List of Participants with Fields of Research

ANDREAE, M.O. Dept. of Oceanography Florida State University Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA

Biogeochemistry of trace metals and sulfur in the oceans and atmosphere

BACCINI,P. EAWAG 8600 Diibendorf Switzerland

Transport and transformation processes in ecosystems and m~n-made systems

BAULD,J. Baas Becking Geobiological Labora­tory P.O. Box 378 Canberra City, ACT 2601 Australia

Ecology and geobiology of phototrophic microbes (primarily saline benthic habi­tats, especially microbial mats and stro­matolites)

BERNHARD, M. Centro Studi Ambiente Marino ENEA P.O. Box 316 19100 La Spezia Italy

Marine ecology and marine pollution

BRANICA,M. Center for Marine Research Zagreb The Rudjer Boskovic Institute P.O. Box 1016 41001 Zagreb Yugoslavia

Physicochemical characterization of traces in natural and polluted waters. Development of sensitive procedures for trace metal speciation

BRINCKMAN, F.E. National Bureau of Standards Center for Materials Science Ceramics Division Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA

Biogenesis and transformations of organometallic substances in the environment

BROMMER, G.W. Institut fUr Bodenkunde der Universitat Bonn Nussallee 13 5300 Bonn 1 F.R. Germany

Soil science: heavy metals in soils - solu­bility, bonding, extractability, availabil­ity

List of Participants with Fields of Research 717

CALMANO,W. Arbeitsbereich Umweltschutztechnik Technische Universitat Hamburg-Har­burg Eissendorfer Strasse 38 2100 Hamburg 90 F.R. Germany

Chemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments

CHAKRABARTY, A.M. Dept. of Microbiology University of Illinois Medical Center 835 South W olcott Avenue

'Chicago, IL 60612 USA

Biodegradation of xenobiotic com­pounds, microbial oil recovery, pseudo­monas infection in cystic fibrosis

CHAU, Y.K. National Water Research Institute Canada Center for Inland Waters 867 Lakeshore Road P.O. Box 5050 Burlington, Ontario L 7R 4A6 Canada

Organometals in the environment: speci­ation, biotic and abiotic methylation; structure-toxicity relationship

CRAIG,P.J. School of Chemistry Leicester Polytechnic P.O. Box 143 Leicester LE1 9BH England

Environmental analytical and organo­metallic chemistry

DUINKER, J.e. Institut fUr Meereskunde der Universitat Kiel Diisternbrooker Weg 20 2300 Kiel1 F.R. Germany

Marine chemistry

FORSTNER, U. Arbei ts bereich U mweltschutztechnik Technische Universitat Hamburg-Har­burg Eissendorfer Strasse 38 2100 Hamburg 90 F.R. Germany

Geochemistry, sediments and contami­nants, solid-waste disposal, environmen­tal engineering

FOWLER, B.A. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA

Regulatory roles of high-affinity metal­binding proteins in mammals and marine invertebrates with respect to cell injury

FRIMMEL, F.H. Institut fUr Wasserchemie Technische Universitat Miinchen Marchioninistrasse 17 8000 Miinchen 70 F.R. Germany

Complexation reactions in aquatic sys­tems

718

GAMBLE, D.S. Chemistry and Biology Research Insti­tute Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6 Canada

The physical chemistry of humic mate­rials and their interactions with cations and pesticides

GEORGE, S.G.* Unit fiir Aquatic Biochemistry University of Stirling Stirling FK94LA Scotland Mechanisms of trace metal accumula­tion and detoxication in marine organ­isms and effects of toxic metals on or­ganic pollutant metabolism

HERMS,V. Niedersachs. Landesamt fiir Bodenfor­schung Bodentechnologisches Institut Bremen Friedrich-Missler-Strasse 46--50 2800 Bremen 1 F.R. Germany

Crop uptake of heavy metals from dredged harbor mud; influence of redox variations on heavy metal solubility

IRGOLlC, K.J. Dept. of Chemistry Center for Energy and Mineral Re­sources Texas A & M University College Station, TX 77843 USA

Transformation of arsenic, selenium, tellurium compounds by organisms; or­ganometallic synthesis ( As, Se, Te); element-specific detection systems for liquid chromatography; trace element analysis

* Present address

List of Participants with Fields of Research

JENNE,E.A. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Box 999 Richland, W A 99352 USA

Trace element and radionuclide speci­ation in waters and partitioning between phases

KABATA-PENDIAS, A. Laboratorium Mikroelementow I.U.N.G. 24-100 Pula wy Poland

Behavior of trace elements in soils under stress; assessment of safe threshold levels of heavy metals in soils

KANE, P.F.* 19122 Kahala Drive RRI Box 198 Galveston, TX 77551 USA

Surface science

KESTER, D.R. Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI 02881 USA

Physical chemistry of metals in seawater and the relationship to biological activity

List of Participants with Fields of Research 719

KRULL,I.S. The Barnett Institute 341 Mugar Building Northeastern University 360 Huntington Avenue Boston, MA 02115 USA

Trace metal analysis and speciation by high-performance liquid chromatography with plasma emission spectroscopic de­tection (HPLC-ICP, HPLC-DCP, and HPLC-MIPj

LECKIE, J.O. Environmental Engineering and Science Dept. Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 USA

Surface chemical phenomena in aqueous systems; low-temperature, low-pressure aqueous geochemistry

LUDWICKI, K.J. National Institute of Hygiene Dept. of Food Research ul. Chocimska 24 00-971 Warsaw Poland

Food contamination by heavy metals and their health aspects

LUND, W. Dept. of Chemistry University of Oslo Box 1033 Blindern Oslo 3 Norway

Trace metals in environmental samples; electrochemical methods of analysis

LUOMA,S.N. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division 345 Middlefield Road Mailstop-65 Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA

Bioavailability of trace metals; metal chemistry in sediments; metal metabo­lism in invertebrates

MACKAY,D. Chemical Engineering Dept. University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada

Environmental dynamics of toxic or­ganic chemicals

MEHLHORN, R.J. Membrane Bioenergetics Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Top of Hearst Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Membrane biophysics, oxidative free­radical damage, mitochondrial bioener­getics

MERTZ,W. USDA,ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Rm. 223, Bldg. 308 BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705 USA

Trace elements, nutrition

720

MILLS, C.F. Rowett Research Institute Bucksburn Aberdeen AB2 9SB Scotland

Investigation of the metabolic con­sequences of essential trace element deficiencies and of variables influencing their utilization by animals and man

MULLER, G.K. Institut fUr Sedimentsforschung der Universitat Heidelberg Postfach 103020 6900 Heidelberg 1 F.R. Germany

Environmental geochemistry, especially removal of heavy metals from contami­nated materials; influence of artificial complexing agents on sediments and sludges

OEHMICHEN, U. Institut fUr Geowissenschaften, FB 22 Postfach 3980 6500 Mainz F.R. Germany

Speciation of organometallic compounds in biological samples

OLSON,G.J. National Bureau of Standards A-331 Materials Bldg. Washington, DC 20234 USA

Microbiology, biogeochemistry, environ­mental chemistry

PISCATOR, M. Dept. of Environmental Hygiene Karolinska Institute P.O. Box 60400 10401 Stockholm Sweden

Metal/cadmium toxicity

List of Participants with Fields of Research

PROSI,F.P. Zoologisches Institut I der Universitat Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 230 6900 Heidelberg F.R. Germany

Interactions of heavy metals on the sedi­ment-water interface and their availabil­ity for benthic invertebrates; bioindica­tor systems for heavy metals on the level of tissues and cells

RUSSELL, D.H. Dept. of Chemistry Texas A & M University College Station, TX 77843 USA

Development of mass spectral methods for identification/characterization of large molecules

SADLER, P.J. Dept. of Chemistry Birkbeck College University of London Malet Street London WCtE 7HX England

Biological chemistry

SALOMONS, W. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory Haren Branch c/o Institute for Soil Fertility P.O. Box 30003 9740 Haren (Gr) Netherlands

Aquatic geochemistry, in particular the behavior of trace metals in lakes and estuaries; research on the fate and trans­port of contaminants from solid mate­rials dumped on land and in the aquatic environment

List of Participants with Fields of Research 721

SILVER, S. Biology Dept. Washington University St. Louis, MO 63130 USA

Molecular biology and biochemistry of bacterial resistance to toxic heavy metals

THORNELEY, R.N.F. AFRC Unit of Nitrogen Fixation University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9RQ England

Nitrogen fixation, electron transfer with metalloproteins

TOBSCHALL, H.J. Institut fUr Geowissenschaften Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Saarstrasse 21 6500 Mainz 1 F.R. Germany

Biogeochemistry of tin and platinum group elements, organometallic com­pounds of mercury, tin, and lead in aquatic systems

TRAMIER,B. Elf Aquitaine Direction Environment Les Miroirs 92096 Paris La Defense Cedex 27 France

Oil pollution and impact, heavy metals pollution and impact

VELAPOLDI, R.A. National Bureau of Standards Center for Analytical Chemistry Chemistry Bldg., Rm. A309 Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA

Luminescence/analytical chemistry

VESTAL, M.L. Dept. of Chemistry University of Houston University Park Houston, TX 77004 USA

Development and applications of new techniques for combined liquid chroma­tography/mass spectrometry; new ion­ization techniques in mass spectrometry suitable for nonvolatile and/or thermally labile compounds

WEBER,G. Institut fur Spektrochemie und Angewandte Spektroskopie Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11 4600 Dortmund 1 F.R. Germany

Trace analysis and speciation of metals ( especially tin) in matrices such as water,foods, body fluids

WOLF,W.R. Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Bldg. 161 BARCE U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Beltsville, MD 20705 USA

Inorganic nutrient analysis of foods, development of biological reference ma­terials

722

WOOD,J.M. Gray Freshwater Biological Institute P.O. Box 100 Navarre, MN 55392 USA

Metalloenzymes, transport and toxicity of metal ions

List of Participants with Fields of Research

ZEPPEZAUER,M. Fachrichtung Biochemie, 15.2 Universitat des Saarlandes 6600 Saarbriicken F.R. Germany

Catalytic function of metals in metal­loenzymes; biosynthesis of metallopro­teins; thymic hormones in immunology and cancer research

Subject Index

AAS (Atomic absorption spectroscopy) 43,44,150,296, 358, 555, 582, 702

-, furnace 151, 155, 157 Ability, cadmium-complexing 412,

413 -, copper-complexing 415 Abiotic H2S oxidation 266 - oxidation 267 - reactions 255 - sulfide oxidation 267 - transformations 268 Absorption, copper 76 -, intestinal 41 - spectra 116 - spectrometry, flame furnace 669 - -, gas chromatography-atomic

150, 160 - -, graphite furnace 600, 669, 670-

674,713 - techniques 306 -, trace-element 71 -, ultrasonic 342, 343, 360 -, ultraviolet 354 Abundance of As species, relative

388 -, species 7,9 Acceptors, terminal electron 261,

263 Accumulated ionic zinc 410 Accumulation of As 388 - - Hg 406 - - Hg 1 403, 405, 406 - - MeHg 403, 405 - - organic mercury 406 - - soluble Cr(VI) and particulate

Cr(IlI) 394 Accuracy and precision in chemical

analysis 685, 695

Acetylacetone 396 Acid(s), alginic 393 -, amino 347,458 -, ascorbic 45, 92, 399 - / base reactions 339, 353, 356 -, carboxylic 288,347,348 -, dimethylarsinic 156, 392 -, fatty 347 -, fulvic 347 -, humic 176-178 -, lineolic 396 -, methanestibonic 320 -, methylarsenic 160, 677, 678 -, monomethylarsonic 156 - mine drainage 455, 494, 495 -, nitrolotriacetic 393, 396, 399 -, p-aminophenylarsonic 156 - peroxyl radicals, fatty 93 -, phenylarsonic 677 -, phytic 22 -, radioactive humic 412 -, tannic 396 -,weak 342,357,450 Actinides 323 Action, law of mass 217, 342, 343 -, tidal 368 Activation analysis, neutron 11,44,

50,701 Active oxygen molecules 91 - sites 20, 23 ff., 105 - - modelling 25 Activity, biological 355, 360, 485,

682 -, calculated cupric ion 395,413 -, catalytic 108 - coefficients 342 -, cupric ion 413 -, free metal-ion 385 -, geochemical 340

724

Activity, human 278, 466 -, pharmacological 29 Acyl intermediate 108 Adsorption capacity of soil

components 176 fT. - / desorption processes 181,237,

238,249,282,295,298,306,595 -, nonspecific 169, 178 -, metal 193 -, specific 169,178 - to particles 129,415 -, trace metal 193 -, zinc 176 Advancement in species analysis Aerobactin 514 Aerobes (see Aerobic organisms)

398,402 Aerobic colorless sulfur bacteria

266,267 - organisms 398, 402 - oxidation of reduced S species

263 Aerosols 447,466,473,477,487 AES 150,467 Ag 95,289,355,477,499,505 Age pigments (lipofuschins) 401 Agents, artificial chelating 386 -, chemotherapeutic 28 fT., 707 -, complexing 208 -, iron-chelating 399 -, metal-binding 520 Aggregates, Fe(III)-hydroxide 414 Aging 91 Air pollution 661,693 - / solid interface 661 Airborne emissions (see Air

pollution) 661,693 - particles (see Fly ash) 452, 465,

468,472-474,480-487,661 Al 60, 285, 348, 355, 356, 388, 445 27 Al NMR 574-576 AI, oxides of 170, 176 Alcohol dehydrogenase 99, 103 ff.,

108f. Aldehydes 347 Algae 388,393,400,406,411 -, blue-green freshwater 399 -, marine 388 -, - unicellular 388

Subject Index

-, radioactive 411 -, release of organic matter by 415 -, unicellular 388,412 -, uptake of iron by 416 -, uptake of stable zinc by 412 Algal bioassay 397 Alginate 393 Alginic acid 393 Alkaline earth elements 309,475 - - metals 386, 574 - elements 309, 574 Alkalinity 351, 356, 358, 359, 386 Alkylation 160, 505 Alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear 396 Alkyllead 127, 153,447 Alkylmercury 448, 450 Alkyltin 127,153,681 Aluminosilicate(s) 469,474, 563,

