lipgene project – current intakes of epa and dha …
TRANSCRIPT
ACAF/08/06
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL FEEDINGSTUFFS
42nd Meeting of ACAF on 3 June 2008
Presentation to the Committee
LIPGENE PROJECT – CURRENT INTAKES OF EPA AND DHA POTENTIAL OF ANIMAL-DERIVED FOODS TO
INCREASE INTAKE
PRESENTATION BY PROFESSOR IAN GIVENS (UNIVERSITY OF READING)
Secretariat May 2008
CURRENT INTAKES OF EPA AND DHA AND POTENTIAL OF ANIMAL-DERIVED FOODS TO INCREASE INTAKE
Ian Givens
Nutritional Sciences Research UnitAnimal Sciences Research Group
3 June 2008
Overview• Long chain n-3 fatty acids: the need?
• Current recommended daily intakes of EPA/DHA
• Current estimates of daily intake of EPA/DHA
• Approaches for increasing intake including enrichment of:
Milk
Meat
Eggs
• Conclusions
Long chain n-3 fatty acids: the need?
Conversion of α-linolenic acid to EPA and DHA
Stable isotope tracer studies, [13C]α-LNA
Conversion of LNA to long chain PUFA in plasma NEFA, TAG, CE and PC
0
5
10
15
20
25
EPA DPA DHA
% c
onve
rsio
n
MaleFemale
Not detected
(Burdge et al., 2002; Burdge & Wootton, 2002)
Wang et al., 2006n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not α-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review.Am J Clin Nutr.84(1):5-17.
Current recommended daily intakes of EPA + DHA
Recommended daily intake ofEPA + DHA
BHCouncil (2007)680*Belgium
Inst of Med (2005)270*USA
ISSFAL (2004)500Various
WHO/FAO (2003)500Various
SACN/COT (2004)450UK
DoH (1994)200UK
ReferenceRDI (mg/d)Country
* Calculated from % EI
5 year change in cognitive function in 210 elderly men relative to EPA+DHA intake
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
1 2 3
Cha
nge
in M
MSE
scor
e
Tertile20 104 398 Mean intake (mg/d)
(van Gelder et al., 2007)
Current estimates of daily intake
EPA+DHA Intake in UK Adults(Givens & Gibbs, 2006)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Fish Meat & Eggs Total
EggsOtherPoultryBacon/hamPorkSheepBeef/vealShellfishOily fishWhite fish
EPA
+DH
A in
take
(mg/
d)
45
199244
Meats
Fish
Consumers
Non-consumers
~100 mg/d
Consumption of oily fish by UK adults
(SACN, 2004)27%
Consumption of Oily Fish: the ‘age effect’(derived from NDNS, 2002) (Gibbs et al., Unpub.)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% c
onsu
mer
s
19-24 25-34 35-49 50-64
Age group
Male
Female
Male consumers(exc. cannedtuna)
Femaleconsumers (exc.canned tuna)
25%
Canned tuna not classed as an oily fish
Low income (LI) vs. National (N) (Gibbs et al., Unpub)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
‘Age effect’ is seen in low income group as well as National
group = Lowest intakes in LI group are in younger people
Inta
ke E
PA+D
HA
mg/
d
LI NFish Derived
LI NAnimal Derived
LI NTotal
Based on ‘Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey’ (Nelson et al., 2007)
Approaches for increasing intake of EPA/DHA
Enrichment of animal-derived foods
Have to be:
•Consumed by a large proportion of the population•Consumed in relatively large quantities•Amenable to enrichment
Enrichment of poultry meat with fish oil
• Responsive to dietary EPA and DHA• LC n-3 PUFA accumulate in membrane phospholipids• Relatively more abundant in white meat• Our target is 300 mg EPA+DHA/200 g portion of meat
05
1015202530354045
0 100 200 300 400 500 600[EPA], mg/100 g diet
[EPA
], m
g/10
0 g
mea
t
White meatDark meat
EPA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 200 400 600 800 1000[DHA], mg/100 g diet
[DH
A],
mg/
100
g m
eat
DHA
Fish oil emulsion added
during processing
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
ALNA
EPA
DHA
0 L100 L200 L
Effect of three levels of linseed in diet of laying hens on fatty acids in egg yolk
(Ferrier et al., 1995)g/
100
g fa
tty a
cids
UK EPA and DHA intakes - normal and enriched animal-derived foods
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
'Normal' food 'Enriched' food
Beef + Veal
Poultry Eggs: table
and others
Semi-skimmed milk
Full fat cheese
4.110
26
121
9
54
1324
0 0
EPA
+ D
HA
(mg/
d) Current mean intake from Animal-derived: 45mg/d
Potential mean intake from ‘enriched’foods: 231 mg/d
(Givens & Gibbs, 2006)
Future alternatives to fish oil
• SDA (C18:4 n-3) rich oilseeds?
• Industrial micro-algae production?
• GM plants using cloned algal genes to express EPA/DHA in seed oils?
• EPA/DHA should probably be regarded as dietary essential.
• Estimates of EPA/DHA intake are variable and highly dependant on diet survey and compositional data. Can they be improved?
• EPA/DHA intake sub-optimal for many EU groups, especially the young and lower income sectors
• For many, intakes of EPA/DHA from animal-derived foods may be crucial and these foods (esp. poultry meat) have the potential for worthwhile enrichment and would increase intake very substantially.
• It seems highly likely that alternative sources to fish oils will be needed.
• Big changes in the Agro-Food industry needed to put this research into practice
Conclusions
…….but finally we must remember that we are not all
equal….
TG lowering was dependant on gender and apoE genotype
(Minihane et al.,unpublished)
% UK adults and children meeting current recommendations (NDNS, 2002)
4240 43
8
1712
30
40
0
10
20
30
40
50
total fat SFA cis-MUFA
4-18yadult femaleadult male
%
< 35% EI <11% EITargets 13% EI
THANK YOU
ColleaguesDr Caroline RymerDr Anne Marie MinihaneMiss Rachael Gibbs