linnaeus handout

11
1 SEARCHING & CLASSIFYING Universal taxonomy of Carolus Linnaeus > mathesis universalis of Leibniz are the ground of Michel Foucaults conception epistemeVasil Penchev, PhD, Assoc. Prof. Department Philosophy of History, Institute for Philosophical Research of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences E-mail: [email protected] http://four.fsphost.com/vasil7penchev $EVWUDFW ‘Epistemedesignates the accepted mode of acquiring and arranging knowledge in a given period. An episteme unites the various discourses and guarantees their coherence within an underlying structure of implicit assumptions about the status of knowledge. The term has gained currency from the work of the French philosopher Michel Foucault, especially his Les Mots et les choses (The Order of Things, 1966; Bulgarian edition: , 1990). $EVWUDFW )RXFDXOWDWWHPSWHGWRVKRZKRZDQ HSLVWHPHEDVHGRQWKHGHWHFWLRQRI UHVHPEODQFHVZDVUHSODFHGLQWKH WKFHQWXU\E\DQHZHSLVWHPHRI GLIIHUHQFHVDQGGLVWLQFWLRQVZKLOH WKHWKFHQWXU\LQWURGXFHGD IXUWKHUHSLVWHPHRIKLVWRULFDO HYROXWLRQ $EVWUDFW HGLVSXWHG/HLEKL]oVLGHDRI nPDWKHVLV XQLYHUVDOLVo > nFKDUDFUFWHULVWLFD XQLYHUVDOLVo pDSURMHFWRIDJHQHUDO VFLHQFHRIRUGHUDWKHRU\RIVLJQ DQDO\]LQJWKHZD\IRUDQ\WKLQJWREH UHSUHVHQWHGq$OOWKH&KDSWHU p&ODVVLI\LQJq RI/HV 0RWV HWOHV FKRVHV LVEDVHGRIERWKWKHPDLQSDSHUVRI &DUROXV/LQQDHXV 6\VWHPZ naturaeDQG HVSHFLDOO\ 3KLORVRSKLHbotanique o0DWKHVLVo DQG oWD[RQRP\o %KHUHE\ URXJKO\WKH H[WHQVLYHQHWZRUN RIHPSLULFDONQRZOHGJHZDVRXWOLQHG WKDWRIQRQTXDQWLWDWLYHRUGHULQJV 0D\EHDGLVWDQWEXWSHUVLVWHQW XQLW\RI DXQLYHUVDO WD[RQRP\ ZRXOGEH SURPLQHQWIRUWKHHQWLUHFOHDUQHVVDIWHU /LQQéZKHQKHVXJJHVWHGWKDWKHZRXOG EULQJWROLJKWWKHVDPHGLVWULEXWLRQDQG WKHVDPHRUGHULQDQ\FRQFUHWHGRPDLQV RIQDWXUHDQGVRFLHW\

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Page 1: Linnaeus Handout

1

SEARCHING

&

CLASSIFYING

Universal taxonomy of Carolus Linnaeus b mathesis universalis ofLeibniz are the ground of Michel Foucault’s conception ‘episteme’

Vasil Penchev, PhD, Assoc. Prof. –

Department “Philosophy of History”,

Institute for Philosophical Research of

the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

E-mail: [email protected]

http://four.fsphost.com/vasil7penchev

$EVWUDFW�‘Episteme’ designates the accepted mode of

acquiring and arranging knowledge in a

given period. An episteme unites the various

discourses and guarantees their coherence

within an underlying structure of implicit

assumptions about the status of knowledge.

The term has gained currency from the work

of the French philosopher Michel Foucault,

especially his Les Mots et les choses (The

Order of Things, 1966; Bulgarian edition:

GZmdZ b badmkl\h, 1990).

$EVWUDFW�

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Page 2: Linnaeus Handout

2

VI. �0$7+(6,6� ?L �7$;,120,$�LQ Les mots et les choses E\�0��)RXFDXOW

p. 86-87

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QDWXUHV�ZKDW�DOJHEUD�LV�WR�WKH�RUGHU�RI�VLPSOH�QDWXUHVq (p. 71).

www.illogicaloperation.com/textz/

foucault_michel_the_order_of_things.htm

The English translation is from:

VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 1994 Copyright © 1970 by Random House, Inc

7RPEVWRQH�RI�/LQQDHXV 6\VWHPZ naturae �3KLORVRSKLH�botanique

Linnaeus is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification which is based upon observable characteristics.