576 Aluminium (AI) 60, 285, 348, 355,

356,388,445 - oxides 176, 178 Am 323 American oyster Crassostrea

virginica 393, 396 Americium (Am) 323 Ames Test 487 Amines 288 Amino acids 347,395,458,637 Ammonia 277,359 Ammonium

pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) 396

Amorphic oxides 131 Amphiphilic complexes 86 Anaerobes 402 Anaerobic oxidation of reduced S

species 262 - respiration(s) 255,256,261 Analysis, accuracy and precision in

chemical 685,695 -, advancement in species 1 -, continuous 712 -, electrochemical 296, 712, 713 -, flow injection 50 -, GC-AAS 150, 160 -, in situ 294, 563, 677 -, neutron activation 701,704 -, species 7

Subject Index

Analysis, substoichiometric 51 -, X-ray diffraction 103 -, -j- structure 102 Analyses, automated continuous

712 - of coal fly ash, mineralogical 469 -, particulate 713 -, PIXE 467,473 -, potentiometric stripping 43, 351 Analyte species 689,701,703 Analytical measurement process

685-712 - - - ,total 687,688,697,703,

707 - strategy 711 Ancestral history of microbial

evolution 433 Anchovies 403 Anemia, iron deficiency 44 Anesthetics 90 Anhydrase, carbonic 99,103ff. Animals, marine 389, 395 -, release of As by marine 389 -, - - Cr by marine 395 Anionic aqueous "speciation" 465,

482 Anisotropy, chemical shift 575 Anodic stripping voltammetry

(ASV) 11,158,357,358,393,396, 541

Anoxia 269 Anoxic environments 124,255,266 - hypolimnion 269 - sediment(s) 265,283, 398 - water 398 - zone(s) 265,266 Anoxygenic CO2 fixation 262 - cyanobacteria, facultative 268 - photosynthesis 262 - phototrophic bacteria and

cyanobacteria 261,262 Antibiotics 633 Antimony (Sb) 127,319,460,473,

679 Apatite 474 APDC 396 Applications, diagnostic 43 Aqueous "speciation", anionic 465,

482

725

Areas, total surface 681 Argon plasma emission spectrometry,

inductively coupled 581, 582, 599 Aromatic(s), chlorinated 521,522 - hydrocarbons, polynuclear 467 Arsenate 86,289, 359, 388-390 Arsenic (As) 14,20, 59, 60, 61, 68,

127,156,203,319,348,374,376, 380,385,443-485,505

- accumulated from food 391, 392 - - - seawater 388, 391 - j containing herbicides 677, 678 - moieties 677 - pathways in soils 392, 678 - - - the sea 388, 392 - species 61,156,160,390 - toxicity 392 - uptake from water and food 389,

391 Arsenite-oxidizing organisms 389 Arsenobetaine 392, 458, 677 Arsenosugars 391 Artemia, radioactive 391 Artifact(s) 403,475 Artificial che1ating agents 386 - ligands 385 - reef 482 - seawater 407 Arylsulfatase 260 As 14,20,59,60,61,68,127,156,

203,319,348,374,376,380,385, 443-485, 505

As(II1) 156,348,388-390 As(V) 156, 388-390 As(Vf4, gut content of 391 75As 574 As, accumulation of 391,392 -, biomediated oxidation of - compounds, covalent organic 385 - -, demethylated organic 392 - concentrations in seawater, total

388 - in blood, muscle, or liver,

inorganic 391 - - the liver, organic 391 -, inorganic and organic forms of

391,677 -, - radioactive 391 -, nonanionic 391

726

As, organic substances, water-soluble 392

-, preferential reabsorption of nonanionic 391

-, primary production of 388 -, radioactive 389, 391 - species, biological modification of

the distribution of 388 - -, changes of 390 - -, relative abundance of 388 - toxicity 392 -, transformation of 677 -, uptake of 389, 391 - - via gastrointestinal tract,

inorganic 391 Ascorbate 399 Ascorbic acid 45, 92, 399 Ash disposal, fly 465, 468, 482 f. -, fly 661 -, incinerated sewage sludge 476 -, mineralogical analyses of coal fly

469 - pond 482 - - seepage 484 -, precipitator 470 -, vanadium species in fly 473 Assessment, quality 689,691,704 Assimilatory processes 255 - sulfate reduction 259,260 Associations of chemical species,

weak 8 Assurance, quality 685,689,691,

694, 700, 706, 707 ASV (see Anodic stripping

voltammetry) 11,158,357,358, 412

- / labile copper 397 Atlantic Ocean 403,404 Atmosphere-lake boundary 199 Atmospheric chemistry 2 - depositions 465, 485 - diffusion 180,447,458 - emissions 447 - systems 2 Atomic absorption, furnace

atomization 49, 151, 155, 157, 582,669

- - spectroscopy (AAS) 43, 44, 150,296,358,555,582,706

Subject Index

Atomic emission spectroscopy 157 - fluorescence spectrometry 585,

600,669 - spectroscopy 48 ff. Atomization atomic absorption,

furnace 49, 151, 155, 157, 582, 669

Atoms, cluster of 7,10 -, configuration of 7, 10 -, covalently bound groups of 8 Au 355,385 Au(I) 568, 569 Au, colloidal 416 Auger electron spectrometry (AES)

150,467,652 - microscopy, scanning 652 Automated continuous analyses 50,

712 Automation 50 Automobile exhaust 661,662 - tire-wear particles 479 Availability, food 405 - of elements 129, 133ff., 429 - - heavy metal(s) 169 - - metals 406

B 476,482 lOB 576 llB 575 llB NMR 575 B(OR)';:- 344, 345 Background correction 49 Back-scattering, Rutherford 658 Bacteria 388, 399, 402, 403, 414, 525 -, aerobic colorless sulfur 266, 267 - and cyanobacteria, anoxygenic

phototrophic 261,262 -, chemoautotrophic S-oxidizing

267 -, chemotrophic 257,262 -, colorless sulfur 263, 264 -, green S 262,266 -, heterotrophic S-dissimilating 266 -, marine 396 -, pelagic 403 -, phototrophic 266 -, - green S 266 -, purple non-S 262 -,- S 262

Subject Index

Bacteria, sulfate-reducing 261,455 -, sulfur 263 -, -j reducing 261 Baldegg, Lake 208 Band, Soret 45, 53 Bank, Pilot Environmental

Specimen 701,705, 706 Barnacle 393 Bay, Chesapeake 703, 704 Be 388 Behavior, biogeochemical 338 -, chemical 339 -, feeding 394 Benthic marine organisms 287,400 Bentonite 177, 178 IX-Benzoinoxine 396 Beryllium (Be) 388 Bi 679 209Bi 574 Bias 696, 700, 702, 703, 706 Bicarbonate 341,350,351,353,354,

356, 357, 366 Binding, gold-thiolate 568 - sites 26 Bioaccumulation 13,430,451,483,

507 Bioassay 397,413 -, algal 397 -, growth 413 Bioavailable Cs 386 - fraction 427 - metal species, soluble 385 Bioavailability of Cr 394 - - elements 8,12,21,41,287,399,

400,427,428,436,479,555 Biocatalytic electrodes 55 Biocenose 213 Biochemical processes 297 Bioconcentrate(s) 426,448 Biodegradation 505,521,522 Biofluids 563, 571 Biogenic H 2S 269 - kerogen 677 - particles 285 - phosphorites 385 - sulfides 269 Biogeochemical behavior 338 - cycle(s) 3, 14, 136 ff., 264 - - of mercury 401,402

727

Bioleaching 499-501 Biological activity 355, 366, 398,

681 - half-time 403, 405 - -j- of HgCl2 403, 405 - -j- of MeHg 405 - matrix 696,700, 707, 712 - methylation (see Biomethylation)

319,448,458 - modification of the distribution of

As species 388 - processes 360, 428 - properties 679 - species 9 - systems 17, 39 ff., 349 - uptake 210 Biomediated oxidation of As 389 Biomembranes 85 Biomethylation 319,448,458 Biopotency 44 Bioprocessing, coal 494-497 Bioselective electrodes 55 Biosphere 257,425-428 Biosulfides 269 Biosynthesis 264, 505 Biota 2,14,425,451,458,714 Bioturbation 269 Biouptake 129, 133 ff. Bismuth (Bi) 679 Bivalve(s) 401 - mollusc 394 Bleomycin 92 Blood cells, red 573 -, muscle, or liver, inorganic As in

391 - plasma 571 Bloodstream 487 Bluefin tuna 403 Blue-green freshwater algae 399 Body distribution of radioactive ferric

hydroxide, internal 400 - fluids 487 Boiling points 471 Bombardment, ion 475 - ionization, fast-atom 632 Bonito 403 Borate 341,357,359 Borohydride 341,345,678 Boron (B) 476,482

728

Bottom, sea 349, 402 Boundary, atmosphere-lake 199 -, river-lake 195 -, sediment-water 203, 237 Box models 292 Br 47 Br- 341 79Br 575 81BrNMR 575 Breast milk, human 47 Bromine (Br) 473 Brown kelp Eklonia 391 - trout S. trutta 391 Brucite 483 Budget, global 466 Burning, fossil-fuel 446,447,454,

468 Butylethyltin compounds 680 Butyltin 127,161, 163,460,507

C 566,575 13C NMR 115,566,568,575 Ca 76,90,348,455 Ca(II) 570--573 - ionophores 573 43Ca 574 Ca2 + 289,341,344,345 CaC03 176 Ca-based granules, intercellular 388 - ion-pair of phosphate 386 - / Chelex-l00 407 Cadmium (Cd) 59, 64 f., 67, 76, 78,

87,180,385,393,400,415,452-454,473-487,566,567

- / binding sites 568 - chelation 412 - / complexing ability 412,413 - in coastal waters 392 - - estuarine waters 392 - toxicity 393 - uptake 393 - zinc sites 116 Calculated cupric ion activity 395 - free Fe3 + activity 399 Calculations for Cd,

thermodynamic 393 -, predictive 218 -, thermodynamic 339,425,426,

429

Subject Index

Calibration 689, 695, 702 Californium (Cf) 633 Canal, nuclear plant outfall 412 Capacity, complexation 126,536 -, computing 436 - factor, column 679 - for Zn, chelation 412 - of seawater, chelation 385, 399 - - -, complexation 385,415 - - soil components, adsorption

176ff. Capillary liquid chromatography

584 Carbohydrates 347 Carbon (C) 566, 575 -, decomposition of organic 257 - dioxide (C02) 338, 359, 469, 473 - disulfide 260 - monoxide 338 -, organic 372 Carbonates 132, 238 f., 341, 350ff.,

351,353,356-360,469,475-481 Carbonic anhydrase 99, 103 ff. Carbonyl sulfide 260 Carboxylic acids 288,347,348 Carboxypeptidase 99, 103 ff., 107 f. Catalase 94 Catalysis 99 -, enzyme 99 Catalyst(s) 107,451-454 Catalytic activity 108 - cycle 99, 105ff., 116 - enzyme(s) 99 - mechanism 107 - metal-binding site 107 - zinc sites 116 Cations, polyvalent 90 Cd 59,60, 64f., 67, 76, 78, 87,170,

172,181,185,196,251,284-295, 313,353,357,374-377,415,452-454,473-487,566,567

Cd (II) 348,355,567,572 113Cd 567 113Cd NMR 568 Cd and Fe, interactions between

393 - / binding proteins, non­

metallothionein 394

Subject Index

Cd chloro-complexes, soluble inorganic 353

-, complexation of 412 - concentrations in seawater, total

392 - / EDTA 393 -, intracellular 394 - ion, correlation of Cd toxicity with

free 393 -, thermodynamic calculations for

393 - / thioneins 394 - tissue levels 394 - toxicity with free Cd ion,

correlation of 393 -, uptake of 393 - with Chelex-100, removal of 415 - - EDT A, complexation of 393 - - humic acid, complexation of

393 - - NT A, complexation of 393 CDTA 399 Cell(s) 563,571,573 -, lung 65 - membrane 288 -, pulmonary 61 -, red blood 573 Cenospheres 469 Certified Reference Materials 296,

298,686,695,696,707,714 Ceruloplasmin 400 Cesium (Cs) 386, 387 -, stable 387 CF 387 Cf 633 252Cf-plasma desorption mass

spectrometry 633 Chain, food 453 - model, food 406 -, pelagic food 403 Chalcophilic elements 470,472 Changes of As species 390 Characterization, surface 644 Charcoal 471 Charge-effective/formal charge of

metal ions 353, 355 - of metal ions, charge-effective/

formal 353, 355 - / stabilized colloidal species 351

729

Charts, control 689, 690, 694, 695 Chelated zinc 412 Chelates, volatile metal 50 Chelating agents (see Chelators)

393,395,410,415,468,479,487 - -, artificial 386 Chelation 412ff.,573 -, cadmium 412 - capacity for Zn 412 - - of seawater 385, 399 -, copper 415 -, iron 399 -, lead 415 -, manganese 415 -, nickel 415 - sinks 400 Chelators 393,395,410,415,468,

479,487 -, Fe(III) associated with organic

414 -, -/ specific 414 -, hydroxamate 399 -, organic 395 Chelex-l00, removal of Cd with 415 - /-, - - Pb with 415 - /-, - - Zn with 415 Chemical analysis, accuracy and

precision in 685, 695 - behavior 8, 339 - disproportionation 402 - forms 122,123,279 - fractionation 475 - ionization 622, 623 - methods, lack of suitable 3 - methylation of mercury 402 - oxidation of As(III) to As(V) 389 - processes 426,444 - reactivity (behavior) of elements

(see Species reactivity) 8 - shift 566 - - anisotropy (CSA) 575 - species 1 ff., 17,27,39,59,71,

121,275,279,301,712 - -, distinguishing between dissolved

inorganic 416 - -, storage of 27 - - transformation 124 - -, transport of 27, 124, 135 ff. - -, weak associations of 8

730

Chemical stability 108, 339 - structure 425 - transformation 124 Chemicals, persistent 521 -, regulatory guidelines for toxic

528 Chemisorption 283 Chemistry, atmospheric 2 Chemoautotrophic microbes 257 - S-oxidizing bacteria 267 Chemolithoautotrophs, obligate

264 Chemolithotrophic S-oxidizing

bacteria 518 Chemolithotrophs 264, 455 -, facultative 264 -, obligate 262 -, obligate1yaerobic 264 Chemotherapeutic agents 28 ff., 707 Chemotrophic bacteria 255,257,

262 - growth 264 - microbes 255 Chesapeake Bay 703, 704 Chips, paint 478 Chlorella 413 Chloride 289,343, 350--358, 484,

487 - complexes 343 -, concentration factors of

ruthenium 407 Chlorinated aromatics 521, 522 Chlorine (CI) 340 Chlorobiaceae (green S bacteria)

262,264 Chloro-complexes 353,401,450,

453 - /-, soluble inorganic Cd 353 Chloroform 635 Chlorophyll 358, 637 Cholesterol 90 Chromate 289,455 Chromatiaceae (purple S bacteria)

262,264 Chromatography 44, 579 ff., -, atomic fluorescence 585 -, box-car 583 -, capillary liquid (CLC) 579 f., 584 -, column liquid 579 ff.

