organised way.

E G S U

The discussion • briefly restates the main

results and then • compares the recruitment

across the site identifying the limiting factors and

• compares our findings with other studies.

E G S U

The discussion ends with • the broader significance of

the study and • suggests the next area of

study

E G S U

References relevant to the study are appropriately integrated into the introduction and discussion.

Every statement of fact is supported by an appropriate reference citation

E G S U

Sources are adequately acknowledged.

E G S U

Reference list is • complete • alphabetical and • consistent.

E G S U

Your writing is clear, succinct and grammatically correct.

E G S U

Your writing style is appropriate to the assignment, and avoids

• colloquialisms, and • the use of apostrophes and

contractions.

E G S U

Your report is free of errors, demonstrating evidence of proofreading.

E G S U

Comments:

Mark:


143

Naomi Lawrence

Brad Potts

Description Morrisby’s gum is a small tree, growing to a height of approximately 6 to 12 m. Recruitment is from canopy held seed that is released after fire & other disturbance. Trees can resprout from lignotubers & epicormic buds after damage. Peak flowering occurs from February to May.

The bark of Morrisby’s gum is deciduous, & while the base of the trunk is generally rough barked at the base, the upper part of the trunk & the branches are smooth & brown, white-grey or pink-grey in colour. The bluish-green juvenile leaves are glaucous, unstalked & rounded, 2 to 3 cm long & 2 to 4 cm wide. They are arranged in opposite pairs. The adult leaves are stalked, less glaucous & arranged alternately. They are about 5 to 10

Morrisby’s gum, Eucalyptus morrisbyi

Brett 1939

Status

THREATENED SPECIES LISTING STATEMENT


144 cm long & 1.5 to 4 cm wide. The flower buds have a pointed cap & are glaucous & shortly stalked. They arise in clusters of three from the leaf axils. The flowers are cream & develop into cylindrical, glaucous, woody capsules, 9 to 11 mm long & 6 mm wide. Morrisby’s gum occurs in the Myrtaceae family & can be confused with cider gum (Eucalyptus gunnii) & heart leaved silver gum (Eucalyptus cordata). It can be distinguished from Eucalyptus gunnii by its coastal lowland habitat & presence of warty protuberances on buds & capsules. It can be distinguished from Eucalyptus cordata by its smaller capsules that occur in the axils of adult leaves only. Morrisby’s gum can hybridise with white gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) & some older plantings contain a large proportion of hybrid trees.

Distribution & Habitat Morrisby’s gum is endemic to Tasmania & natural populations are known only from Calverts Hill & two small nearby remnant stands near Cremorne, as well as from a small population 21

km away in the Government Hills near Risdon. The stands occupy approximately 12.5 hectares in total. A number of conservation plantings have been made at other sites & when fully established & self-perpetuating, these will extend the range of the species. In addition, Morrisby’s gum has been widely planted as a specimen tree & ornamental. In natural stands, Morrisby’s gum occurs in coastal, dry sclerophyll woodland on gentle to hilly slopes with poor drainage. It tends to be restricted to gullies that offer some relief in this drought prone, low rainfall area. It is associated with poor soils, with the Calverts Hill population & associated remnant stands occurring on recent sands overlying dolerite & the Risdon population on Permian mudstone. The species tends to occur in relatively pure stands with a number of other eucalypts occurring nearby.

Important Locations Locality 1:25,000

mapsheet Year last seen

Area (ha) Number of adult trees

Calverts Hill Private land Cremorne 2001 11.5

1915 (in 1991)

Lumeah Point Coastal reserve with recreation lease

Cremorne 2001 16 (in 1991)

Honeywood Drive Private land

Cremorne 2001 12 (in 1991)

Government Hills East Risdon State Reserve

Hobart 2001 0.7 69 (in 1996)

Threats, Limiting Factors & Management Issues Past records indicate a decline of at least 50% in the area occupied by Morrisby’s gum in the Cremorne area since European settlement. The decline has been largely due to clearing for agriculture & urban development. Much of the Lumeah Point stand is likely to have been cleared as remaining trees are in a narrow coastal strip adjacent to a housing subdivision. The precarious health of the Risdon population following a series of droughts, & evidence of drought stress in the lower

margin of the Calverts Hill population suggest that Morrisby’s gum is relatively drought susceptible & that the range of the species has been retracting to wetter gullies since the last glaciation. If current climate change trends in the area continue (warmer & drier summers), it is quite possible that the Risdon population will become extinct within the next 10 years. The mortality rate, particularly of juvenile trees & seedlings, is high following drought stress & the trees appear to become more susceptible to defoliation caused mainly by the autumn gum moth (Mnesampela privata). Surviving trees are weakened &