While the underlying

details concerning what

are considered to be scientifically valid 'observable charac-teristics' has changed with expanding knowledge, the fundamental principle remains sound.

Page 3: Linnaeus Handout

3

6\VWHPD naturae In Systema naturae (1735) he presented his classification of plants, animals, and

minerals, and in Genera plantarum

(1737) he explained his system for classifying plants largely on the basis

of the number of stamens and pistils in the flower. Despite the artificiality of some of his premises, the Linnaean system has remained the basis of

modern taxonomy.

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Page 4: Linnaeus Handout

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(1680)

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Frontispiece

for

Foucault's

The Orderof Things,28.5" x 19",acrylic on panel,1995.Private collection�

Jeffrey Abt

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Page 5: Linnaeus Handout

5

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VDQV�YLVDJH�HW�FRPPH�LQGLIIéUHQW��GHV�GLIIéUHQFHV?” (p. 15)

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www.illogicaloperation.com/textz/

foucault_michel_the_order_of_things.htm

The English translation is from:

VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 1994 Copyright © 1970 by Random House, Inc

7KH�ILUVW�HGLWLRQ�������

,WV�0RWWR�RI�3DLQWLQJ

Page 6: Linnaeus Handout

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$Q�,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ�RI�LWV�p3DLQWLQJ�0RWWRq -

Velaskez’ “Las Meninas” (1656)

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“… there must be some general science to

explain everything which can be asked

concerning measure and order not predicated

of any special subject matter. This, I

perceived, was called “Universal

Mathematics”, not a far fetched designation,

but one of long standing which has passed

into current use, because in this science is

contained everything on account of which

others are called parts of mathematics.”

p0DWKHVLV�XQLYHUVDOLVq�DQG�WKH�RWKHU�UXOHV�RI�WKH�5HJXOæ

Page 7: Linnaeus Handout

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http://www.uni-muenster.de/Leibniz

- BandVI4 - TeilbandA: Seite 1-509

Synopsis libri cui titulus er it:

Initia et Specimina Scientiae novaeGeneralis

pro Instauratione et Augmentis Scientiarum

ad publicam felicitatem

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INITIA SCIENTIAE GENERALIS.

CONSPECTUS SPECIMINUM

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Page 8: Linnaeus Handout

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Part I. Principles of Universal

Science

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Page 9: Linnaeus Handout

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(op. cit. p. 240)

Immanuel Kant. Kritik der

reinen Vernunft (Hamburh: Meiner, 1980), S. 433-435.

Editor: Jens Timmerman

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S. 424

“Wenn man dagegen an dem Verteidigerder Epigenesis den großen Vorzug, den erin Ansehung der Erfahrungsgründe zum Beweise seiner Theorie vor dem ersteren

hat, gleich nicht kennete: so würde die Ver-nunft doch schon zum voraus für seine Er-klärungsart mit vorzüglicher Gunst einge-nommen sein, weil sie die Natur in Anse-hung der Dinge, welche man ursprünglich

nur nach der Kausalität der Zwecke sich alsmöglich vorstellen kann…”

Page 10: Linnaeus Handout

10

“ … doch wenigstens, was die Fort-pflanzung betrifft, als selbst hervor-bringend, nicht bloß als entwickelnd,

betrachtet, und so doch mit dem kleinst-möglichen Aufwande des Übernatürlichen alles Folgende vom ersten Anfange an der

Natur überläßt (ohne aber über diesen ersten Anfang, an dem die Physik

überhaupt scheitert, sie mag es mit einer Kette der Ursachen versuchen, mit welcher

sie wolle, etwas zu bestimten)”�

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S. 128

“Folglich bleibt nur das zweite übrig(gleichsam ein System der

Epigenesis der reinen Vernunft):daß nämlich die Kategorien von

seiten des Verstandes die Gründeder Möglichkeit aller Erfahrung

überhaupt enthalten.”

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S. 84

Page 11: Linnaeus Handout

11

Der transzendentalen Analytik

Die Analytik der Begriffe

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XVII century, the century of Linnépassed under the sign of classification. It was sanctioned by a leaving His Creation

Creator, however yet remaining the focus of things, the order of thing as a specific part of the world allowing for people to

classify all the plants and animals…

Two centuries later, Michel Foucault attempted to classify analogically all

the knowledge not by its correspondence to things, but by its coherence with itself. The hidden

focus of his notion of “epistema”, of that coherence of words with

themselves, turned out Linné’sprinciple of classification…