Subject Index

Chromatography, Dionex ion 156, 589

-, fast liquid 591 -,gas 296,508,580,700 - / AA, gas 49 - / atomic absorption

spectrometry 582 -, high-performance liquid 43,157,

165,297,306,580,586,675,700, 712

- ion 156,157,473,579,586,589 -, liquid 296,358,508, 579ff.,

613 ff., 667-669 - / mass spectrometry 631 ff. -, microbore liquid 584f. -, size exclusion column 44 -, thin-layer 580 Chromium (Cr) 59,60, 64f., 68,

385,394,445,454,455,473-476, 480,500

- in drilling mud-seawater mixtures 394

Citrate 572 CI 340 Cl- 341 35CI NMR 575 37CI NMR 575 Clam(s) 393 -, filter-feeding 394 - Macoma balthica 393 - Tridacna, giant 391 Clay minerals 170, 176, 284 CLC 579 f., 584 Cluster(s), iron-sulfur core 25 - of atoms 7,10 Clustering, genetic 525 CO2 338, 342, 359, 469, 473 - fixation, an oxygenic 262 CO~- 341,344,345 Co 170,179,312,388,460,475,480 Co (II) 570 59CO 566, 575 59CO NMR 575 Coagulation 132 Coal bioprocessing 494,497,498 - / fired power plants 468 - fly ash, mineralogical analyses of

469 -, maceral composition of 469

Subject Index

Coastal seawater 401, 411 - waters 394,407,408 - -, cadmium in 392 - -, Italian 403 Cobalt (Co) 170,179,312,388,460,

475,480,566,575 Coccolithophores 388 Co-coordination sites 395 Coefficients, activity 342 -, partition 430 Coenzyme A 256 Collectors, dust 472 Collision-induced dissociation 638 Colloidal Au 416 Colloidal ferric oxide 399 -, iron-humic 396 - metal hydroxides 352-354, 385 - organic matter 401 - species, charge-stabilized 351 - Th 416 Colloids 10,280,351 Colorless sulfur bacteria 263, 264 - - -, aerobic 266, 267 Column capacity factor 679 - chromatography, size exclusion

44 - liquid chromatography (CLC)

579, 580 Combustion, fluidized-bed 465,473,

476 - residues 465 Competition for COO- sites, Na +

395 Complexation capacity 126,239,

415,536,544,546 - - of seawater 385,415 - intensity 239 -, metal 269,282, 348, 356, 357, 382 - of Cd 412 - - - with EDTA 393 - - - - humic acid 393 - - - - NTA 393 - - Cu 412 - - zinc 408,412 Complexed organic compounds

348,415 - zinc (see Complexation of zinc)

408,412 Complexes, amphiphilic 86

Complexes, chloride 343, 401 -, copper 396 -, covalently bound 8 -, Fe(III)-aminocarboxylate 399 -, inorganic 348, 485 -, labile metal 533

731

-, membrane-bound metal-binding 399

-, metal-organic 289 -, nuclear paramagnetic -, organometallic 31,186 -, paramagnetic 570 Complexing agents 133,208, 397,

406 Components, adsorption capacity of

soil 176ff. -, mutagenic 487 Composition of coal, maceral 469 Compounds, butylethyltin 680 -, complexed organic 348,415 -, covalent organic As 385 -, - - Hg 385 -, demethylated organic As 678 -, heavy-metal 175,184 -, identification of trace-element

667,678 -, model 415 -, nitrogen 661 -, nonvolatile 668 -, organic 347 -,- S 256,260 -, organometallic 430, 444, 456,

459,493 -,organotin 290,451,459 -, photochemistry of

organomercury 402 -, quantitation of trace-element 667 -, sulfhydryl 86 -, sulfur 661 -, trace-element 668 -, volatile 458 -,- S 260 Computer modeling 56 Computing capacity 436 Concentration factor(s) (CF) 387,

389, 391 - - of ruthenium chloride 407 - - - - nitrate 407 -, e1ectroactive zinc 407--409

732

Concentration, Hg, 404 - in seawater, mercury 401,406 - - - , total As 388 - - - , - Cd 392 - - - , - Cr 394 - - - , - Cu 395 - - - , - Zn 410 - in seawater, zinc 407 - - the Gulf of Mexico, ruthenium

407 -, nitrate 398 - of an element, total 11-13 -, oxygen 398 -, particulate 428 -, toxic Cu 413 -, - or subtoxic metal 12,13 - vs. pH, electroactive zinc 408 Conceptional species, parent or 11 Conceptual models 291 Concrete industry Conditional stability constants 413,

415 Conductivity detectors 585,589,

593, 668 Configuration of atoms 7, 10 Constants, conditional stability 413,

415 -, coupling 569 -, dissociation 359 -, equilibrium 349,356 -, ion-pair 344 -, stability 347, 354-357 -, substituent 679 Contamination, sample 298,410,

693 Content of As(Vr4, gut 391 Continuous analysis 50 - -, automated 50, 712 Control charts 689, 690, 694, 695 - devices, emission 472 -, homeostatic 436 -, quality 689,691 -, statistical 296, 688-696, 700 Conversion, iodide-iodate 398 COO- sites 395 - -, Na + competition for 395 Coordination environment 24,

99ff., 101, 105, 109, 112 - -, metal 105

Subject Index

Coordination geometry 24, 99, 701 - number 99 Copper (Cu) 14,20,22, 60, 64, 72,

76f., 78, 80, 91,170,181,185,197, 251,285,287,292,295,313,349, 351,357-359,395-400,445,473-499, 503, 505

- absorption 76 -, ASV-labile 396 - chelation 415 - complexes 396 - / complexing ability 415 - in fresh water 395 - - seawater 395 -, labile 397 - species 22, 397 -, thiol-labile 397 Coprecipitation 132, 380 Cordierite 576, 577 Core(s) clusters, iron-sulfur 25 -, sediment 471 Correction, background 49 Correlation of Cd toxicity with free

Cd ion 393 Corrins 634 Coupling constants 569 -, spin-spin 566, 568 Covalent organic As compounds

385 - - Hg compounds 385 Covalently bound complexes 8 - - groups of atoms 8 Cr 59,60, 64f., 68, 385, 394,445,

454,455,473-476,480,500 Cr(III) 277, 348, 394, 570 -, particulate 394 Cr(VI) 277, 394 -, soluble 394 -, uptake of 394 Cr, bioavailability of 394 - concentrations in seawater, total

394 53CrNMR 575 Cr03 395 Crab larvae 681 Crassostrea gigas 290 - virginica 393 Cricosphera carteri 389 Cropland 465, 482

Subject Index

Cross-linking 95 Crust, Earth's 451,454,466 Crustaceans 388, 394,412 Cs 386,387 133CS 574 134CS 386 387 137CS 386' 387 , Cs, bioavailable 386 CSA 575 Cu 14,20,22,60,64,72, 76f., 78,

80,91,170,181,185,197,251, 285-295,313,349,351,357-359, 395-400,445,473-499,503,505

Cu(I) 277,355 Cu(II) 225,277,356,570 CuC03 395 CU(OH)2 350, 395 Cu, complexation of 396,412,413,

415 - concentrations in seawater, total

395 - -, toxic 413 -, soluble inorganic 395 -, toxicity of 359, 396, 397 Cupric ion activity 413 - - - ,calculated 395 Current, residual 369 Cyanobacteria 260,414 -, anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria

and 261,262 -, facultative anoxygenic 262, 268 Cycle(s), biogeochemical 3, 14,

136ff., 264, 428, 434, 446-450, 459 -, catalytic 99, 105ff., 116 - of mercury, biogeochemical 401,

402 -, sulfur 264 -, tidal 374 Cysteine 256,259,260,406-408,

411,461 Cystine 260 Cytochrome P450 93

Dahlem Workshop Modell, 2 Data for MeHg, uptake 403 -, interpretation of 688,691, 703,

705, 712 -, stable isotope 269 DDTC 396

Dealkylation 505 Decay products 412,459 Decomposition of organic carbon

257 - - sulfate esters 260

733

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents 266 Deficiency anemia, iron 44 -, Mg 388 -, trace-element 71,76,80,81 Definition of "speciation" 7 - - species 7 Degradation, microbial 374 - of ferritin 400 - - MeHg 13 Degradative functions 507,521,525 Dehydrogenase, alcohol 99,103ff.,

108[. Deicing salt 480 Demethylated organic As

compounds 678 Density 478 Deposit feeders, uptake of mercury

by 406 Deposition(s), atmospheric 465,485 -,dry 473,476,487 -, wet 473,487 Derivatization 590, 596, 599, 678,

713 -, post-column 590, 596 Desferal 396 Desorption ionization 625,631 - mass spectrometry, 252Cf-plasma

633 Detection, conductivity (CD) 585 -, element-selective 150,581,594,

667,668 - limits, HPLC-GFAA 675,676 - -, -j ICP 675,676 - systems, element-selective 150,

582 Detector(s), conductivity 585, 593 -, dual-tandem GFAA 677 -, HPLC 157,675,676 -, ultraviolet 581 Detergents 395 Detoxication of MeHg 402 Detrital material 385 Detritus, marine 401 Devices, emission control 472

734

Diagenesis 203 Diagnostic applications 43 Dialysis 303, 352 Diatom Phaeodactilum tricornutum,

marine 393 - Skeletonema costatum, marine

392 - Thalassiosira pseudonana, marine

399 - - weissflogii, marine 393 Dibutyldiphenyltin 680 Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC)

396 Diets 41, 71,451 Diffraction, high-energy electron

653 -, low-energy electron 653 -, X-ray 103 Diffractometry, X-ray 467,473,477 Diffusion, atmospheric 180,447,

458 - of heavy metals in soils 169,179 Digestive processes 21 Dilution, infinite 342 - mass spectrometry, stable isotope

50 Di-MeHg 401,402,448,503 Dimercaptopropanol 396, 573, 574 Dimethylarsinate (DMA) 320, 388,

389,390,458 -, sodium 677,678 Dimethylarsinic acid 156 Dimethyllead 159,163 Dimethylmercury (see Di-MeHg)

401,402,448,503 Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) 260, 261 - sulfoxide (DMSO) 261 Dionex ion chromatography 156,

587, 589 Dioxide, carbon 338,342,359,469,

473 Direct evaporation ionization 624 - liquid introduction interface 615,

616 - methylation 403 Directed evolution 527 Disease(s) 91 -,human 43,453 Dismutase, superoxide 94

Subject Index

Disodium methylarsonate 677 Disposal, fly ash 465, 468, 480, 482 - / dumping, ocean 482 - ponds 482, 483 -, upland 479 Dissimilatory processes 255 - sulfate and sulfur reducers 261 - - reduction 255, 260, 261 Dissociation, collision-induced 638 - constants 359 Dissolved inorganic chemical species,

distinguishing between 416 - iodine 398 - organic matter 209 Distinguishing between dissolved

inorganic chemical species 416 Distribution in estuaries, salinity

366 - of As species, biological

modification of 388 - - radioactive ferric hydroxide,

internal body 400 -, species 370,443,444,451,454,

459,467 Disulfide, carbon 260 Dithionite 258 DMA 320, 388, 389, 390, 458 DMP 396, 573, 574 DMS 261 DMSO 261 DNA 13,92 - homology 523 - / DNA hybridization 523 Donors, electron 239 -, methyl 402 Double resonance, electron nuclear

53 Drainage, acid mine 455, 494, 495 Drilling mud-seawater mixtures,

chromium in 394 Drugs, gold-phosphine 573 Dry deposition 473,476,487 DTPA 399 Dual-tandem GF AA detectors 677 Dumping, ocean 465, 479 Duplication, gene 526 Dust collectors 472 -, furnace 661 - particles, steel-furnace 655

Subject Index

Dust, roadway 478, 480 -, urban street 477,478,480 Dysprosium (Dy) 570 Dy(III) 570

E, vitamin 93 Earth elements, alkaline 309,475 - -,rare 323,472 - metals, alkaline 574 Earth's crust 451,454,466 Ecology 528 Ecosystems 12,17,27,435 EDTA 348,386,393,395,396,399,

407,408,412,415,571,572 -, complexation of Cd with 393 Effects, health 451,452,455 -, molecular 679 - of pressure 357, 360 - - temperature 357, 360 Effluents, industrial 443, 493 Efflux system 517 Eggs, sea-urchin 395 Eh 352 Electrical potentials 89 Electroactive species 393,415 - stable zinc 407 ff. - - concentrations 407-409 - - - vs. pH 408 Electrochemical analysis 296, 593,

712 - methods 157,295,308,533,581,

590, 712, 713 Electrodes 55, 635 -, biocatalytic 55 -, bioselective 55 -, immunochemically based 55 -, ion-selective 44 Electrolytes 359 Electron acceptors, sulfate 256 - -, terminal 261,263 - diffraction, high-energy 653 - -, low-energy 653 - donors 239 - energy loss spectroscopy 646, 653 - ionization 621, 622 - microprobe X-ray emission

spectrometry (EMP) 467 - microscopy 644, 645 - -, scanning 467, 645

735

Electron microscopy, transmission 645 - nuclear double resonance (EN­

DOR) 53 - paramagnetic resonance (EPR)

53 - / solids interactions 646 - spectrometry, Auger 150,467,

652 - spectroscopy (ESCA) 305, 653 - spin resonance (ESR) 87 Electrophoresis 635 Electrospray interface 619 Electrostatic precipitators 472,473 Element(s), alkaline 309, 574 -, - earth 309, 475 -, availability of 129, 133 ff. -, bioavailability of 41,287,555 -, chalcophilic 470,472 -, essential 13, 429 -, interactions among 26, 42 -, lipophilic 27 -, lithophilic 469,470 -, loss of 385 -, major 428, 434 - mass-flow 471 -, matrix 669 - mobility 570 -, rare earth 323, 324 -, reactivity (behavior) of 10,99,