145 flowering is compromised in following seasons. The health & seed output of the Risdon population was markedly improved following an unusually wet spring & summer in 1995/96 although subsequent drought conditions, particularly over the last 2 summers, have caused a severe deterioration in the health & survival prospects of the population. The poor health of the Risdon population has reduced its competitive ability. In the late 1970s, a native parasitic vine, Cassytha pubescens, threatened to smother & kill many of the trees & was removed. It is proposed to remove some of the understorey including silver wattle, blackwood & prickly moses in order to further reduce competition stress on the trees. In addition to clearing, seedling regeneration on private land has been limited by sheep & possibly rabbit grazing. The stands have also suffered from woodcutting. Negotiations are currently being finalised for the purchase of the Calverts Hill population through the 1999 Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) Private Land Reserve Program. While the land will probably be sold subsequent to its acquisition, a covenant will be put into place to protect the species from the above-mentioned threats. Morrisby’s gum is more or less well adapted to fire, which stimulates release of seed from capsules for regeneration. However, frequent fires will cause a decline in populations. While larger trees can resprout from lignotubers & epicormic buds, smaller trees will be killed. If the store of seed held in the canopy is not replenished in the fire-free interval, recruitment from seedlings will not replace the individuals killed. Seedlings of Morrisby’s gum take approximately 10 years to produce flowers, a relatively long time for eucalypts. The small Risdon population is particularly at risk from fire as the mortality rate would be high given the poor health of trees & little seed is being produced. Several conservation stands of Morrisby’s gum have been planted. Seed used in early plantings was collected from the Cremorne area. However the seed used was collected from a small number of individuals & was not representative of the genetic variation available. In addition, a relatively large number of trees planted at Lumeah Point appear to be hybrids with Eucalyptus viminalis. They were planted in order to supplement numbers in the stand. Recent plantings have used seed sampled from across the Calverts Hill population & from as

many individuals as possible at Risdon. As well as conserving the full range of genetic variation available, these stands will provide an alternate source of seed for horticultural purposes. Despite the small size of the Risdon population, variation remains high & it is not showing signs of inbreeding problems. Although Morrisby’s gum hybridises with Eucalyptus viminalis, studies have not revealed significant contamination of its gene pool.

Conservation Assessment Population Estimate Morrisby’s gum is known only from two locations in the wild. In the Cremorne area, the population has been fragmented into the Calverts Hill stand, & two small remnant stands at Lumeah Point & Honeywood Drive approximately 2 km away. The species is no longer present at some sites where it was collected in the past in the Cremorne area. Numbers in the two small remnant stands have been supplemented by plantings & other plantings in the area have been made. A census of trees in the Risdon population in 1996 showed 69 trees with adult foliage though less than 20 of these were carrying seed. It is estimated that the number of naturally occurring reproductively mature individuals of Morrisby’s gum is less than 2000, with the vast majority of these in the Calverts Hill stand. Reservation Status Morrisby’s gum is formally protected in the East Risdon State Reserve. The Lumeah Point stand occurs in a coastal reserve that has been leased to the Clarence Council for recreational use. Assessment Criteria Morrisby’s gum meets the criteria for listing as Endangered on the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 because • it is severely restricted, extending over an

area of less than 500 square kilometres & occupying less than 20 hectares

• it occurs in 5 or less populations • there is a continuing decline It qualifies as Endangered using the 1994 IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List criteria.

Recovery Program Objectives • prevent the loss or degradation of known

populations


146 • preserve genotypic variation within the

species through the establishment of ex situ populations

Existing Management Implementation of a Recovery Plan for Morrisby’s gum was commenced in 1992 though an update of the plan is now required. Current management includes monitoring of populations, negotiation to protect the Calverts Hill stand through purchase & covenant, reduction of competition in the Risdon population & maintenance of conservation plantings.

