links between scales – multiscale material modeling · multiscale materials modeling of fracture...
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Homarus Americanus
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0.55 Gyr age
The cuticle is one of the
oldest natural materials
for structural and armor
applications, already
present in the fossil
records of crab, lobster
or shrimp about 550Myr
ago, and thus, among
the most successful
animals living on the
earth
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Nikolov, S, Petrov, M, Lymperakis, L, Friak, M, Sachs, C, Fabritius, H-O, Raabe, D and Neugebauer, J.: "Revealing the
Design Principles of High-Performance Biological Composites using Ab initio and Multiscale Simulations: The Example of
Lobster Cuticle" Advanced Materials,21 (2009), 1-8
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Fracture mechanics problem is a complex multiscale phenomenon
M.J. Buehler, H. Gao, 2005
Links between scales – Multiscale Material Modeling
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Multiscale approach to fracture in steels
”1D”
Continuum
Micro
Atomistic
•Brittle fracture
•Hydrogen induced fracture
Structure
• Ductile tearing
• Cleavage fracture
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Multiscale Materials Modeling
1nm 1µm 100µm 10mm 10m
New interatomic
potentials for steel
Grains
Primary particlesAtoms
Precipitates
Dislocations
Plastic flowContinuum laws
Load
Geometry
Stacking fault
energyCrystal plasticity Mechanics
modeling
Constraint
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Scale
Modelling
techniques
Experimental
techniques
1-105 m 0.01-1 m 10-6-10-3 m 10-8-10-7 m 10-10-10-9 m
Structure/
material
Continuum
mechanicsCrystal
plasticityQuasi-
continuum
Molecular
dynamics
Large-scale
testingSmall-scale
testing
Nano
indentationMicor-pillars/
Focused ion beam
Top-down
approach
Bottom-up
approach”Hand-
shake”
region
”Dislocations
”
”Atoms”
E Østby and C Thaulow
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Cybersteel 2020
Multiscale modeling of ductile fracture
Hao S, B. Moran, W. K. Liu and G.B. Olson 2004
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RVE
εij
P. Klein and H. Gao, 1998 (and following years)
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calculate
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T=0, no entropy
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one atom with six neighbors
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3 bonds
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6 neighbors
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only the two first terms
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for small deformations
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harmonic pot
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spring constant
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Atomistic FE
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Atomistic FE
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Need an additional term to account for temperature:
the entropy due to the vibrations
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volume of unit cell
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Elasticity as function of temperature
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E Tadmor, R Miller, W Curtin et al
http://www.qcmethod.com/
The code can be downloaded
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Limited to 0 degree
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14 leading multiscale methods
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http://www.qcmethod.com/
You can download two code packages on this page:
•Multibench Test Suite version 1.0 (May 2009)
•Quasicontinuum Method Distribution version 1.3 (May
2007)
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Dynamic effects
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BA region treated atomistically
BC region modeled as a continuum, FE
BI interface region, further subdivided in handshake region (H) and padding (fyll)
region (P)
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Multiscale Materials Modeling of Fracture
• Compared different
crystallographic
orientations
• Modified boundary layer
(MBL) with different T –
stresses
• Anisotropic vs. isotropic
MBL
• Simulations with mixed
mode loading (mode I
and II, mode I and III)
Work done at the Department for Engineering Design and Materials, NTNU
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Inga Ringdalen Vatne, PhD Arctic Materials
Multiscale Material Modeling of Fracture in bcc-Fe
10 nm
0.14 mm
400 nm
Coarse FE mesh
Finer FE mesh
Atomistic modeling
I R Vatne, E Østby and C Thaulow, “Multiscale Material
Modeling of Fracture in Fe using Modified Boundary
Layer(MBL)” Presented at ECF18, Dresden, Germany,
Sept 2010.
QuasiContinuum model
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Multiscale modeling of fracture in bcc-Fe
• Using the Quasicontinuum
method.
• Atomistic description at the crack
tip. (adaptive)
• Continuum mechanical description
in the rest (Cauchy Born)
• Using modified boundary layer
analysis with different T-stress
and mode I and II. Isotropic and
anisotropic.
• Investigated three different
crystallographic orientations.
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Method and model
• Quasicontinuum method – adaptive
atomistic where high accuracy is
needed, FE with Cauchy Born
elsewhere.
• Square model, 1500 x 1500 Å
• 0 K, static simulations, 2D
• EAM potential by Mendelev et. al.
Orientation Crack plane/
Crack front
1 (010)[101]
2 (110][001]
3 (011)[011]
4 (010)[001]
Crack
FE domain
Atomistic
domain
Mendelev, M.I et. al. Development of new interatomic potentials appropriate for crystalline and liquid iron Phil. Mag. 2003
Miller, R.E et al. The Quasicontinuum method: Overview, applications and current directions J. comp. mat. Des. 2002
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Crack tip mechanisms
Orientation 2
Crack growth on {011} plane (which
have lowest surface energy for
potential). Creation of fcc area at crack
tip with Nisishima-Wassermann
orientation relationship.