338,339,466 - / selective detection 150, 582,

581,594,668,672 - /- - systems 667 -, total concentration of an 8, 13 -, toxicity of 290, 338, 385, 513 -, uptake of 385 Elemental sulfur 261,263 - - globules 263 Emission(s), atmospheric 447,466,

476,693 - control devices 472,661 -, proton-induced X-ray 467,473,

659 - spectrometry, inductively coupled

argon plasma 581,582,599,675 - -, plasma 599,669, 712 - spectroscopy, atomic 157 - -, electron microprobe X-ray 467 -, stack 468,470,477

736

EMP 467 Emulsifiers 434 -, specific 434 Enclosures, large in situ 388, 389 Endocytosis 436 EN-DOR 53 Energy loss spectroscopy, electron

646,653 Engineering, genetic 434, 436 Enrichment, phosphate 392 Enterobactin 460,514 Entropy 425 Environment{s) anoxic 124, 255, 257,

266 -, coordination 24, 99ff., 101, 105,

109,112 -, external 430 -, extreme 493 Environmental impact 465 ff. - management 435 - matrix 712 -, metal coordination 105 - phenomena 2 - problems 2,11,444,466,643 - research 3, 11 - scientists 2, 712 - Specimen Bank, Pilot 701,705,

706 - toxicity 44, 513 - variables 355 Enzyme(s) 13,14,99,501 - catalysis 99 -, inducible 527 -, zinc 99 Enzymolysis 41 EPR 53 Equation, mass-balance 345 -, Pitzer-type 344 Equilibria, ion-pair 344 -, solution phase 225 Equilibrium constants 349,356,359 - metal ion-binding 217 - methods 339 - models 293,337,339,348,349,

356, 357 -, thermodynamic 243, 484 ESCA 305,315,467,696 ESR 53,87 Essential elements 13, 429

Subject Index

Esters, decomposition of sulfate 260 -, sulfate 258, 260 Estuaries 355, 365, 366, 388, 394 -, salinity distribution in 366 Estuarine systems 2 - waters 276, 401 - -, cadmium in 392 Estuary, Scheidt 372, 378, 381 Ethane 93 Ethyl xanthogenate 396 Ettringite (Ca-AI-sulfate) 483 Eukaryotes 429,436 Euphotic zone 398 Evaporation ionization, direct 624 Evolution 79,429,513 -, ancestral history of microbial 433 -, directed 527 EXAFS 305,315 Examiner, molecular optical laser

644 Exchange, ion 431 -, isotopic 45 -,ligand 46 -, metal-ligand 563, 569 - of ideas 3,712 - pool, isotopic 45 - reactions, metal 46 Exchangeable zinc 411,412 Excretion 18,395,400 - of iron-complexing substances

414 - rates, fecal 395 Exhaust, automobile 476,478 Experiments, methylation 402 -, NMR 564,571-573 -, uptake 407 Exposure 453, 455 -, inhalation 452, 469 Extended X-ray absorption fine

structure (EXAFS) 102 External environment 430 Extracellular ferric-phosphate

granules 388 - granules 388 - sequestration 433 Extractable solvents 397 Extraction, liquid-liquid 307 -, selective 43 - techniques 197,498,591

Subject Index

Extracts from organisms 676 -, oil shale 676 -, sediment 395 -, soil 386, 395 Extreme environments 493 Extrinsic tagging 45 Extrusion of metal-complexing

substances 412ff.

F 341-345, 563-573 F- 341,344,345 19F 563-566,573 Factor(s), column capacity 679 -, concentration 477 - - ruthenium chloride,

concentration 407 - - - nitrate, concentration 407 Facultative anoxygenic

cyanobacteria 262, 268 - chemolithotrophs 264 Fallout, radioactive 387,412 Fast-atom bombardment (F AB)

ionization 632 - liquid chromatography 591 Fate of element species in the

environment 12 Fattyacid(s) 347 - - peroxyl radicals 93 Fe 14,20,21,60,72, 80f., 91, 239,

269,284,285,312,351,352,372, 385,388, 399ff., 415, 445, 456, 465, 473,487

Fe(II) 277,283,348,400,570 Fe(III) 277,283,347,348,355,570 - / aminocarboxylate complexes

399 - associated with organic chela tors

399 - / complex, photodegradation of

399 - / hydroxide 10, 399 - j- aggregates 414 - / specific chelators 414 Fe2 + 265,269,400 Fe3 + activated, free 399 55Fe 400 59Fe 400 Fe, interactions between Cd and

393

Fe, oxides of 399 Fecal excretion rates 395 - pellets 285, 290 Feces 400

737

Feedback mechanisms 291,688,712 Feeding behavior 394 Fenton reaction 91 Ferric hydroxide 10,399 - -, internal body distribution of

radioactive 400 - -, uptake of radioactive 400 - iron 495, 497 - oxide, colloidal 399 - / phosphate granules,

extracellular 388 Ferritin 385, 400 -, degradation of 400 Ferrous ions 495,497 Fertilizers 452 FeS 269 Filter-feeding clam 394 Filtration 139,279,297,303,351,

412,474 -, sequential 468 Fine particulate phase, soluble or

395 - structure, extended X-ray

absorption 102 Firing, wet-bottom 471 Fish 387,455,458 -, flat 394 -, marine 402 -, plankton-feeding 403 -, uptake of Cr(VI) by freshwater

395 Fixation, anoxygenic CO2 262 Fl 591 Flame furnace absorption

spectrometry 582 Flatfish, marine 394 Flow injection analysis 50 Flue gas 468, 470 Fluidity 89 Fluidized-bed combustion 465,473,

476 Fluids, body 487 -, lung 482 Fluorescence 584, 585

738

Fluorescence spectrometry, atomic 585, 600, 669

-, X-ray 467 Fluoride 72,474,475 Fluorine (F) 341-345,563-573 Flyash 452,465,468,472-474,

480-487, 661 - - disposal 465, 468, 482 f. - -, mineralogical analyses of coal

469 - -, vanadium species in 473 Foliar leaching 487 Food(s) 20,41,446,451,458 -, arsenic accumulated from 391,

392 -, arsenic uptake from water and

389, 391 - availability 405 - chain 392, 405, 453 - -, pelagic 403 - - model 406 Form(s), chemical 279 -, molecular 338, 679, 680 - of As, inorganic and organic 391,

677 Formation of MeHg Fossil-fuel burning 446,447,454,

468 Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy (FT -IR) 467,473, 632,640,702

Fraction(s), bioavailable 427 -, labile 480, 481 -, leachable 475,476 -, lime 483 -, uncomplexed 437 Fractionation 469,471,475,480 -, chemical 475 -, operational 338 Free Cd ion, correlation of Cd

toxicity with 393 - metal-ion activity 385 - radical(s) 28, 85 - j- generation 290 - j- reactions 85, 400 Fresh water(s) 205,276 - -,copperin 395 Freshwater algae, blue-green 399 - fish, uptake of Cr(VI) by 395

Subject Index

Freshwater mixing 367 - organisms 205, 403 - systems 121 FT-IR 467,473,632,640,702 Fuel, refuse-derived 476,477 Fulvic acid 347,396 Functional groups, reactive 221 Functions, degradative 507,521,

525 -, enzyme 99 Furnace AAS 49,151,155,157,

582,669 - absorption spectrometry, flame

582 - - - ,graphite 600, 669-674, 713 - dust 661

Ga 574 71Ga 574 Gadolinium (Gd) 570 Gallium (Ga) 574 Gas chromatography (GC) 150,

296, 700 - -j AA 49 - - j atomic absorption spectrometry

(GC-AAS) 150, 160 - -j mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

700 -, flue 468, 470 - phases 338 Gastrointestinal tract, inorganic As

uptake via 391 GC 150, 296, 580 f. - j AAS 150,160 - j MS 44,154 Gd 570 Gd(III) 570 Ge 317,460 - ! oxide 649 Gel permeation 43 Gene duplications 526 - pool, microbial 434 - j transfer mechanisms 527 Generation, free-radical 290 -,hydride 301,307 Genetic clustering 525 - engineering 521 - organization 514

Subject Index

Genetic rearrangements 513 GEOCHEM 483 Geochemical activity 340,475 Geochemistry 349,475 Geometry, coordination 99, 701 Geothermal HzS 266 Germanium (Ge) 317,460 GFAA detectors, dual-tandem 670-

677 -, HPLC-Hitachi Zeeman 672 -, -j IL 555 674 -, -j Perkin Elmer 672, 673 Giant clam Tridacna 391 Gibraltar, Strait of 403-405 Gills, isolated 393 Glass NMR 576 Global budget 466 Globules, elemental sulfur 263 _,So 263 -, sulfur 263 Glutathione 64, 86, 406 - peroxidase 92 Glycerol 633 Glycine 412 Glycopeptides 633 Goethite 169, 179, 180,400 Gold (Au) 355, 385 - j phosphine drugs 573 - j thiolate binding 568 Gradients, transmembrane 86 Granules, extracellular 388 -, ferric-phosphate extracellular 388 -, intercellular Ca-based 388 Graphite furnace absorption

spectrometry 600, 669, 670--674, 713

Grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 393

Green S bacteria 262, 266 - - - , phototrophic 266 Greigite 269 Groundwater 467, 482-486 Groups of atoms, covalently bound

8 -, organic sulfhydryl 269 -, - thiol 265 -, reactive functional 221 Growth bioassay 413 -, chemotrophic 264

Guidelines for toxic chemicals, regulatory 528

Gulf of La Spezia 407-409 - - Mexico 406

739

- - - , ruthenium concentration in the 406

- - Taranto 407 - Stream ring 358 Gut content of As(Vr4 391

H 563-572 IH 563,565,566,571,572 - NMR 571, 572 - spin-echo NMR 53, 571 Habitats, hydrothermal vent 267 Half-time 391,398 - biological 403, 405, 443, 450 - j- of HgClz, biological 403, 405 - j- - MeHg, biological 405 Halide species 575, 581 Halocline 368 Harbor, Rotterdam 283 HCO; 289, 341, 344, 345 Health effects 18,451,452,528 - protection 401 -, public 528 Heavy metal(s) 86,121,169,181,

386 - -, availability of 169 - j- compounds 175, 184 - - in soils 169, 170, 172 - - - - , diffusion of 169,179 - -, plant-available 169,187 - - ions 86 - j- species 169,173,175,184 Hematite (FeZ0 3) 400, 469 Hemeiron 45 Herbicides, arsenic-containing 677,

678 Heteroglycans, sulfated 259 Heterotrophic miroorganisms,

marine 389 - S-dissimilating bacteria 266 Heterotrophs 264 Hg 14,20,59,60, 66 f., 67, 78, 170,

179,185,285,289,295,316,358, 385, 401 f., 443-476, 487,499, 503-507,595,679

740

Hg(II) 355 -, transfonnation of 402 HgCI2 94, 405, 572 -, biological half-time of 403, 405 -, loss of 405 HgCI4 401 Hg, 406 -, accumulation of 406 - concentrations 404 -, uptake of 405 HgT 404 High-energy electron diffraction

653 - j perfonnance liquid

chromatography (HPLC) 43, 157,165,207,306,580,586,675, 700, 713

Higher organisms 412 - -, methylation of mercury by 405 History of microbial evolution,

ancestral 433 Homeostatic control 436 Homology, DNA 523 HPLC 43,157,165,297,306,580,

586,675,700,713 - detectors 157 - j GFAA 601,670-679 - j- detection limits 675 - j Hitachi Zeeman GFAA 672 - j ICP 586,600,601,670-676 - j- detection limits 675 - j IL 555 GFAA 674 -, ion exchange 586 -, micro bore 669 -, micropore 165 -, paired-ion reversed-phase 306 - j Perkin Elmer GFAA 672,673 -, reversed-phase 590 H2S 267 -, biogenic 269 -, geothermal 266 - j O2 interfaces 268 - oxidation, abiotic 266 - residence times 268 - tolerance 265, 266 - toxicity 258,261,265 Human activity 278 - breast milk 47 - diseases 43

Subject Index

Human lung 465, 467, 469 Humate 393 Humic acid(s) 176-178,393,412 - -, radioactive 412 - material 347,395 - -, marine 401 - matter 347,402 Hybridization, DNA-DNA 523 Hydride generation 301,307,582 -, volatile 49 Hydrocarbons, polynuclear

aromatic 467 Hydrogen (H) 563-572 - peroxide 91 - sulfide 261, 359 Hydrolysis 240,245,357,456 Hydrolyzable zinc, total 408 Hydroperoxides 92 Hydrophobic species 358 Hydrothennal vent habitats 267 - -, deep-sea 266 Hydroxamate chelators 399 - siderophores 414 Hydroxides, colloidal metal 352-

354, 385 -, ferric 10, 399 - ions 354 -, microparticulate metal 385 Hydroxyl radicals 91 Hypolimnion, anoxic 269

I 72, 323, 385, 398 ICP 43,581,582,586,599,675 ICP-MS 586 Identification of trace-element

compounds 594, 667, 678 Ijsselmeer 198 Imaging, NMR 574, 575 Immunochemically based electrodes

55 Impact, environmental 443, 465 In situ analysis 12, 294, 563, 677 - - enclosures, large 388, 389 In vitro measurement 3 - vivo measurement 12 Incinerated sewage-sludge ash 476 Incinerator, municipal 476,488 -, sewage-sludge 476 Inclusion in particles 415

Subject Index

Index, refractive 590, 593, 668 Indicator organisms 426 Inducible enzyme 527 Inductively coupled argon plasma

emission spectrometry (lCP) 581, 582,599,675

Industrial effluents 443, 493 Infinite dilution 342 Information, spectroscopic 107 Infrared spectroscopy, Fourier

transform 467,473,632,640,702 Ingestion of particulate iron 416 Inhalation exposure 452, 469 Initial lag phase, reduction of 415 Injection analysis, flow 50 Inorganic and organic forms of As

391,677 - As in blood, muscle, or liver 391 - - uptake via gastrointestinal

tract 391 - Cd chloro-complexes, soluble 353 - chemical species, distinguishing

between dissolved 416 - complexes 348 - Cu, soluble 395 - iron 400 - ligands 349 - mercury 404,405,448 - particles 395 - radioactive As 391 - S species 258 - "speciation" 9 - species 85, 355, 426 - trace substances 8 - zinc 412 Intensity, complexation 239 Interaction(s) 111 ff., 428 - among elements 26, 42 - between Cd and Fe 393 -, electron-solids 646 - in the transformation of species