Actions Needed • continue to monitor populations for

threats & declines • finalise negotiations for the purchase,

covenanting & fencing of the Calverts Hill stand

• maintain conservation plantings • reduce competition in the Risdon

population • consider irrigating stands to reduce

drought stress • consider culling hybrids from plantings,

particularly those planted in the Lumeah Point & Honeywood Drive remnant stands

• update the Recovery Plan • establish a mechanism to ensure

management intervention when required

Information Needed • determine whether the poor health of

Morrisby’s gum in the Risdon stand is due to its susceptibility to drought

Management Advice

For the land owner/land manager • exclude grazing to encourage seedling

regeneration • protect stands from fires, particularly if

little seed is held in the canopy • limit harvesting of wood, foliage & seed

from naturally occurring stands • consider some form of long-term

protection, e.g. private nature reserve, management agreement, covenant, etc.

For everyone • consider planting Morrisby’s gum in your

garden/on your property • help us to monitor populations • help us to maintain conservation

plantings

Further Information Contact details: Threatened Species Unit, Department of Primary Industries, Water & Environment, GPO Box 44 Hobart Tasmania

Australia 7001. Ph (03) 6233 6556 fax (03) 6233 3477. Specialist Advice: Robert Wiltshire, School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania.

Source Material References Blackhall, S.A. & Lynch, J. 1992. Eucalyptus morrisbyi flora Recovery Plan: Management phase. Department of Parks, Wildlife & Heritage, Hobart, Tasmania. Curtis, W.M. & Morris. D.I. 1975. The Student’s Flora of Tasmania, Part 1 (Second Edition), Government Printer, Tasmania. Duncan, F. 1996. A field key to Tasmanian species of eucalypts. Tasforests 8:27-38. Hall, N. & Brooker, I. 1972. Morrisby’s gum. Forest Tree Series No.52. Department of National Development Forestry & Timber Bureau, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Williams, K.J. & Potts, B.M. 1996. The natural distribution of Eucalyptus species in Tasmania. Tasforests 8:39-165. Wiltshire, R.J.E 1992. Section III. Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G.Brett. In Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. Reid, J.B. & Brown, M.J. (Eds): Conservation of Endangered Species of Eucalypts in Tasmania. A report to the World Wildlife Fund. Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B. 1991. Phenetic affinities, variability & conservation status of a rare Tasmanian endemic, Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G. Brett. In Banks, M.R. et al. (Eds): Aspects of Tasmanian Botany – A tribute to Winifred Curtis. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 31:213-229. Statement Prepared: April 2001 Prepared by: Myriam Poll & Wendy Potts Review Date: 2006 or as new information is received. Cite as: Threatened Species Unit 2001. Listing Statement Morrisby’s Gum Eucalyptus morrisbyi. Department of Primary Industries, Water & Environment, Tasmania. View: http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/esl/listing_statements Permit: It is an offence to collect, possess or disturb this species unless under permit.

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 1Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:DICOTYLEDONSAPIACEAE Celery FamilyAPIACEAE Anisotome procumbens Aciphylla APIACEAE Actinotus bellidioidesAPIACEAE Actinotus mooreiAPIACEAE Actinotus suffocataAPIACEAE Diplaspis cordifoliaAPIACEAE Diplaspis hydrocotyleAPIACEAE Hydrocotyle sibthorpioidesAPIACEAE Oreomyrrhis ciliataAPIACEAE Oreomyrrhis eriopodaAPIACEAE Oschatzia saxifraga

ASTERACEAE Daisy FamilyASTERACEAE Abrotanella forsteroides cushion plantASTERACEAE Abrotanella scapigera dark green rosette, lanceolate leaves 2.5cm longASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicina blanket bushASTERACEAE Brachyscome nivalis snow daisy,bluish-white flowersASTERACEAE Brachyscome spathulata spathulate, toothed leaves; purplish flowersASTERACEAE Brachyscome tenuiscapa broad,toothed leaves; bluish-white flowersASTERACEAE Xerochrysum subundulatum Bractean acumina golden everlastingASTERACEAE Cassinia aculeata dolly bushASTERACEAE Celmisia asteliifolia silver snow daisy, leaves silverASTERACEAE Celmisia saxifraga white snow daisy, leaves grey, lanceolateASTERACEAE Centipeda elatinoidesASTERACEAE Cotula alpinaASTERACEAE Craspedia alpinaASTERACEAE Craspedia glaucaASTERACEAE Erigeron pappocromusASTERACEAE Erigeron stellatusASTERACEAE Erigeron tasmanicusASTERACEAE Euchiton collinus Gnaphal collinumASTERACEAE Euchiton involucratus GnaphaliinvolucratumASTERACEAE Euchiton traversii GnaphalitraversiiASTERACEAE Euchiton umbricola GnaphaliumbricolaASTERACEAE Ewartia catipesASTERACEAE Ewartia meridithiaeASTERACEAE Ewartia planchoniiASTERACEAE Helichrysum pumilumASTERACEAE Helichrysum rutidolepisASTERACEAE Helichrysum scorpioidesASTERACEAE Lagenophora stipitata Lagenifera

