liquids and solids chapter 13. i. comparison of solids, liquids and gases solidsliquidsgases shape...
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Liquids and Solids
Chapter 13
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I. Comparison of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Solids Liquids Gases
Shape
MolecularForces
Density
Compressibility
Fluidity
Rate ofDiffusion
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II. Changes of State
solid liquid
gas
sublimation
melting
freezing
condensation
evaporationdeposition
Question: Which phase changes ADD energy, and which phase changes RELEASE energy?
most energy
least energy
moderate energy
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III. Properties of Liquids A. Surface Tension - pulling together of a liquids
SURFACE molecules, creating tighter arrangement
B. Vapor Pressure - the gaseous pressure resulting from the vaporization of SURFACE molecules of liquid
C. Boiling Point - the temperature at which a liquids vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure
D. Viscosity – resistance to flow
Note: 1) Vaporization occurs at the SURFACE of liquids 2) Boiling occurs WITHIN, as well as the surface of a liquid 3) Boiling Point temperatures can be raised or lowered by a corresponding change to the atmospheric pressure
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Surface Tension pulling together of a liquids SURFACE molecules, creating
tighter arrangement
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Dipole-Dipole Interaction
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Hydrogen Bonding
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IV. Water and It’s Properties A. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water:
O
H H O
H H
O
H H
O
H H
note: the H-bondings are additional bonds -- weaker than covalent bonds -- that must be broken before boiling can occur
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B. When water freezes, the water molecules arrange themselves into hexagonal patterns:
O
H
H
O
H
H
O
H
H
O
HH
O
H
H O
H H
notes: 1) the wider spacing between molecules causes ice to be LESS DENSE than liquid water
2) water is most dense at 4 oC… warmer and colder than this causes expansion
3) the volume of the hexagonal spaces in ice is equal to the volume of ice that is above the water line when floating
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C. Energy requirements for phase changes of water: 1) water requires 1 calorie (4.184 joules) to heat 1 gram of water 1 oC.
2) ice requires 80 calories per gram (6.02 kJ/mol)to melt without any temperature change
3) water requires 540 calories per gram (40.8 kJ/mol) to boil without any temperature change
Ex: How many calories are required to melt 50 grams of ice, heat it to 100 oC, then boil it?
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V. Phase Diagrams A. Conveniently shows the relationship between temperature, pressure and the physical state of a substance.
B. Water has the only phase diagram with a negative slope to the solid/liquid boundary 1) as pressure increases on ice, it liquifies 2) higher pressures cause smaller volumes … 3) … for water, liquid has smaller volume than solid
C. Triple Point – when all 3 phases coexist
D. Critical Point – 1) temp at which gas can no longer become liquid no matter what the pressure is 2) pressure required to produce liquefaction at the critical temperature
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Phase Diagram for Water
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Phase Diagram for CO2
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VI. Types of Solids A. Crystalline Solids - 1) ionic crystals - metal + nonmetal ex: NaCl; Fe2O3
2) Covalent Network - covalently bonded atoms or molecules forming a large crystal
ex: C (diamond); SiO2 (sand) 3) Metallic - metal atoms sharing valence e-
ex: Fe; Cu; 4) Covalent Molecular - intermolecular forces
between covalent solids ex: ice; frozen gases (dry ice), S8, P4, I2
B. Amorphous Solids - non regularly shaped solids ex: plastics; glass