23,513 -, ionic 342, 388 Intercellular Ca-based granules 388 Interconversion 115 Interface, air-solid 661 -, direct liquid introduction 616 -, electrospray 619 -, H2S-02 268

741

Interface, LC-MS 613,615,617,625 -, moving-belt 600 -, oxic/anoxic 267 -, thermospray 617,618 -, transport 620 -, water-solid 662 Interferences 686, 696, 702 Intermediate(s) 107,116 -, acyl 108 -, nondiffusible 268 Internal body distribution of

radioactive ferric hydroxide 400 Interpretation of data 688,691,703,

705, 712 Intestinal absorption 21,41 - mircoorganisms 403 Intestine of yellowfin tuna 403 Intracellular Cd 394 - sequestration 433 Intrinsic tagging 45 Introduction interface, direct liquid

615,616 Invertebrates 289, 388, 394, 458 Iodate 277,398 -, reduction of 398 Iodide 277, 398 - / iodate conversion 398 -, loss of 398 -, oxidation of 398 -, thermodynamically unstable 398 -, uptake of 398 Iodine (I) 72, 323, 385, 398 -, dissolved 398 -, loss of 398 -, organically bound 399 - species 398 - - transformation 398 -, uptake of 398 Ion activity, calculated cupric 395 - -, cupric 413 - / binding, equilibrium metal 217 - bombardment 475 -, charge-effective/formal charge of

metal 353, 355 - chromatography (IC) 156, 157,

473, 579, 586 - -, Dionex 156, 587, 589 -, correlation of Cd toxicity with free

Cd 393

742

Ion exchange 43, 283 - j- resins 412 - j- HPLC 586 -, ferrous 495, 497 -, heavy-metal 86 -, major 340,341,348 - mass spectroscopy, secondary

632,653 -, mercuric 86 -, metal 465 - j pair constants 344 - j- equilibria 344 - j- of phosphate, Ca 386 - j- - -, Mg 386 - j pairing reactions 339, 343, 346,

353, 356, 359, 591 - scattering spectrometry 655 - j selective electrodes (ISEs) 44,

55ff. -, transition metal 468 - detergents - interactions 342 - medium 342 - strength 276, 339, 343-345 - zinc, accumulated 410 Ionization, chemical 622, 623 -, desorption 625,631 -, direct evaporation 624 -, electron 621, 622 -, fast-atom bombardment 632 Ionophores, Ca(II) 513 Iron (Fe) 14,20,21,60, 72, 80f., 91,

239,269,284,285,312,351,352, 372,385,388, 399ff., 415, 445, 456, 465,473,487

- absorption 72 f. - j chelating agents 399 - chelation 399 - - -, excretion of 414 - deficiency anemia 44 - j deficient medium 414 -, ferric 495, 497 -, heme 45 - j humic colloid 396 -, ingestion of particulate 416 -, inorganic 400 - metabolism 414 -, non-heme 45 - overload 400

Iron oxide(s) 176, 178 - - surfaces 663 -, particulate 416

Subject Index

- protein transferrin 400 -, reactive 399 - species 399 - sulfide(s) 269 - -, metastable 269 - j sulfur core clusters 25 -, uptake of 399,416 Isolated gills 393 Isomers 14, 567 Isotope(s) 565 - data, stable 269 Isotopic exchange 45 - - pool 45 Italian coastal waters 403 - lakes 387

1C 289,341,344,345 391C 574 1Caolin 412 1Celp, brown 391 1Cerogen, biogenic 677 1Cinetic model 293 1Cinetics 281,287,298,356,358,

360,425,426,429-431,648 -, uptake and loss 405

La Spezia, Gulf of 407-409 Labile copper 397 - fraction 480,481 - metal complexes 533 - -j ligand species 46 Lactate, trimethylarsonium 391 Lag phase, reduction of initial 415 Lake(s) 193 - Baldegg 208 -, Italian 387 - water 193 LAMMA-500 659 Landfills 465, 468, 485 Large in situ enclosures

(mesocosms) 388, 389 Larvae, crab 681 -, sea-urchin 395 LAS 396 Laumontite 577 Law of mass action 217,342,343

Subject Index

LC 296, 579ff., 613, 667-669 - / MS interface 613,615,617,625 Leachable fraction 475,476 Leachate 474 Leaching, foliar 487 -, metal 454, 518 -, solvent 465,467,473--478,479 f. Lead (Pb) 60,76,94,197,317,353-

358,402,444,446-505,679 - chelation 415 - tracing, microanalytical 477 Lecithin 396 Levels, Cd tissue 453 -, trophic 385 Li 473 6Li 565,574 7Li 565, 566, 574 Ligand(s) 269, 339, 346, 347, 353,

543 -, artificial 385 - exchange 46 - /- reactions 543 -, inorganic 349 -, natural 385 -, organic 287,293,347-349,358,

388,444 Ligurean Sea 407 Lime fraction 483 Limits, HPLC-GFAA detection 675 -, -/ ICP detection 675, 676 Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate

(LAS) 396 Lineolic acid 396 Lipid(s), membrane 85 - peroxidation 86 Lipofuschins 401 J:"ipophilic elements 27 Lipoproteins 85, 400 Liquid chromatography (LC) 296,

358, 579 ff., 613, 667-669 - -, capillary 584 - -, column 579 ff. - -, fast 591 - -, high-performance 43, 157, 165,

297, 306, 580, 586, 675, 700, 713 - -/ mass spectrometry (LC-MS)

613ff. - -, microbore 584f. - introduction interface, direct 615

Liquid/liquid extraction 307, 591 - phases 184, 279 Lithium (Li) 473, 565, 574 Lithophilic elements 469,470 Littorina 391

743

Liver, inorganic As in blood, muscle, or 391

-, organic As in the 391 Loss kinetics, uptake and 405 - of elements 385 - - HgCl2 405 - - iodide 398 - - iodine 398 - - zinc 410 - spectroscopy, electron 646,653 Low-energy electron diffraction 653 Lowering of pH 408, 487 Lung cells 65 - fluids 482 -,human 465,467,469 Lys-bradykinin 637 Lysmata seticaudata 389,405 Lysosomes 394, 400

Macoma balthica 393 Macroalgae 391 Macrominerals 20 Macromolecules 677, 713 Macrophytes 413 Maceral composition of coal 469 Mackinawite 269 Magic-angle spinning 575 Magnesium (Mg) 14,20,343,348,

469 Magnetic resonance, nuclear 53,

563 ff. - separation 478 - spherules 471 Magnetite (Fe30 4 ) 469,504 Major elements 428, 434 - ions 340,341,346,348 Malachite 349,359,484 Mammalian metallothionein 394 Mammals, marine 394 Management, environmental 435 Manganese (Mn) 60,87,239,310,

371,372,374,445 - chelation 415 - nodules 349

744

Manganese (Mn) oxides 180 Marine algae 393 - animals 389, 393 - -, release of As by 392 - -, - - Cr by 395 - bacteria 396 - detritus 401 - diatom Phaeodactilum

tricornutum 393 - - Skeletonema costatum 392 - - Thalassiosira pseudonana 399 - - - weissflogii 393 - fish 391, 392 - flatfish 394 - heterotrophic microorganisms

389 - humic material 401 - mammals 394 - molluscs 391, 394 - organisms 391,401,406, 412ff.,

453 - -, benthic 392 - -, toxicity of trace elements to

415 - particulates 301,324 - plants 392 - sediments 398 - shrimp Pandalus montagui 393 - snails 392 - systems 301,337 - unicellular alga 397 - worm Nereis virens 393 - zooplankton 412 Mass action, law of 342, 343 - / balance equation 14,345 - / flow, element 471,584 - range 632 - resolution 632, 636, 639 - spectrometry/spectroscopy 305,

581,613,614,631,713 - -, 252Cf-plasma desorption 633 - -, stable isotope dilution 50 - spectroscopy, secondary ion 632 - -, spark source 471 - -, tandem 631-639 Material(s), Certified Reference

296,298,686,695,696,707,714 -, detrital 385 -, humic 347,395

Subject Index

Material(s), marine humic 401 -, solid waste 465 -, Standard Reference 21,686,695-

700, 705, 707 Mathematical modelling 435 Matrix, aluminosilicate 474 -, biological 696, 700, 707, 712 - effect 669 - element 669 -, environmental 712 -, molecular 679 -, organic 470 - species 7,8, 10 Matter, colloidal organic 401 -, dissolved organic 209 -, humic 347,402 -, organic 185,285, 372, 382,476,

479,485 -, particulate 276,476 -, suspended particulate MeHg 10, 11,22,60,66,86,157,

316 -, accumulation of 403 -, biological half-time of 405 -, degradation of 402 -, detoxication of 402 -, formation of 403 -, sources of 406 -, toxicity of 402 -, uptake data for 403 Me2Pb2+ 158 Me3Pb+ 158 Me4 Pb 158 Measurement, in vitro 3 -, in vivo 12 - process, analytical 685-712 - -, total analytical 687, 688, 697,

703, 707 Mechanism(s), catalytic 107 -, feedback 291,688, 712 -, gene-transfer 527 -, resistance 429,432,433 Mediterranean, Western 404 - Sea 403,408 Medium, ionic 342 -, iron-deficient 414 Membrane(s) 85,433,436 - / bound metal-binding

complexes 399

Subject Index

Membrane, cell 466 - lipids 85 - transport 713 Mer operon 516 Mercaptan, methyl 260 Mercuric ions 86 Mercury (Hg) 59,60, 66 f., 67, 78,

170,179,185,285,289,295,316, 358, 385,401 f., 443--476, 487, 499, 503-507, 595, 679

-, accumulation of organic 406 -, biogeochemical cycles of 401 -, chemical methylation of 517 - concentrations in seawater 401,

406 - compounds, covalent organic 385 -, inorganic 404, 448 - metabolism 403 -, metallic 402 -, methylation of 402, 517 -, organic 385, 401 -, uptake of 406 Mesocosms 390 15-Met-gastrin 637 Met-Lys-bradykinin 637 Metabolism, iron 414,430 -, mercury 403 -, trace-element 17 Metal(s) 121,239,243,250,251 -, alkaline earth 574 -, availability of 406 -,- - heavy 169 - 1 binding agents 520 - 1- complexes, membrane-bound

399 - 1- site, catalytic 107 - 1- site(s) 24, 108 -, carbonyl 581 - chelates, volatile 50 - complexation 238, 239, 246, 248, .

252,269,282,348,356,357,382 - complexes, labile 533, 534 - 1 complexing substances 412--414 - 1- -, extrusion of 412ff. - concentrations, toxic or subtoxic

12,13 - coordination environment 105 -, detoxified 385 - exchange reactions 46

Metal(s) halides 581 -,heavy 86,121,445,493

745

- hydroxides, colloidal 352-354, 385

- -, microparticulate metal 385 - in soils, diffusion of heavy 169,

179 - - soils, heavy 169, 170, 172, 179 - 1 ion activity, free 385 - -I binding, equilibrium 217 - 1- reactions 221 - ions 465 - -, charge-effective/formal charge

of 353 - 1- traps 28 - leaching 454,518 - ligand species, labile 46, 385 - 1- exchange 563, 569 - mobility 169 -, mucus-bound 416 - 1 organic complexes 289 -, plant-available heavy 169,187 - reactivity 116,467 - "speciation" 9 - species, soluble bioavailable 385 - substitution 107, 108 - sulfides 269 -, trace 108,121,541 Metalimnion 266 Metallic mercury 402 Metalloenzymes 102 Metalloids 121,513 Metalloproteins 24, 99 Metallothionein 26, 64, 78, 289,

385,394,452,567 -, mammalian 394 Metastable iron sulfides 269 Methane 338 Methanearsonate 320 Methanestibonic acid 320 Methanol 635 Methionine 256, 259, 260, 461 Method(s), equilibrium 339 -, in situ 12,294, 563,677 -, micro-Raman 644 - validation 296 Methods, electrochemical 157,295,

308,533,712 Methyl donors 402

746

Methyl mercaptan 260 - radicals 94 - species 444,451,505 Methylantiomony 320 Methylarsenic 288,319,507 - acids 160,677,678 Methylarsonate, disodium 677 Methylation 126,447,450-462,507 -, biological 319 -, direct 403 - experiments 402 - of mercury 402, 517 - - - by higher organisms 405 - - -, chemical 517 Methy1cobalamine 402, 458, 460 Methylgermanium 288,317 Methyliodide 323 Methylmercury (MeHg) 10, 11, 22,

60,66,86,157,316,401-406,507, 572

2-Methyloxine 396 Methyltin 156,157,452 Mexico, Gulf of 406 -, ruthenium concentration in the

Gulfof 406 Mg 14,20,343,348,469,473 Mg(II) 570, 571, 574 25Mg 566, 574 25Mg NMR 566, 574 Mg2+ 289,341,344,345 Mg deficiency 388 - / EDTA 574 - ion-pair of phosphate 386 Microanalysis, surface 475,477 Microanalytical lead tracing 477 Microbes, chemoautotrophic 257 -, chemotrophic 255 -, photo autotrophic 257 -, phototrophic 255, 262, 264 Microbial degradation 374 - evolution, ancestral history of

433 - gene pool 434 - technology 527 Microbially mediated oxidation(s)

255,261,262,267 Microbore HPLC 584, 669 Microdiffraction 653 Microelectrodes 55, 56

Subject Index

Microenvironments 265 Microlayer, sea-surface 162,200 -, surface 162,200,465,485,487 Micronutrients 446, 503 Microorganisms 402,429,455,458,

461,493, 513 ff., 681 -, intestinal 403 -, marine heterotrophic 389 Microparticulate metal hydroxides