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 2Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus expansifolius HelichrysexpansifoliumASTERACEAE Ozothamnus ferrugineus HelichrysdendroideumASTERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri HelichryshookeriASTERACEAE Ozothamnus ledifolius HelichrysledifoliumASTERACEAE Ozothamnus rodwayi HelichrysbackhousiiASTERACEAE Ozothamnus thyrsoideus HelichrysthyrsoideumASTERACEAE Podolepis jaceoidesASTERACEAE Psuedognaphaliuluteo-albumASTERACEAE Pterygopappus lawrenceiASTERACEAE Senecio biserratusASTERACEAE Senecio gunniiASTERACEAE Senecio leptocarpusASTERACEAE Senecio linearifoliusASTERACEAE Senecio pectinatusASTERACEAE Senecio spathulatusASTERACEAE Senecio velleiodes

BRASSICACEAE Mustard FamilyBRASSICACEAE Cardamine gunniiBRASSICACEAE Cardamine tenuifoliaBRASSICACEAE Cheesemannia radicata

CAMPANULACEAE Bellflower FamilyCAMPANULACEAE Isotoma fluviatilis prostrate herb, pale blue flower with darker blotches oCAMPANULACEAE Lobelia gibbosaCAMPANULACEAE Pratia pedunculataCAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia spp. bluebells

CLUSIACEAE St Johns Wort FamilyCLUSIACEAE Hypericum japonicum

CUNONIACEAE Cunonia FamilyCUNONIACEAE Anodopetalum biglandulosum horizontalCUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides

DILLENIACEAE Guineaflower FamilyDILLENIACEAE Hibbertia procumbens golden flowers on prostrate perennial

DONATIACEAE Snowcushion FamilyDONATIACEAE Donatia novae-zelandiae cushion plant

DROSERACEAE Sundew Family

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 3Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:ERICACEAE Heath FamilyERICACEAE Archeria comberiERICACEAE Archeria serpyllifoliaERICACEAE Cyathodes stramineaERICACEAE Cyathodes dealbataERICACEAE Cyathodes glaucaERICACEAE Dracophyllum milliganiiERICACEAE Dracophyllum minimumERICACEAE Epacris corymbifloraERICACEAE Epacris impressaERICACEAE Epacris lanuginosaERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifoliaERICACEAE Gaultheria depressaERICACEAE Gaultheria hispidaERICACEAE Gaultheria tasmanica PernettyaERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina ssp. parvifolia Cyathodes parvifoliaERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina ssp.juniperina Cyathodes juniperinaERICACEAE Leucopogon hookeriERICACEAE Leucopogon montanus Lissanthe montanaERICACEAE Monotoca empetrifoliaERICACEAE Monotoca glaucaERICACEAE Monotoca linifoliaERICACEAE Monotoca scopariaERICACEAE Monotoca submuticaERICACEAE Pentachondra pumilaERICACEAE Planocarpa petiolaris Cyathodes ERICACEAE Prionotes cerinthoidesERICACEAE Richea acerosaERICACEAE Richea curtisiaeERICACEAE Richea dracophyllaERICACEAE Richea gunniiERICACEAE Richea milliganiiERICACEAE Richea pandanifoliaERICACEAE Richea proceraERICACEAE Richea scopariaERICACEAE Richea sprengelioidesERICACEAE Sprengelia distichophyllaERICACEAE Sprengelia incarnataERICACEAE Trochocarpa cunninghamiiERICACEAE Trochocarpa gunniiERICACEAE Trochocarpa thymifolia

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 4Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:FABACEAE Pea FamilyFABACEAE Almaleea subumbellataFABACEAE Aotus ericoidesFABACEAE Bossiaea ripariaFABACEAE Daviesia latifolia native hopFABACEAE Daviesia ulicifolia native gorseFABACEAE Glycine clandestinaFABACEAE Lotus australisFABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticumFABACEAE Pultenaea daphnoides obovate leaves, pea flowerFABACEAE Pultenaea juniperina prickly, yellow pea flower