Orientation 1
Crack growth on {001} plane. Creation of
fcc area at crack tip with Bain orientation
relationship.
Details of mechanisms at crack tip with pure mode I loading. Visualized in Ovito with common neighbor analysis (cna). Blue – bcc, green – fcc, red – twinning, white – other
Stukowski, A. OVITO – the Open Visualization Tool Mod.and Simul. In Mater. Sci. and Engineering, 2010
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Crack tip mechanisms
Orientation 3
Emission of edge dislocation with
½[111] Burgers vector on the {112}
plane
Stukowski, A. OVITO – the Open Visualization Tool Mod.and Simul. In Mater. Sci. and Engineering, 2010
Orientation 4
Crack propagation on a {011} plane and
creation of fcc area with a Nisishima-
Wassermann orientation relationship like
orientation 2.
Details of mechanisms at crack tip with pure mode I loading. Visualized in Ovito with common neighbor analysis (cna). Blue – bcc, green – fcc, red – twinning, white – other
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Mixed mode simulations (mode I and II)
w = 1w = 0.4w = 0.2w = 0
Orienta
tion 1
Orienta
tion 3
Stress intensity factors given by w through: KI=K*(1-w), KII=K*w
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Mixed mode simulations (mode I and III)
Stress intensity factors given by w through: KI=K*(1-w), KIII=K*w
Orienta
tion 1
Orienta
tion 4
w = 0.5w = 0.3
w = 1w = 0.6w = 0.2
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Concurrent Multiscale Methods
Challenges with multiscale methods:
• Timestep• Limited by atomistic vibrations also in continuum domain
• Temperature • How to account for kinetic energy• What to do with waves
• Interface• How to enforce compability and equilbrium across interface• Can cause spurious forces
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CYBER STEEL 2020
USA
STAHL AB INITIO
GERMANY
DEVELOPMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED STEELS
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Stahl ab initio - Germany
Quantum mechanics-guided design of new Fe based materials: Fe-Mn-C
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Multiscale material modelling of ductile fracture in steel
Particle-matrix
interface debonding
Void nucleation and growth
Shear localization
Fracture
1
3
4
2
21
3
4
Atomic scale
Hao S, B. Moran, W. K. Liu and G.B. Olson 2004
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Microstructure of high strength and high toughness steel
Macro scale
Micro scale
Sub-micro scale
primary particles (~mm) – yield strength
secondary particles
(~0.1mm) – ductility
Fracture surface
• Deformation of microstructure at each scale is important in the
fracture process
•Need a general multi-scale continuum theory for materials that
accounts for microstructure deformation and interactions
Heterogeneous material
Interfacial strength between inclusions influence the strength and ductility
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Classical MD
• Main point: calculate atomic interaction
totEf
N
i
itotE1
i potential energy of a particle
Total energy of the system
The force vector for each particle
Example: Lennard-Jones potential
Pair potential
x
y
z
rj
rij
ri
i
j
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A hierarchical multi-physics model for design of high toughness steels
Bottom – up model
S. Hao, B. Moran, W. K. Liu and G.B. Olson, Journal of Computer-Aided Materials Design, 10, 99-142, 2003
S. Hao, W. K. Liu, B. Moran, F. Vernerey and G.B. Olson, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 193, 1865-1908, 2004
Micrograph of high strength steel
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Quasi-particle dynamical approach – sub-microcell
• Molecular dynamics (MD) breaks down when a sufficiently large
amount of atoms to represent the physics of interest.
• Quasi-particle dynamical approach: lumping of fixed number of
atoms into ”super atoms” = ”quasi-particles”
Lennard-Jones
interatomic
potential
Atomic system:
equilibrium interatomic
distance a0
Particle system:
equilibrium inter-
particle distance Na0
Structural particle
system
Elements defined by
the grain structureQuasi-
particlesAtoms
Quasi-
particles
Structure
particles
Coupling of the
continuum mechanics
solution inside a grain
with interfacial
solution
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A quantum mechanical analysis has been performed to determine
the constitutive relations for iron matrix and the interfacial behavior
between the matrix and a TiC-inclusion.
FLAPW (full-potential spin-polarized linear augmented plane wave)
was considered to be the most accurate scheme to determine the
electron density distribution for metallic and intermetallic system.
Hence, this method was used to compute both the generalized fault
energy against dislocation sliding in a bcc-Fe crystal and to compute
the interfacial debonding of Fe/TiC.
The primitive cell considered represented the interface of a
periodically repeated Fe/TiC layered structure. The height of each
layer is twice times of the atoms layers.