385 Micropore liquid chromatography

(MLC) 584f. - HPLC 165 Microprobe X-ray emission

spectrometry, electron 467 Micro-Raman method 644 Microscopy, electron 644,645 -, scanning Auger 652 -, - electron 645 -, transmission electron 645 Migration 451,484 -, surface 475 -, technogenic 466 Milk, human breast 47 Minamata 13 MINEQL 484 Mineralogical analyses of coal fly

ash 469 Minerals 563 -, clay 170, 176, 284 -, zeolitic 483, 576 Mining 497,498 Mixed-ligand species 357,359 Mixing, freshwater 367 -, seawater 367,480 Mixtures, chromium in drilling mud­

seawater 394 MLC 584f. Mn 60,87,170,185,285,290,356,

374,376,388,415,473,475 Mn(II) 277, 283, 348, 570 Mn(IV) 277, 283 55Mn 566, 575 55Mn NMR 575 Mn02 176, 178, 284 Mn, oxides of 170, 180, 479, 484 Mo 60,68,72, 76f., 80, 473, 474,

482,499,500 95Mo NMR 575

Subject Index

Mobility, element 570 -, metal 160 Model(s) 134, 370,404,405 -, box 292 - compounds 415 -, conceptual 291 -, equilibrium 293, 339, 348, 349,

356, 357 -, food chain 406 -, kinetic 293 -, tuna 404 Modelling, active sites 25 -, computer 56,483,484 -, mathematical 435 Modification of the distribution of As

species, biological 388 Moieties, arsenic 677 MOLE 644 Molecular effects 679 - form of atoms (see Configuration

of atoms) 9 - forms 9,338,679,681 - optical laser examiner (MOLE)

644 - species 8 Molecules, active oxygen 91 -, perturbing 90 Mollusc(s) 388,391,416,453 -, bivalve 394 -, marine 394 Molybdates 482 Molybdenum (Mo) 60,68, 72, 76f.,

80,473,474,482,499,500 Monitors 702, 711 Monoferric phytate 45 Mono-MeHg 401,402,443,448,

462 Monomethylarsinate (MMA) 388 Monomethylarsonic acid 156 Monoxide, carbon 338 Mossbauer spectroscopy 46, 53 Mucus-bound metal 416 Mullite 469 Multinuclear NMR 563 ff. Municipal incinerator 476,477 - refuse 476 Mussels 400,405,406 Mutagenic components 13, 487

Mutations 526 Mytilus edulis 406

N 372 15N 575 Na 289,341,344,345,473

747

- competition for COO- sites 395 23Na 566, 574 NAA 11,44, 50f., 701 Natural ligands 385 - organic polymers 217 - waters 158,159,163,237,533 - zinc, uptake of 411,412 Nd 570 Nd(III) 570 Neodymium (Nd) 570 Nereis virens 393 Neris diversicolor 406 Neutron activation analysis (NAA)

11,44, 50f., 701 NH: 283 15NHPN03 576 Ni 59,60, 67f., 68, 170, 180, 185,

312,374,376,379,415,445,454, 473,476,480,484,485

Ni(II) 570 Ni2+ 289 Nickel (Ni) 59, 60, 67 f., 68, 170,

180,185,312,374,376,379,415, 445,454,473,476,480,484,485

- chelation 415 Nitrate(s) (NO;) 277,283,469 - concentration(s) 398 -, - factors of ruthenium 407 Nitrogen (N) 372 - compounds 661 - oxides 87 Nitrolotriacetic acid (NT A) 393,

396, 399 Nitrosyl ruthenium 407 - -, uptake of 406 Nitzschia closterium 396 NMR 53, 563 ff. _, 27Al 575 -, liB 575 -, 81 Br 575 - 13C 568 -: 113Cd 568 _, 35Cl 575

748

NMR, 37Cl 575 -, 59CO 566, 575 - 53Cr 575 -: 1 H 572, 563 -, - spin-echo 571 -, 25Mg 566, 574 _,55Mn 575 - 95Mo 575 -: 3lp 563,573,576 _,207Pb 575 - 195pt 566 -: 33S 575 -, 29Si 575, 576 _, 5lV 575 - experiments 564,571-573 - imaging 574, 575 -, multinuclear 563 ff. -, solid-state 576 - spectra 638, 648, 650 No 87 NO; 277,283,469 Nodules, manganese 349 Nonanionic As 391 - -, preferential reabsorption of

391 Nondiffusible intermediates 268 Nonequilibrium processes 429, 430 - systems 339, 356, 360 Non-heme iron 45 Non-metallothionein Cd-binding

proteins 394 Nonpolar organic substances 434 Non-S bacteria, purple 262,263 Nonspecific adsorption 169, 178 Nonvolatile compounds 668 NTA 393,396,399 -, complexation of Cd with 393 Nuclear double resonance, electron 53 - magnetic resonance (NMR) 53,

563ff. - plant 386 - - outfall canal 412 - test fallout (see Radioactive

fallout) 412 Nuclei 565 -, quadropolar 563-566, 574 -, spin-1/2 563,565 Number, coordination 99 -, spin-quantum 565

o 298,469 170 576 O2 377

Subject Index

Obligate chemolithoautotrophs 264 - chemolithotrophs 262 Obligately aerobic

chemolithotrophs 264 Ocean, Atlantic 403,404 - disposal/dumping 482 Octopus 392 Off-coast transect 408 Oil shale extracts 676, 677 O-liganding 388 On-line hydride derivatization 599 Open-ocean seawater 399 Operational fractionation 338 - planning 690,699,703, 705, 712 Operon, mer 516 Optical laser examiner, molecular

(MOLE) 644 - spectrometry 305, 343, 644 Organic As compounds, covalent

385 - - -, demethylated 392 - - in the liver 391 - carbon 372 - -, decomposition of 257 - chelators 395 - -, Fe(III) associated with 414 - compounds 347, 545 - -, complexed 415 - forms of As, inorganic and 677 - Hg compounds, covalent 385 - ligands 287,293,347-349, 358 - matrix 470 - matter 185,285,372,382,395,

401,406,412,415 - -, dissolved 209 - - by algae, release of 415 - mercury 401 - -, accumulation of 406 - polymers, natural 217 - S compounds 256, 260 - - species 258 - - -, volatile 260 - species 297 - substances 351,415 - -, nonpolar 434 - -, water-soluble As 392

Subject Index

Organic sulfhydryl groups 269 - thiol (-SH) groups 265 Organically bound iodine 399 - - zinc 412 Organisms(s) 297 -, aerobic 13 -, arsenite-oxidizing 389,392 -, benthic marine 287,400 -, extracts from 676 -, freshwater 205, 403, 453 -, higher 412 - in soils 480 -, indicator 426 -, marine 359,385,403, 412ff., 453 -, methylation of mercury by higher

405 -, thermophilic 501 -, toxicity of trace elements to

marine 415 Organization, genetic 514 Organoarsenicals 389, 392, 459 -, primary production of 380 Organo-iodate 398 Organolead 507 Organomercurials 516 Organometallic complexes 31,86,

186 - compounds 430, 444, 456, 459,

493 - species 452, 456 Organometalloids 31, 127, 128,679,

681 Organometals 149,150,158,426,

430,507,508,581,679,681 Organotin(s) 508, 681 - compounds 86, 290 -, phenyl-substituted 681 - toxicity 681 Orthovanadate 289 Osx(CO)yclusters 634 Outfall canal, nuclear plant 412 Overload, iron 400 Oxic/anoxic interfaces 267 Oxidation(s) 239, 389 -, abiotic 61,267 -, - H2 S 266,267 -, - sulfide 267 -, microbially mediated 255,261,

262,267,448,454,456

749

Oxidation(s) of As, biomediated 389 - - iodide 398 - - reduced S species, aerobic 263 - - - - -, anaerobic 262 - states 31,43,348,468,474,701,

707 - -, sulfur 257 Oxide(s), aluminium 170, 176 -, amorphic 131 -, colloidal ferric -, heavy metal 177 -, iron 170, 176,479,484 -,manganese 170,180,479,484 -, nitrogen 87 - of Al 170,176 - - Fe 176,178 - - Mn 180 -, tributyltin 290 Oxine (8-quinolinol) 396 - / 5-sulfonate 396 Oxygen (0) 298, 469 - concentrations 398 - / minimum zone 355 - molecules, active 91 Oysters 387,395,412

P 504, 573 31p 563-576 31p NMR 573 Paint chips 478 Paired-ion reversed-phase HPLC

590 Pandalus montagui 393 Palaemonetes pugio, grass shrimp

393 Paramagnetic complexes 570 - resonance, electron 53 Parent or conceptional species 11 Particle(s) 283,338,428,465,467,

472-487 -, adsorption to 415 -, automobile tire-wear 479 -, biogenic 285 -, inclusion in 415 -, inorganic 395 -, rust 478 - size 285, 286, 297 -, steel-furnace dust 655

750

Particulate(s) analyses 713 - concentrations 428 - Cr(IlI) 394 - -, accumulation of soluble Cr(VI)

and 394 - iron 416 - -, ingestion of 416 -, marine 301, 324 - matter 276 - -,suspended 276 - phase, soluble or fine 395 - zinc 407 Partition coefficients 430 Pathway(s) in soils, arsenic 392, 678 Pb 60,76,94,170,172,179,181,

185,251,290,295,356,388,400, 415,445,473,477,480

207Pb NMR 575 PbMe; 572 Pb(N03h 576 Pb with Chelex-l00, removal of 415 pC02 380, 454 Pectin 393 Pelagic bacteria 403 - food chain 403 Pellets, fecal 285, 290 Pentane 93 Peptides 633 Perchlorate 343 Periodic Table 340, 429 Permeability 87,482 Permeation, gel 43 Peroxidase, glutathione 92 Peroxidation, lipid 86 - process 400 Peroxide, hydrogen 91 Peroxidized pigments 385 Peroxyl radicals, fatty acid 93 Persistent chemicals 521 Perturbing molecules 90 Pesticides 706 plI 181,182,185,283,286,298,

341,346,350-355,454,456,474, 479--487,505,547

-, electro active zinc concentrations vs. 408

- in soils 172 -, lowering of 408, 487

Subject Index

Phaeodactylum tricornutum 393, 410,411

Pharmacological activity 29 Phase equilibria, solution 225, 338 - separation 139 -, soluble or fine particulate 395 Phases, gas 338 -, liquid 279,474 -, reduction of initial lag 415 -, solid 279, 338, 339, 356, 359,474,

477, 575 Phenols 288,347 Phenomena, environmental 2 Phenylarsonic acid 677 Phenylmercury 507 Phenyl-substituted organotins 681 Phillipsite 576 Phosphate 10, 12, 60, 86, 289, 357,

359,388,474,475,487,504 -, Ca ion-pair 386 - enrichment 392 -, Mg ion-pair of 386 Phosphorites 290 -, biogenic 385 Phosphorus(P) 504,573 Photo autotrophic microbes 257 Photochemical processes 281,285,

356, 360 - reactions 298 Photochemistry of organomercury

compounds 402 Photo degradation of Fe(III)­

complex 399 Photoelectron spectroscopy,

ultraviolet 651 - -, X-ray 467,649 Photo oxidation 399 Photosynthesis 504 -, anoxygenic 262 Phototrophic bacteria 266 - - and cyanobacteria, anoxygenic

261,262 - green S bacteria 266 - microbes 255, 262, 264 Physical processes 426 Physicochemical properties 679 Phytate 75 -, monoferric 45 Phytic acid 22

Subject Index

Phytoplankton 349,356,389,390, 392,398,399,403,414,416

Phytotransferrin 399 Pigments, age 401 -, peroxidized 385 Pilot Environmental Specimen

Bank 701, 705, 706 Pinocytosis 385,400,416 Pitzer-type equation 344 PIXE analysis 467,473 Plankton 403 - / feeding fish 403 Planning, operational 690, 699, 703,

705 Plant-available heavy metals 169,

187 -, nuclear 386 - outfall canal, nuclear 412 Plants, coal-fired power 468 Plasma, blood 571 -, direct current (DCP) 582 - emission spectrometry 599,669,

712 -, flame photometric coupled 581 -, inductively coupled argon 581,

582, 599 -, microwave-induced 581 Plasmids 434,501,514,522 Platinum (Pt) 14, 60, 566 Plerospheres 469 Plutonium (Pu) 323 p02 388 Points, boiling 471 Polarography 539 Pollution 428, 443, 446, 465, 466,

527, 705 -, air 661,693 -, soil 169,446 Polycations 90 Polychaete worm 394 Polymers 444, 570 -, natural organic 217 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

467 Polysaccharides, sulfated 259, 635 Polysulfide(s) 258,263,267 Polythionates 264, 267 Polyvalent cations 90 Pond(s), ash 482,484,485

Pond(s), disposal 482, 483 - seepage, ash 484 Pool, gene 434 -, isotopic exchange 45 Pore water(s) 203 Porphyra iaciniata 406 Porphyrins 634 Post-column derivatization 590,

596,678 Potassium (K) 289,341,344,345 Potential(s), electrical 89 -,redox 72,277,348 -, toxic 436 Potentiometric stripping analysis

43,351 Potentiometry 534 Power plants, coal-fired 468,476 Precipitation/dissolution processes

483, 503 Precipitator(s) 470 -, electrostatic 472,473 - ash 470

751

Preconcentration 295,465,467,555, 693, 700, 712

Predictive calculations 218, 681 Predominance, surface 473,475 Preferential reabsorption of

nonanionic As 391 Preparation, sample 688, 700, 706,

713 Pressure, effects of 357,360 Primary production of As 388 - - - organoarsenicals 380 Probe, Raman Resonance spectral

360 -, spectral 360 Problems, environmental 2, 643 Procentrum 414 Process, analytical measurement

685 -, peroxidation 400 -, total analytical measurement 687,

688,692,703,707 - waters, shale oil 677 Processes, adsorption-desorption

181,237,282,295,298,306,545 -, assimilatory 255 -, biochemical 297 -, biological 360, 426

752

Processes, chemical 426, 444 -, digestive 21 -, dissimilatory 255 -, environmental 1,9, 11 -, nonequilibrium 429,430 -, photochemical 281,285,356,360 -, physical 426 -, precipitation/dissolution 181,

483, 503 -, rate 568 -, redox 339 Production of As, primary 388 - - organoarsenicals, primary 380 Products, decay 412,459 -, waste 493 Properties, biological 679 -, physicochemical 593 Protection, health 401 Protein(s) 24,92,99 -, non-metallothionein Cd-binding

385 -, serum 465,487 - transferrin, iron 400 Protocols 689,693,699,705,706 Proton-induced X-ray emission