FAGACEAE Beech FamilyFAGACEAE Nothofagus cunninghamii myrtleFAGACEAE Nothofagus gunnii deciduous

GENTIANACEAE Gentian FamilyGENTIANACEAE Chinogentias diemensis Gentiane diemensis

GERANIACEAE Geranium FamilyGERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloides

GOODENIACEAE Native-primrose FamilyGOODENIACEAE Goodenia ovataGOODENIACEAE Scaevola hookeriGOODENIACEAE Velleia montana

HALORAGACEAE Raspwort FamilyHALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus micranthusHALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus montanusHALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus serpyllifoliusHALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus teucrioides Haloragi teucrioidesHALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum pedunculatumHALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum salsugineum

LAMIACEAE Mint FamilyLAMIACEAE Ajuga australisLAMIACEAE Prostanthera lasianthos

LAURACEAE Laurel FamilyLAURACEAE Cassytha glabella

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 5Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:MIMOSACEAE Wattle FamilyMIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbataMIMOSACEAE Acacia melanoxylonMIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronataMIMOSACEAE Acacia vernicifluaMIMOSACEAE Acacia verticillata

MONIMIACEAE Sassafras FamilyMONIMIACEAE Atherosperma moschatum

MYRTACEAE Myrtle FamilyMYRTACEAE Baeckea gunnianaMYRTACEAE Baeckea leptocaulisMYRTACEAE Callistemon viridiflorusMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus amygdalinaMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus cocciferaMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus dalrympleanaMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensisMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus gunniiMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus johnstoniiMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus nitidaMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliquaMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus pulchellaMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnansMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus subcrenulataMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus tenuiramisMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus urnigeraMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus vernicosaMYRTACEAE Eucalyptus viminalisMYRTACEAE Leptospermum glaucescensMYRTACEAE Leptospermum lanigerumMYRTACEAE Leptospermum nitidumMYRTACEAE Leptospermum rupestreMYRTACEAE Leptospermum scopariumMYRTACEAE Melaleuca squameaMYRTACEAE Melaleuca squarrosa

OLEACEAE Olive FamilyOLEACEAE Notelaea ligustrina

ONAGRACEAE Willowherb FamilyONAGRACEAE Epilobium billardierianum

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 6Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:PLANTAGINACEAE Plantain FamilyPLANTAGINACEAE Plantago daltoniiPLANTAGINACEAE Plantago glabrataPLANTAGINACEAE Plantago glacialis Plantago muelleriPLANTAGINACEAE Plantago gunniiPLANTAGINACEAE Plantago paradoxaPLANTAGINACEAE Plantago tasmanica

POLYGALACEAE Milkwort FamilyPOLYGALACEAE Comesperma retusum

PORTULACACEAE Purslane FamilyPORTULACACEAE Montia fontanaPORTULACACEAE Neopaxia australasica Montia australasica

PROTEACEAE Protea FamilyPROTEACEAE Agastachys odorataPROTEACEAE Banksia marginataPROTEACEAE Bellendena montanaPROTEACEAE Cenarrhenes nitidaPROTEACEAE Hakea lissospermaPROTEACEAE Hakea epiglottisPROTEACEAE Hakea microcarpaPROTEACEAE Lomatia polymorphaPROTEACEAE Lomatia tinctoriaPROTEACEAE Orites acicularisPROTEACEAE Orites diversifoliaPROTEACEAE Orites revolutaPROTEACEAE Persoonia gunniiPROTEACEAE Persoonia juniperinaPROTEACEAE Telopea truncata

RANUNCULACEAE Buttercup FamilyRANUNCULACEAE Caltha phyllopteraRANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristata climbing vine with large star-like flowersRANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus collicola buttercupRANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus collinus buttercupRANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus decurvus RanunculconcinnusRANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus glabrifolius buttercupRANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus gunnianus buttercupRANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus lappaceus buttercupRANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus nanus buttercup

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 7Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:RUBIACEAE Madder FamilyRUBIACEAE Coprosma hirtellaRUBIACEAE Coprosma mooreiRUBIACEAE Coprosma nitidaRUBIACEAE Coprosma pumilaRUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifidaRUBIACEAE Galium australeRUBIACEAE Galium gaudichaudii

