linnaeus handout
TRANSCRIPT
1
SEARCHING
&
CLASSIFYING
Universal taxonomy of Carolus Linnaeus b mathesis universalis ofLeibniz are the ground of Michel Foucault’s conception ‘episteme’
Vasil Penchev, PhD, Assoc. Prof. –
Department “Philosophy of History”,
Institute for Philosophical Research of
the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
E-mail: [email protected]
http://four.fsphost.com/vasil7penchev
$EVWUDFW�‘Episteme’ designates the accepted mode of
acquiring and arranging knowledge in a
given period. An episteme unites the various
discourses and guarantees their coherence
within an underlying structure of implicit
assumptions about the status of knowledge.
The term has gained currency from the work
of the French philosopher Michel Foucault,
especially his Les Mots et les choses (The
Order of Things, 1966; Bulgarian edition:
GZmdZ b badmkl\h, 1990).
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VI. �0$7+(6,6� ?L �7$;,120,$�LQ Les mots et les choses E\�0��)RXFDXOW
p. 86-87
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QDWXUHV�ZKDW�DOJHEUD�LV�WR�WKH�RUGHU�RI�VLPSOH�QDWXUHVq (p. 71).
www.illogicaloperation.com/textz/
foucault_michel_the_order_of_things.htm
The English translation is from:
VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 1994 Copyright © 1970 by Random House, Inc
7RPEVWRQH�RI�/LQQDHXV 6\VWHPZ naturae �3KLORVRSKLH�botanique
Linnaeus is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification which is based upon observable characteristics.
While the underlying
details concerning what
are considered to be scientifically valid 'observable charac-teristics' has changed with expanding knowledge, the fundamental principle remains sound.
3
6\VWHPD naturae In Systema naturae (1735) he presented his classification of plants, animals, and
minerals, and in Genera plantarum
(1737) he explained his system for classifying plants largely on the basis
of the number of stamens and pistils in the flower. Despite the artificiality of some of his premises, the Linnaean system has remained the basis of
modern taxonomy.
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Frontispiece
for
Foucault's
The Orderof Things,28.5" x 19",acrylic on panel,1995.Private collection�
Jeffrey Abt
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www.illogicaloperation.com/textz/
foucault_michel_the_order_of_things.htm
The English translation is from:
VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 1994 Copyright © 1970 by Random House, Inc
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“… there must be some general science to
explain everything which can be asked
concerning measure and order not predicated
of any special subject matter. This, I
perceived, was called “Universal
Mathematics”, not a far fetched designation,
but one of long standing which has passed
into current use, because in this science is
contained everything on account of which
others are called parts of mathematics.”
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Initia et Specimina Scientiae novaeGeneralis
pro Instauratione et Augmentis Scientiarum
ad publicam felicitatem
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Part I. Principles of Universal
Science
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(op. cit. p. 240)
Immanuel Kant. Kritik der
reinen Vernunft (Hamburh: Meiner, 1980), S. 433-435.
Editor: Jens Timmerman
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S. 424
“Wenn man dagegen an dem Verteidigerder Epigenesis den großen Vorzug, den erin Ansehung der Erfahrungsgründe zum Beweise seiner Theorie vor dem ersteren
hat, gleich nicht kennete: so würde die Ver-nunft doch schon zum voraus für seine Er-klärungsart mit vorzüglicher Gunst einge-nommen sein, weil sie die Natur in Anse-hung der Dinge, welche man ursprünglich
nur nach der Kausalität der Zwecke sich alsmöglich vorstellen kann…”
10
“ … doch wenigstens, was die Fort-pflanzung betrifft, als selbst hervor-bringend, nicht bloß als entwickelnd,
betrachtet, und so doch mit dem kleinst-möglichen Aufwande des Übernatürlichen alles Folgende vom ersten Anfange an der
Natur überläßt (ohne aber über diesen ersten Anfang, an dem die Physik
überhaupt scheitert, sie mag es mit einer Kette der Ursachen versuchen, mit welcher
sie wolle, etwas zu bestimten)”�
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“Folglich bleibt nur das zweite übrig(gleichsam ein System der
Epigenesis der reinen Vernunft):daß nämlich die Kategorien von
seiten des Verstandes die Gründeder Möglichkeit aller Erfahrung
überhaupt enthalten.”
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pure_reason/pure_reason.txt
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S. 84
11
Der transzendentalen Analytik
Die Analytik der Begriffe
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XVII century, the century of Linnépassed under the sign of classification. It was sanctioned by a leaving His Creation
Creator, however yet remaining the focus of things, the order of thing as a specific part of the world allowing for people to
classify all the plants and animals…
Two centuries later, Michel Foucault attempted to classify analogically all
the knowledge not by its correspondence to things, but by its coherence with itself. The hidden
focus of his notion of “epistema”, of that coherence of words with
themselves, turned out Linné’sprinciple of classification…