(PIX E) 467,473,659 Protonation 349 Pseudobactin 515 Pt 14, 60, 566 Pt(II) 566, 567 Pt(IV) 566, 567 195Pt NMR 566 Pt species 567 Pu 323,385,400 Public health 528 Pulmonary cells 61 - region 487 Pulse sequence, spin-echo 571 Purple non-S bacteria 262, 263 - S bacteria 262 Pyrite 269, 270, 456, 494-498, 501 Pyrophosphate 388

Quadrupolar nuclei 563-566,574 Quality assessment 689,691, 704 - assurance 685,689,691,694,700,

706, 707 - control 689,691,698,700

Subject Index

Quantitation of trace-element compounds 667

Quantitative structure-activity relationship 680

Quartz (Si02) 469 8-Quinolinol (Oxine) 396

Radicals, fatty acid peroxyl 93 -, free 28, 85 -, hydroxyl 91 -, methyl 94 -, superoxide 91 Radioactive algae 411 - Artemia 391 - As 391 - -, inorganic 391 - fallout 399 - ferric hydroxide, internal body

distribution of 400 - - -, uptake of 400 - humic acids 412 - waste 387,406 - - solution 406 - - treatment 407 - zinc 410,411 - -, uptake of 410 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) 51 Radiolabe1s 45 Radionuclides 387 Radiotracers 50 Raman Resonance spectral probe

(RR) 53,54 - spectral probe 343,360 - spectroscopy, surface-enhanced

360,645 Range, mass 632 Rapid scan-stopped flow

spectrophotometry 100,108 Rare earth element(s) (REE) 323,

472 Rate(s) processes 568 -, fecal excretion 395 -, transformation 668 RDF 476,477 Reabsorption of nonanionic As,

preferential 391 Reaction(s), abiotic 255 -, acid-base 339, 353, 356 -, Fenton 91

Subject Index

Reaction(s), free-radical 85, 400 -, ion-pairing 339, 346, 353, 356,

359 -, ligand-exchange 543 -,metalexchange 46 -, -/ ion 221 -, photochemical 298 Reactive functional groups 221 - iron 399 Reactivity, metal 116,467 -, species 10,99,338,339,466 Rearrangements, genetic 513 Recycling 18,468,471 Red blood cells 573 Redox 125,283,348,352,356,381,

479,485 - potential 72,277,348 - processes 91,339 Reduced S species, aerobic oxidation

of 263 - - -, anaerobic oxidation of 262 Reducers, dissimilatory sulfate and

sulfur 261 Reductase, sulfate 261 Reduction, assimilatory sulfate 259,

260 -, dissimilatory sulfate 260, 261 - of iodate 398 - - initial lag phase 415 REE 324 Reef, artificial 482 Reference Materials, Certified 296,

298,686,695,696,707,714 - -, Standard 21,686,695-700,

705, 707 Refractive index 590, 593, 668 Refuse, municipal 476 - / derived fuel (RDF) 476,477 Region, pulmonary 487 Regulatory guidelines for toxic

chemicals 528 Relationship(s), quantitative

structure-activity 680 -, structure-function 23 Relative abundance of As species

388 Relaxation time, spin-lattice 566 - -, -/ spin 566 - -, transverse 566

753

Release of As by marine animals 392

- - Cr by marine animals 395 - - organic matter by algae 415 Removal of Cd with Chelex-l00 415 - - Pb with Chelex-l00 415 - - Zn with Chelex-l00 415 Research, environmental 3, 11 Residence time(s) 282, 369, 372,

382, 398 - -, H2S 268 Residual current 369 Residues, combustion 465 Resins, ion-exchange 412 -, thiol 415 Resistance mechanisms 429, 432,

433 Resolution, mass 632, 636, 639 Resonance, electron nuclear double

53 -, - paramagnetic 53 -, - spin 87 -, nuclear magnetic 53, 563 ff. - Raman (see Raman Resonance

spectral probe) 53,54 - spectral probe, Raman 343,360 -, spin-echo NMR 53, 571 Respiration(s), anaerobic 255,256,

261 Retention times 676, 677 Reversed-phase HPLC 306, 358,

590 - - -, paired-ion 590 Rhine 196 Rhodospirillaceae 262, 263 RI 590,593,668 Ring, Gulf Stream 358 River(s) 193, 365, 388, 394, 398 - / lake boundary 195 - water 398 RNA 13 Roadway dust 480 Rocks 398 Rotterdam harbor 283 RR 53, 54, 343, 360 Ru 385, 406ff. - / chloride 407 - / nitrate 407 Rust particles 478

754

Ruthenium (Ru) 385, 406ff. - chloride, concentration factors of

407 - concentrations in the Gulf of

Mexico 406 - nitrate, concentration factors of

407 -, nitrosyl 407 - species 406 -, uptake of 407 Rutherford back-scattering 658

S 86,255,372,450,460,470,473, 496,497

33S NMR 575 S2- 283 SO 264,267,268 - globules 263 S bacteria, green 266 - -, phototrophic green 266 - -, purple 262 - compounds, organic 256, 260 - -, volatile 260 - j oxidizing bacteria,

chemoautotrophic 267 - j dissimilating bacteria,

heterotrophic 266 - sink 269 - species 85, 355, 426, 444, 445,

456,470,471 - -, aerobic oxidation of reduced

263 - -, anaerobic oxidation of 262 - -, inorganic 258 - -, volatile organic 260 -, total soil 258 S. trutta 391 Salinity 275,340-382, 394,479 - distribution in estuaries 366 Salt, deicing 480 Sample contamination 298,410,

693, 702, 706 - preparation 688, 700, 706, 712,

713 - separation 688, 701, 704, 706 - storage 688, 705, 706 Sampling 171, 294, 635, 692, 702,

704, 705, 712

Subject Index

Sampling, soil 171 Sardines 403, 404 Sardinia pilchardus 404 Sb 127,319,460,473,679 121Sb 574 Sb(V) 160 Scale, spatial 259,429 -, temporal 429 Scanning Auger microscopy 652 - electron microscopy (SEM) 467,

645 Scattering spectrometry, ion 655 Scavenging 349 Scheldt Estuary 365, 372, 378, 381 Schemes for metal species (see

"speciation" schemes) 548 Schemes, "speciation" 548 Scientists, environmental 2 Scrubber sludges 482 Se 14,20,60,68,72, 80f., 86, 127,

322 Sea, arsenic in the - bottom 349,402 -, Ligurean 407 -, Mediterranean 403,404,408 - j surface microlayer 162,200 - j urchin eggs 395 - j- larvae 395 -, Tyrhennian 404, 405 Seawater 301,337,340,346,392,

398--412, 714 -, arsenic in 388, 399 -, artificial 407 -, coastal 401,407--412 -, complexation capacity of 385,

415 -, copper in 395 -, mercury concentrations in 401,

406 - mixing 367,480 -,open-ocean 399 -, spiked 393 -, total As concentrations in 388 -, - Cd concentrations in 392 -, - Cr concentrations in 394 -, - Cu concentrations in 395 -, - zinc concentrations in 410 -, zinc concentration in 407 Seaweed 398, 391

Subject Index

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) 467, 632, 653

Sediment(s) 14,158,164,338,402, 406,443,456,462,466,468,471, 479,481,714

-, anoxic 265, 283 - cores 471 - extracts 395 -, marine 398 - transport 366, 369, 382 - / water boundary 203, 237 Seepage, ash pound 484 Selective extraction 43 Selenate 289 Selenite(s) 93,475 Selenium (Se) 14,20,60,68,72,

80 f., 86, 127, 322, 460, 473, 475-477,482,504,505,679

SEM 467,645 Semibalanus balanoides 393 Separation 712 -, magnetic 477,478 -, phase 139 -, sample 688, 704, 706 Sepiolite 483 Sequence, spin-echo pulse 571 Sequential filtration 468 Sequestration, extracellular 433 -, intracellular 433 Serum proteins 465, 487 Settling velocities 284, 297 Sewage-sludge ash, incinerated 476 - /- incinerator 476 Shale extracts, oil 501 - oil process waters 676 Shift anisotropy, chemical 575 -, chemical 566 Shipyards as source of zinc 410 Shrimp 391,392,389,405 - Palaemonetes pugio, grass 393 - Pandalus montagui, marine 393 Si 679 29Si NMR 575, 576 Si02 239, 469 Siderophores 347,399,414,416,

515 -, hydroxamate 414 Silicates 459,474,475,485, 576, 577 Silicon (Si) 679

Silver (Ag) 95,477,499,505 SIMS 467,632,653 Single species 8 Sink(s), chelation 400 -, S 269 Site(s), active 20,23 ff., 105 -, cadmium-binding 568 -, catalytic 107 -, - metal-binding 107 -, - zinc 107 -, co-coordination 395 -, COO- 395 -, metal-binding 24, 108

755

-, Na + competition for COO - 395 Size dependence exclusion column

chromatography 44 -, particle 285, 286, 297, 472

474--487 Slag 469 Sludges, scrubber 476,482 Smelter 446,447,477,505 Sn 60,317,388,402,444,450,460,

476,505,679 Sn(IV) 160 Snails, marine 392 SO~- 283,341,344,345 Sodium (Na) 289,341,344,345,473 - dimethylarsinate 677,678 Soil(s) 169,170,217,398,428,447,

450,451,466,468,478,480 -, arsenic pathways in 678 - components, adsorption capacity

of 176ff. - diffusion of heavy metals in 170,

172 - extracts 386, 395 -, organisms in 480 - pollution 169,171,446 - S, total 258 - sampling 171 - solutions 169,173,181,184 Solid phases 173,279, 338, 339, 356,

359, 575 - / state NMR 576 - waste material 412 Solubility 81, 130, 132, 349, 351,

359,429,434,465-467,474,477, 484,487

756

Soluble bioavailable metal species 385

- Cr(VI) 394 - - and particulate Cr(III),

accumulation of 394 - inorganic Cd chloro-complexes

353 - inorganic Cu 395 - or fine particulate phase 395 - species 385 Solution(s) phase equilibria 225,

338 -, soil 169 Solvent(s), extractable 397 - leaching 465,467,473,474,475 f. Soret band 45, 53 Sources of MeHg 406 - - zinc 410 Spark source mass spectroscopy

(SSMS) 470,471 Spatial scale 259 Speciation 7 ff. -, anionic aqueous 465, 482 - biological 9 -, definition of 7 -, inorganic 9 -, metal 9 - schemes 548 - static 9 Species abundance (numerical

distribution) 7,9 -, aerobic oxidation of reduced S

263 -, anaerobic oxidation of reduced S

262 - analysis 1,7,9, 12,548 - -, advancement in 1 -, analyte 7, 8, 10, 701, 703 -, arsenic 156,160 -, biological 7,9 -, - modification of the distribution

of As 388 -, changes of As 390 -, charge-stabilized colloidal 351 -, chemical 1,2,3,7,10,17,39,59,

71,121,279,301,385,425-429, 443,465,533,712

-, copper 22, 397 -, definition of 7

Subject Index

Species, distinguished between dissolved inorganic chemical 416

- distribution 10, 198,370 -, e1ectroactive 393,415 -, halide 575 -, heavy-metal 169,173,175,184 -, hydrophobic 358, 446, 462 - in fly ash, vanadium 473 - - the environment - in nature, sulfur 264 -, inorganic 85, 355, 426, 444, 445,

456,470,471 -,- S 258 -, iodine 398 -, interactions in the transformation

of 23 -, iron 399 -, labile metal-ligand 46, 385 -, matrix 7,8, 10 -, methyl 444,451,505 -, mixed-ligand 357,359 -, molecular 8 -, organic 297,444 -, organometallic 452, 456 -, parent or conceptional 7, 12 -, Pt 567 - reactivity 1,7,99,116,338,339 -, relative abundance of As 388 -, ruthenium 406 -, S 264 -, single 8 -, soluble 385 -, sulfur 264 f. -, - bioavailable metal 385 -, storage of chemical 27 - transformation 1, 7, 10, 12, 124,

237,298 - -, chemical 124 - -, iodine 398 -, transient 108 -, transport of chemical 27, 124,

135ff., 193,446,447,463,505 -, volatile 32,446,447,450,462,

471,472,600 -, zinc 412 Specific adsorption 169, 178 - emulsifiers 434 Specimen Bank, Pilot

Environmental 701, 705, 706

Subject Index

Spectra, absorption 116 -, NMR 638, 648, 650 Spectral probe(s) 360 - -, Raman Resonance 360 Spectrofluorimetry 713 Spectrometers, emission 467 -, mass 581 Spectrometry, atomic fluorescence

585,600,669 -, Auger electron 652 -, 252Cf-plasma desorption mass

633 -, electron microprobe X-ray

emission 467 -, flame furnace absorption 669 -, gas chromatography-atomic

absorption 150,160 -, - -I mass 44, 154 -, graphite furnace absorption 669,

672,675,676 -, inductively coupled argon plasma

emission 675 -, ion scattering 655 -, liquid chromatography-mass

613 ff. -,mass 700,702,712 -, optical 305, 644 -, plasma emission 669, 712 - I spectroscopy, mass 305 -, stable isotope dilution mass 50 -, tandem mass 631,632,635,636 Spectrophotometry, rapid scan-

stopped flow 100, 108 Spectroscopic information 107 Spectroscopy 351,470, 508 -, atomic 48 ff. -, - absorption 296, 358, 555, 582 -, - emission 157 -, electron 305,646 -,- energy loss 646,653 -, Fourier transform infrared 632,

702 -, mass 305,613 f., 631 -, Mossbauer 46, 53 -, secondary ion mass 632, 653 -, spark source mass 470,471 -, surface-enhanced Raman 645 -, ultraviolet photoelectron 651 -, -I visible 296, 358

757

Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron 646

Spherules, magnetic 471 Spiked seawater 393 Spin-echo NMR, 1 H 53, 571 - -, electron 87 - 1- pulse sequence 571 - I lattice relaxation time 566 - I 1/2 nuclei 563, 565 - I quantum number 565 - I spin coupling 566, 568 - 1- relaxation time 566 Spinning, magic-angle 575 Sr 473 Sr2+ 341 SSMS 470,471 Stability, chemical 339 - constants 347,354,356,357 - -, conditional 415 -, thermodynamic 430,431 Stable cesium 387 - isotope data 269 - - dilution mass spectrometry 50 - zinc 410,411 - -, e1ectroactive 408-411 Stack emissions 468,470,477 Standard Reference Materials 21,

686,695-700,705,707 State(s), oxidation 348,474, 701,

707 -, steady 339,483 -, sulfur oxidation 257 -, valence 455,473 Statistical control 296, 688, 689,