RUTACEAE Boronia FamilyRUTACEAE Boronia citriodoraRUTACEAE Boronia parvifloraRUTACEAE Boronia pilosaRUTACEAE Correa lawrencianaRUTACEAE Nematolepis squameum Phebalium RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens

SANTALACEAE Sandalwood FamilySANTALACEAE Exocarpos cupressiformisSANTALACEAE Exocarpos humifususSANTALACEAE Leptomeria drupacea

SAPINDACEAE Soapwood FamilySAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscosa

SCROPHULARIACEASnapdragon FamilySCROPHULARIACEAEDerwentia nivea Veronica niveaSCROPHULARIACEAEEuphrasia collinaSCROPHULARIACEAEEuphrasia gibbsiaeSCROPHULARIACEAEEuphrasia striataSCROPHULARIACEAEGratiola peruviana Gratiola latifoliaSCROPHULARIACEAEOurisia integrifolia

STYLIDIACEAE Triggerplant FamilySTYLIDIACEAE Forstera bellidifoliaSTYLIDIACEAE Phyllachne colensoiSTYLIDIACEAE Stylidium graminifolium

THYMELIACEAE Riceflower FamilyTHYMELIACEAE Pimelia drupaceaTHYMELIACEAE Pimelia linifolia Pimelia lindleyanaTHYMELIACEAE Pimelia nivea

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 8Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:MONOCOTYLEDONSBURMANNIACEAE Thismia rodwayi

CENTROLEPIDACEAECentrolepis monogynaCENTROLEPIDACEAECentrolepis muscoidesCENTROLEPIDACEAECentrolepis polygynaCENTROLEPIDACEAEGaimardia fitzgeraldiCENTROLEPIDACEAEGaimardia setacea

CYPERACEAE Bolboschoenus medianusCYPERACEAE Carex archeriCYPERACEAE Carex barbataCYPERACEAE Carex gunnianaCYPERACEAE Carex polyanthaCYPERACEAE Carex tasmanicaCYPERACEAE Carex appressa Carex virgataCYPERACEAE Carpha alpinaCYPERACEAE Carpha rodwayiCYPERACEAE Eleocharis gracilisCYPERACEAE Eleocharis sphacelataCYPERACEAE Gahnia grandis Gahnia psittocorumCYPERACEAE Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalusCYPERACEAE Isolepis alpinaCYPERACEAE Isolepis auklandicaCYPERACEAE Isolepis crassiusculaCYPERACEAE Isolepis fluitansCYPERACEAE Isolepis inundataCYPERACEAE Isolepis limbataCYPERACEAE Isolepis montivagaCYPERACEAE Isolepis nodosusCYPERACEAE Isolepis subtilissimaCYPERACEAE Lepidosperma filiformeCYPERACEAE Lepidosperma gunniiCYPERACEAE Lepidosperma inopsCYPERACEAE Lepidosperma tasmanicaCYPERACEAE Oreobolus acutifoliusCYPERACEAE Oreobolus distichusCYPERACEAE Oreobolus oxycarpusCYPERACEAE Oreobolus pumilioCYPERACEAE Schoenus calyptratusCYPERACEAE Schoenus fluitansCYPERACEAE Schoenus maschalinus

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 9Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:JUNCACEAE Juncus antarcticusJUNCACEAE Juncus australis Juncus communisJUNCACEAE Juncus bassianusJUNCACEAE Juncus falcatusJUNCACEAE Juncus kraussiiJUNCACEAE Juncus pallidusJUNCACEAE Juncus pauciflorusJUNCACEAE Juncus planifoliusJUNCACEAE Juncus ratkowskyanusJUNCACEAE Juncus sandwithiiJUNCACEAE Luzula campestris

LILIACEAE Astelia alpinaLILIACEAE Blandfordia puniceaLILIACEAE Campynema lineareLILIACEAE Dianella revolutaLILIACEAE Dianella tasmanicaLILIACEAE Drymophila cyanocarpaLILIACEAE Milligania densifloraLILIACEAE Milligania lindonianaLILIACEAE Milligania stylosa

ORCHIDACEAE Caladenia alpinaORCHIDACEAE Chiloglottis cornutaORCHIDACEAE Chiloglottis gunniiORCHIDACEAE Corybas diemenicusORCHIDACEAE Gastrodia proceraORCHIDACEAE Prasophyllum alpinumORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis decurvaORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis dubiaORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis foliataORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis furcataORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis parvifloraORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis pedunculataORCHIDACEAE Thelymitra aristataORCHIDACEAE Thelymitra retectaORCHIDACEAE Townsonia viridis