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Surface energies and equilibrium separations – results of first principle calculations,
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The present research concentrates on single crystal bcc-Fe, there are however
also a few reports on more complex behaviour, including diffusion of hydrogen,
effect of fracture initiation from a TiC-particle and development of stainless steels.
Development of potentials towards microstructures
vacancies
interstitials
substitute alloying elements
particles (islands of hard ceramics)
low- and high angle grain boundaries.
S Hao, 2004
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From the results it is clear that vacancies have a strong effect on the
fracture mechanisms since they reduce the decohesion energy
significantly, and thus can transform a ductile fracture to brittle.
The paper also demonstrated the application of a so-called quasi-
particle approach to bridge the above quantum physics calculations to
continuum mechanical scale by molecular dynamics.
Each particle can be a “super-atom” containing several atoms, or
represents an inclusion particle. As the particle system have fewer
degrees of freedom than the atomistic system, the method can be used
for bridging atomistic and continuum scales.
Multipotential models
An EAM potential was developed for the system, based on the
principles of Daw and Baskes, where the potential reflected the
quantum mechanical calculations performed.
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Sub-microcell model – numerical simulation
Simulation of localization induced debonding process
Shear band induces the coalescence
Plastic potential from the sub micro-cell:
• Volume fraction of particles
• Orientation
• Distribution
• Stress state
• Decohesion energy
2
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Microscale cell simulations
TiNMicroscale cell
Localization induced decohesion
Macroscale stress-strain response with
varying volume fraction of nitrides
• Volume fraction of particles
• Shape, size and distribution
• Decohesion energy
Constitutive from
sub-micro cell
Plastic potential:
3
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Fracture: crack growth simulation
F
F
4
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Toughness – strength – adhesion diagram
”..a guideline to assist for future engineering design and materials development”
Examine the effect of size and type of inclusions, dechoesion between inclusion
and matrix, lattice orientation etcS. Hao, B. Moran, W. K. Liu and G.B. Olson, 2004
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Cybersteel 2020
Multiscale modeling of ductile fracture
Hao S, B. Moran, W. K. Liu and G.B. Olson 2004
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DEEP SEA SPONGES
Seven levels of structural hierarchi
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1 mm
0.5 mm
5 mm
2 mm
Skeletal lattice
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mm
mm
mm
10
0.5
0.5
Fracture of the laminated spicule:
Brittle fracture in silica arrests in the protein layers
Organic layers: 5-10 nm thick
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Intermediate filament (IF) proteins of cells
10 nm
Vimentin, lamin, desmin
etc.
Organize the internal 3D
structure of the cell, provide
strength
Common structural support
of many cells
“safety belt of cells”
Buehler and Ackbarow,
Materials Today, 2008
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The key for bone’s properties? Multi-scale structures and mechanisms,
from nano to macro
R. Ritchie, M. Buehler, P. Hansma, Physics Today (in submission)
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Bone – hierarchically structured adaptive material
R. Ritchie, M. Buehler, P. Hansma, Physics Today (in submission)
• Strong and tough
• Stiff
• Lightweight
• Adaptable (remodeling, healing)
“banana
curve”
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Bone – hierarchically structured adaptive materialStiff – Lightweight – Strong – Tough – Adaptable (healing)
spacing
offsetsize, aspect
ratio
Transfer biological
structures to engineering
design
Adapted from M J Buehler, MIT
Bottom –up approach
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N. Broedling, M.J. Buehler et al., JMPS, 2008
Bone: nanocomposite of rigid “brittle” and plastic “soft” materials
Arranged at nanoscle, in characteristic pattern (staggered molecules
with embedded mineral particles)
Biomimetic Ni-Al nanostructured composite
Concept for technological innovation: mimic structure of bone by
combinations of metals, where metallic constituents mimic bone’s material
constituents (that is, combination of soft-protein and stiff-mineral particles)
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Transfer to metallic nancomposite analysis & design
Bone: Composite of rigid/plastic materials
Stronger metal/ ceramic
platelets (“hard”)
Ductile metal
(“soft”)
spacing
offsetsize, aspect ratio
Transfer biological
structures to
engineering design
“metal nanocomposite”
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Ni
Al
Nickel: Hard platelets
Aluminum: Soft, ductile matrix material
N. Broedling, M.J. Buehler et al., JMPS, 2008
Bone: Composite of rigid/plastic materials
Biomimetic Ni-Al nanostructured composite
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Nanoscale structure can be used to tune “overall” mechanical strength
At optimal size – balance of dislocation strengthening and sliding
~50nm
N. Broedling, M.J. Buehler et al., JMPS, 2008
Bio-inspired nanocomposite: the strongest size
Strongest size
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Structure: hierarchical structure of spider silk
1E-2 m 1E-6 m 1E-8 m 1E-10 m
weak
H-bonds
Identify the strength of spider silk: Comparable to steel cables
(very light weight, elastic, robust), despite extremely “weak”