692-700, 705 Steady state 339,483 Steel-furnace dust particles 655 Storage of chemical species 27 -, sample 688, 706 Strait of Gibraltar 403, 404, 405 Strategy, analytical 711 Street dust, urban 478 Strength, ionic 276, 339, 343-345 Stress 425, 426, 428, 444 -, systems under 2,425-428,444 Stripping analysis, potentiometric

43,351 - voltametry, anodic 393, 396 Strontium (Sr) 473

758

Structure-activity relationship, quantitative 680

-, chemical 425 -, extended X-ray absorption fine

102 - / function relationships 23 Substances, excretion of iron­

complexing 414 -, extrusion of metal-complexing

412ff. -, inorganic trace 8 -, iron-complexing 414 -, metal-complexing 412-414 -, nonpolar organic 434 -, organic 351 Substituent constants 679 Substitution, metal 107,108 Substoichiometric analysis 51 Substoichiometry 51 Subtoxic metal concentrations, toxic

or 12,13 Sugars 633 Sulfane-S 263 Sulfate (SO~-) 60,257,259,261,

267,289,343,351,353,469,470, 474-477,487

- and sulfur reducers, dissimilatory 261

- electron acceptors 256 - esters 256, 258, 260 - -, decomposition of 260 - / reducing bacteria 261 - reductase 261 - reduction, assimilatory 259,260 - -, dissimilatory 261 -, vanadium 469 Sulfated heteroglycans 259 - polysaccharides 259 Sulfhydrolase 260 Sulfhydryl compounds 86 - groups, organic 269 -, linkage 450 Sulfide(s) 59,61, 64, 77, 124, 125,

132,255,257,262-264,269,378, 459,462,470,475,484

-, biogenic 269 -, carbonyl 260 -, dimethyl 260, 261 -,hydrogen 261,359,503,504

Subject Index

Sulfide(s), iron 269, 455 -, metal 269,495 -, metastable iron 269 - oxidation, abiotic 378 Sulfite 258,261,263,267 Sulfonate, linear alkylbenzene 396 Sulfone-S 263 Sulfoxide, dimethyl 261 Sulfur (S) 86, 255, 372, 450, 460,

470,473,496,497 - bacteria 263 - -, aerobic colorless 266, 267 - -, colorless 263, 264 - compounds 661 - cycle 264 -, elemental 261,263 - globules 263 - -, elemental 263 -, organic 497 - oxidation states 257 - reducers, dissimilatory sulfate

and 261 - / reducing bacteria 261,455 - sink 269 - species in nature 264 f. Sulfureta 265 Superoxide dismutase 94 - radicals 91 Surface areas, total 681 - characterization 643, 644 - / enhanced Raman spectroscopy

645 -, iron oxide 663 - microanalysis 475, 477 - microlayer(s) 162,200 - migration 475 - predominance 473, 475 - waters 217 Suspended particulate matter 276 System(s), biological 17,349 -,efflux 517 -, element-selective 667,672 -, estuarine 2 -, freshwater 2, 121 -, marine 2, 337 -, nonequilibrium 339, 356, 360,

430 -, terrestrial 2,121,466,487 - under stress 2

Subject Index

Table, Periodic 340, 429 Tagging, extrinsic 45 -, intrinsic 45 Tandem mass spectrometry (TMS)

631-639 Tannic acid 396 Taranto, Gulf of 407 Te 289,322,460,473,679 Techniques, absorption 306 -, extraction 197,498,591 -, thermospray 617 Technogenic migration 466 Technology, microbial 527 - transfer 1 Tellurium (Te) 289, 322, 460, 473,

679 Temperature, effects of 357, 360,

471,473 Temporal scale 429 Terminal electron acceptor(s) 255,

261,263 Terrestrial systems 121,466 Test, Ames 487 Tetraalkyllead 158,159,162,459 Tetraalkyltin 158,162 Tetraethyllead 93 Tetraethyltin Tetramethyllead Tetraphenyltin 680 Tetrathionate 263, 264 Th 323,385 -, colloidal 416 Thalassiosira pseudonana 393, 399,

414 Thallium (Tl) 460 Therapy 43 Thermodynamic calculations 339,

425,426 - - for Cd 393 - equilibrium 125, 243 - stability 125,430 Thermodynamically unstable iodide

398 Thermospray interface 617,618 - techniques 617 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)

580 Thiobacilli 264,267,268

759

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 455, 495-501

Thioglycerol 633 Thiol(s) 92,260 - groups, organic 260, 265 - j labile copper 397 - resins 415 Thiolates 568, 569 Thiomolybdates 77,81 Thiosulfate 258,261,263,264,267 Thorium (Th) 323,385,416 Thunnusthynnus 405 Ti 445,469,476 Tidal action 368 - cycle 374 Time scale (see Temporal scale) 281,

282,356 -, spin-lattice relaxation 566 -, -j spin relaxation 566 -, transverse relaxation 566 Times, H 2S residence 268 -, residence 369,372,382,466,469,

483 -, retention 676, 677 Tin (Sn) 60,317,388,402,444,450,

460,476,505,679 Tissue levels, Cd 394 Titanium (Ti) 445,469,476 Tl 460 205Tl 565 TLC 580 TMS 631-639 Tolerance, H 2S 265, 266 Total analytical measurement

process 687,688,692,703,707 - As concentrations in seawater

388 - Cd concentrations in seawater

392 - concentration of an element 8, 13 - Cr concentrations in seawater

394 - Cu concentrations in seawater

395 - hydrolyzable zinc 408 - soil S 258 - surface areas 681 - zinc concentrations in seawater

410

760

Toxic chemicals, regulatory guidelines for 528

- Cu concentrations 413 - H 2S 258 - potential 436 Toxicity, arsenic 392 -, cadmium 393 -, environmental 44, 513 -, H 2S 261,265 - of elements 8, 12, 85, 290, 338,

425,429,437,448,463-474,493, 508, 513

- - Cu 349, 359 - - MeHg 402 - - trace elements to marine

organisms 415 -, organotin 681 -, trace-element 415 - with free Cd ion, correlation of

Cd 393 Toxicology 91 Trace-element compounds,

quantitation of 667 - /- absorption 71 - /- compounds 668 - /- -, identification of 667, 678 - /- deficiency 71,76,80,81 - /- metabolism 17 - /- toxicity 17,71,81,415 - /-, uptake 415 - metal(s) 108,121,195,237-239,

243, 349, 541 - substances, inorganic 8 Tracing, microanalytical lead 477 Transect, off-coast 408 Transfer, technology 1 Transferrin 400 Transform infrared spectroscopy,

Fourier 640 Transformation, abiotic 268 -, chemical 124 -, - species 7,23,298 -, iodine species 398 - of As 677 - - Hg(II) 402 - - species, interactions in the 23 - rates 668 -, species 7, 12,23,443,444,448,

455,456,459

Subject Index

Transient species (intermediates) 108

Transmembrane gradients 86 Transmission electron microscopy

645 Transport, biological 429,430,436 -, interface 620 -, membrane 433,436,465,713 - of chemical species 27, 124,

135 ff., 193,446,447,463, 505 -, sediment 366, 369, 382 -, water 367 Transposons 434 Transverse relaxation time 566 Traps, metal-ion 28 Treatment, radioactive waste 407 Trialkyltin 91 Tributyltin 290, 508 Tridacna, giant clam 391 Trihydroxymethyl-aminomethane

(TRIS) 395 Trimethylarsonium lactate 391 Trimethyllead 159,163 Triphenylphosphonium 88 TRIS 395 Trophic levels 392, 403 Trout, brown 391 Tuna 403,404 -, bluefin 404 -, intestine of yellowfin 403 - model 404 Tungstates 475 Turbidity maximum 284, 298, 372 Tyrhennian Sea 404, 405

IT 473,498,499,504 lJitrasonic absorption 342, 343, 360 lJitraviolet (lTV) absorption 354 - detector 581 - photoelectron spectroscopy 296,

651 - / visible spectroscopy 358, 581 lTncertainty 688,689, 692, 699, 700,

703, 704 lTncomplexed fractions 437 lTnicellular algae 397,412 - -, marine 397 IT pland disposal 479 lTptake and loss kinetics 405

Subject Index

Uptake, biological 14,210 - data for MeHg 403 - experiments 407 - from water and food, arsenic 389,

392 - of As 389, 391 - - Cd 393 - - Cr(VI) 394 - - - by freshwater fish 395 - - elements 385 - - Hg[ 405 - - iodide 398 - - iodine 398 - - iron 399 - - - by algae 416 - - mercury 406 - - - by deposit feeders 406 - - natural zinc 411 - - nitrosyl ruthenium 406 - - radioactive ferric hydroxide

400 - - - zinc 411 - - ruthenium 407 - - stable zinc by algae 412 - - zinc 410 - - Zn65 410 Uranates 475 Uranium (U) 473,498,499, 504 Urban street dust 478 Urchin, sea 395 Urine 572, 573

V 60, 68, 374, 376, 380,473,476, 487,500

V(IV) 380, 570 5lV NMR 566,575 Valence state 415 Validation, method 296 Vanadates 380,475 Vanadium (V) 60,68,374,376,380,

473,476,487,500 - species in fly ash 473 - sulfates 469 Variables, environmental 355 Vegetation 465, 487 Velocities, settling 284, 297 Vent(s), deep-sea hydrothermal 266 - habitats, hydrothermal 267 Vitamin B12 637

Vitamin E 93 Volatile compounds 668 - hydrides 49 - metal chelates 50 - organic S species 260 - S compounds 260 - species 600

761

Voltammetry, anodic stripping 158, 357,385,541

W 575 183W 575 Waste material products 412 -, radioactive 387,406 - solution, radioactive 406 - treatment, radioactive 407 Water(s) 276, 392--454 - and food, arsenic uptake from

389, 391 -, anoxic 398 -, cadmium in coastal 392 -, - - estuarine 392 -, coastal 447 -, estuarine 276, 401 -, fresh 205, 276, 446 -,ground 467,482--486 -, Italian coastal 403 -, lake 193 -, natural 158,159,163,237,454,

458,466,533 -, pore 203, 485 -, river 446, 453, 454 -, shale oil process 677 - / solid interface 662 - / soluble As organic substances 392 -, surface 217,446 - transport 367 Weak acids 342, 357 - associations of chemical species 8 Wescan 589 Western Mediterranean 403,404 Wet-bottom firing 471 - deposition 473, 487 Wolfram (W) 575 Worm Nereis virens, marine 394 -, polychaete 394

Xanthogenate, ethyl 396 XPS 467,649

762

X-ray absorption fine structure, extended 102

- j- diffraction 103 - j- - analysis 103 - j- diffractometry (XRD) 467 - j- emission, proton-induced 467,

659 - j- fluorescence 44,467, 706 - j- photoelectron spectroscopy

(XPS) 467, 649 - j- structure analysis 102 XRD 467

Yellowfin tuna, intestine of 403

Zeolitic minerals 576 Zinc (Zn) 14,20,60, 72, 74f., 78,

170-185,199,251,284,285,290, 295,313,356,357,374,379,385, 388,400, 407ff., 412, 415, 445, 455, 476,480,485,487,504

- adsorption 176 -, chelated 412 -, complexation of 408 - concentrations, electro active 407,

408 - - in seawater 407 - - vs. pH, electro active 408

Subject Index

Zinc, electroactive 408,409,411 - enzymes 99 -, exchangeable 411,412 -, inorganic 412 -, loss of 410 -, organically bound 412 -, particulate 407,412 -, radioactive 410-412 -, sources of 410 - species 41 -, stable 410,411 -, uptake of 410 -, - - natural 411 -, - - radioactive 410 Zn 14,20,60,72, 74f., 78,170-185,

199,251,284,285,290,295,313, 356,357,374,379,385,388,400, 407ff., 412, 415, 445, 455, 476, 480, 485,487,504

Zn(II) 348, 572 Zn65 , uptake of 410 Zone(s), anoxic 265, 266, 267 -, euphotic 398 -, oxygen-minimum 356 Zoo benthos 482 Zooplankton 398, 403 -, marine 412

Author Index

Andreae, M.O. 275-299,301-335 Baccini, P. 121-147, 193-216 Bauld, J. 121-147,255-273 Bernhard, M. 1-5, 7-14, 275-299,

385--422 Branica, M. 275-299 Brinckman, F.E. 1-5, 7-14,

425--441, 667-684 Briimmer, G.W. 121-147,169-192 Calmano, W. 275-299 Chakrabarty, A.M. 425--441,

513-531 Chau, Y.K. 121-147,149-167,

711-715 Craig, P.J. 425--441,443--464 Duinker, J.C. 275-299,365-384 Forstner, U. 425--441,465--491 Fowler, B.A. 425--441 Frimmel, F.H. 121-147, 711-715 Gamble, D.S. 121-147, 217-236 George, S.G. . 275-299,385--422 Herms, U. 425--441 Hertz, H.S. 685-710 Irgolic, K.J. 7-14,17-38,667-684,

711-715 Jenne, E.A. 121-147 Kabata-Pendias, A. 121-147 Kane, P.F. 121-147, 643-665,

711-715 Kester, D.R. 275-299, 337-363 Krull,I.S. 425--441,579-611,

711-715

Leckie, J.O. 121-147, 237-254 Ludwicki, K.J. 17-38 Lund, W. 275-299, 533-561,

711-715 Luoma, S.N. 275-299 Mackay, D. 425--441 Maret, W. 99-118 Mehlhorn, R.J. 17-38,85-97 Mertz, W. 17-38 Mills, C.F. 17-38,71-83 Miiller, G.K. 121-147 Oehmichen, U. 17-38 Olson, G.J. 425--441,493-512 Piscator, M. 17-38,59-70 Prosi, F.P. 121-147, 711-715 Russell, D.H. 425--441, 631-641,

711-715 Sadler, P.J. 1-5, 17-38, 563-578,

711-715 Salomons, W. 193-216,425--441 Silver, S. 425--441 Thorne1ey, R. N. F. 17-38 Tobschall, H.J. 121-147 Tramier, B. 275-299 Velapoldi, R.A. 275-299,685-710,

711-715 Vestal, M.L. 275-299,613-629,

711-715 Weber, G. 17-38 Wolf, W.R. 17-38,39-58,711-715 Wood, J.M. 425--441 Zeppezauer, M. 17-38,99-118