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 10Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:POACEAE Agrostis lacunarumPOACEAE Agrostis parvifloraPOACEAE Agrostis venustaPOACEAE Amphibromus recurvatusPOACEAE Austrodanthoniacaespitosa DanthoniaPOACEAE AustrodanthoniadiemenicaPOACEAE Rytidosperma fortunae-hibernaePOACEAE Rytidosperma nivicolumPOACEAE Rytidosperma nudiflorumPOACEAE Rytidosperma pauciflorumPOACEAE AustrodanthoniapenicillataPOACEAE Deyeuxia carinataPOACEAE Deyeuxia contractaPOACEAE Deyeuxia innominataPOACEAE Deyeuxia monticolaPOACEAE Deyeuxia rodwayiPOACEAE Echinopogon ovatusPOACEAE Ehrharta oreophilaPOACEAE Ehrharta stipoidesPOACEAE Ehrharta tasmanicaPOACEAE Elymus repens AgropyrorepensPOACEAE Erythranthera australisPOACEAE Hierochloe fraseriPOACEAE Hierochloe redolensPOACEAE Poa alpinaPOACEAE Poa gunniiPOACEAE Poa saxicola

POTAMOGETONACEAPotamogeton tricarinatus

RESTIONACEAE Chordifex hookeri Acion hookeri Restio hookeriRESTIONACEAE Chordifex monocephalus Acion monocepRestio monocephalusRESTIONACEAE Baloskion australe Restio australisRESTIONACEAE Baloskion tetraphyllum Restio tetraphyllusRESTIONACEAE Calorophus elongatusRESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus CalorophlateriflorusRESTIONACEAE Eurychorda complanata Restio complanatusRESTIONACEAE Hypolaena fastigiataRESTIONACEAE Leptocarpus tenaxRESTIONACEAE Sporadanthus tasmanicus Lepyrodi tasmanica

XYRIDACEAE Xyris marginata

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 11Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:GYMNOSPERMSCUPRESSACEAE Athrotaxis cuppressoidesCUPRESSACEAE Athrotaxis laxifoliaCUPRESSACEAE Athrotaxis selaginoidesCUPRESSACEAE Diselma archeri

PODOCARPACEAE Microcachrys tetragonaPODOCARPACEAE Pherosphaera hookeriana MicrostroniphophilusPODOCARPACEAE Phyllocladus aspleniifoliusPODOCARPACEAE Podocarpus lawrencei

FERNS AND BRYOPHYTESASPLENIACEAE Asplenium flabellifoliumASPLENIACEAE Asplenium appendiculatum terrestre

ATHYRIACEAE Cystopteris tasmanica

BLECHNACEAE Blechnum chambersiiBLECHNACEAE Blechnum fluviatileBLECHNACEAE Blechnum nudumBLECHNACEAE Blechnum penna-marinaBLECHNACEAE Blechnum wattsii BlechnumprocerumBLECHNACEAE Doodia caudata

DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHistiopteris incisaDENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepis amaurorachis Hypolepi australisDENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepsis rugulosaDENNSTAEDTIACEAEPteridium esculentum

DICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarctica

DRYOPTERIDACEAE Polystichum proliferumDRYOPTERIDACEAE Rumohra adiantiformis

GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpinaGLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia dicarpaGLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia microphylla circinataGLEICHENIACEAE Sticherus tener

GRAMMITIDACEAE Ctenopteris heterophyllaGRAMMITIDACEAE Grammitis billardiereiGRAMMITIDACEAE Grammitis poeppigiana

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 12Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites:LYCOPODIACEAE Huperzia australiana LycopodiaustraliaLycopod selagoLYCOPODIACEAE Huperzia variaLYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodiella lateralis Lycopodi lateraleLYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium deuterodensumLYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium fastigiatumLYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium scariosum

POLYPODIACEAE Microsorum pustulatum diversifolium

PSILOTACEAE Tmesipteris obliqua

SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea bifidaSCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea fistulosa

SPHAGNANCEAE Sphagnum australe Sphagnumcristatum

list of sites to be visited - university of tasmania · list of sites to be visited site no....

Documents