linking human capital management with tourism development and management for economic survival -...

7/30/2019 Linking Human Capital Management with Tourism Development and Management for Economic Survival - Nigeria Experience

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LINKING HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT WITHTOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT FOR

ECONOMIC SURVIVAL - NIGERIA EXPERIENCEBASSEY BENJAMIN ESU

DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING UNIVERSITY OF CALABARNIGERIAINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE (VOL.3.11:JUNE 2012)

Originally done by

SADRI,SST.Par1263620050 (Batch 6)

Magister Pariwisata

Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Trisakti Jakarta

Score

87


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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

METHODOLOGY

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION


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INTRODUCTION

The tourism industry is made of interrelatedfunctions; lodging, catering, transportation,attraction, entertainment, etc.

These subsectors work together to offer touristsexperiences that lead to repeat visits or word ofmouth commendation

The tourism industry is regarded as the fastedgrowing sector of the global economy and thehighest employer of skilled labour.


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INTRODUCTION

Tourism is not new to Nigeria as a nation. It can beinferred that the realization of the importance of tourismas an economic development strategy came to fore in

Nigeria in 1992 with the promulgation of Decree 82(NTDC Act).

Further to this was the formulation of the NationalTourism Policy for Nigeria in 2005.

The tourism sector in Nigeria was identified by thePresident of the Federal Republic, Chief OlusegunObasanjo GCFR, as one of the six priority areas fordevelopment.


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INTRODUCTION

Nigeria Tourism Master Plan was conceived. The Planpositioned tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation andgeneration of employment, physical environmental

enhancement and cultural and social issues, includingcontrol of HIV/Aids.

The President initiated a Presidential Committee for theNigeria Tourism Development Master Plan and at therequest of the Federal Government, the United NationsWorld Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and theUnited Nations Development Programmed (UNDP)took responsibility to part fund for the production ofNigeria Tourism Development Master Plan.


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INTRODUCTION

What is obvious here is the lack of professionalism in the public andprivate sector management of tourism.

It is believed that with the right attitude and knowledge in both thepublic and private sector tourism managers, the industry can

achieve the expected socio-economic benefits.

Effective and efficient human capital management is necessary toachieve this.

The survival of the Nigeria tourism market is a function of herhuman capital management

The delivery of quality products and services in the tourism industryis a reflection of the quality of its human capital base (Inyang andEsu, 2008).


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INTRODUCTION

The importance of the people element is an imperative in servicedelivery. Tourism institutions are not supposed to be lookingfor employees to provide basic services to customers, but toengage employees who would manage the service encounters.

The proper management of service encounters and atmosphere willlead to producing satisfied customers, repeat visitors and ultimatelyloyal customers

Since the tourism industry operates in the global markets, touristsare attracted to destinations where their touristic needs are met

The aim of this journal is to establish the conceptualrelationship between the human capital management andtourism development and its role in sustainable economicdevelopment in Nigeria.


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LITERATURE RIVIEW

Aurther & Sheffrin (2003)

Smith, Adam (1776)

Mincer and Becker (1964) Barro (1991)

Gemmel (1996), Benhabib and Spiegal (1994)

Plummer and Taylor (2004)

McDonald and Hopkin (2003)

Inyang and Esu (2008)


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METHODOLOGY

The Aim

to establish the conceptual relationship betweenthe human capital management and tourismdevelopment and its role in sustainable economicdevelopment in Nigeria.

The Source of Investigation

The Nigeria Experience


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FINDING AND DISCUSSIONBackground on Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Nigeria

The current human resource challenges in the industry

Ph.D 0.33%

Master Degree 2.26%

B.Sc / B.A 20.84%

Ordinary Diploma 25.27%

Secondary SchoolCertificate

43%

Primary SchoolCertificate 1.34%

Employees with degrees or Diplomas in tourismand hospitality or related disciplines

(5.86%)

Employees with degrees or Diplomas in nontourism and hospitality disciplines

(40%)

Employees without higher education(47%)

Interns (6.98%)

Drop out (68%)


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The Nigeria Tourism Master Plan

By Position

Senior Management 3.6%Heads of Operational Departments 13.5%

Administrative and Support staff 36.5%

Accommodation Operations 20.8%

Food & Beverage Operations 25.6%

The Drop out rate 30%


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The SWOT analysis > the human resource challenges in the industry

WEAKNESSES WEAKNESSES

Lack of professionalism and accountabilityNegative perceptions of hospitality jobs. Weak

product and service standards Weak educationalinfrastructureSkill trainingpoor universities offeringCourses not matched to available jobsEntry barriers to training:Inappropriate course entry requirementsNo direct access to HND coursesLack of course benchmarksNo teacher performance monitoring Weak

administrative capacities Limitations on studentprogression High dropout rate of trained studentsImbalance between academic and skills trainingInadequate on-site practical training No appreciationof value of industry internship

Shortage of qualified teachersInappropriate tourism training legislation Overstaffed

ineffective training Institute Minimal post employmenttrainingLack of flexibility in course designs Dirty, poorly maintainedinstitutions Lack of investment in education facilitiesLack of incentives for private sector to investLack of international perspectivesPoor industry performances undermineNo e-learning facilitiesMCT personnel do not understand tourismPrivate sector does not understand tourism


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The summary based on SWOT analysis

The industry is experiencing shortage of trainedmanpower, inadequate supply of trainers and teaching

staff, low priority accorded to tourism education andtraining by public and private sector alike, negativeattitude of employers to tourism education and trainingbecause of the commercial dimensions of the industry.

This is where the human capital management functionbecomes relevant.


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FINDING AND DISCUSSIONBackground on Higher Education Positive in Tourism and Hospitality in Nigeria

National Institute for Hospitality and Tourism

- Travel and Tourism, Hospitality Management Department

- The lecturers are poorly qualified in terms of industry experience and

achievement of certified status as education providers.

Hotel and Catering School

- teachers who have only qualification in catering courses, without educational

qualification and limited industry experience.

Polytechnics in Nigeria

- 17 polytechnics and 1 NGO sponsored Monotechnics

- 9 owned by the state Governments- 8 owned by the Federal Governments

Universities offering tourism and hospitality in Nigeria

- there are a number of weaknesses in the human resource development ofthe sector; the training institutions and trainers lack industry experience and

are therefore under qualified


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FINDING AND DISCUSSIONBackground on Higher Education Positive in Tourism and Hospitality in Nigeria

- Framework of levels education -

CourseLevel

Education Targets Qualification Level Evaluation

Seven Senior industry leaders,educationalists andMasters

University Post Graduateor Masters

There is no credible courses available at levelseven to serve the needs of private sector, public sector orthe other stakeholder interest in Nigeria

Six B.Sc or B.A in industrySenior industrymanagementAcademics

University Degree Existing educational programmes in tourism andhospitality in Nigeria are particularly weak in content anddelivery

Five Senior and General

Management

Higher National Diplomas

in Catering and Hotel Managementand Tourism Management

Some polytechnics are offering better quality

and credible training.

Four Junior Management National Diplomas inCatering and Hotel Managementand Tourism Management

Few institutions offering tourism management,Lack of investment,outdated curricular and failure of the system to updatelecturer industry awareness and educational qualification .

Three Advanced Craft Skills Certificates There is no provision of level three advancedhospitality and tourism occupational skills programmes inNigeria. Necessary to the delivery of tourism, hospitalityand service excellence

Two Intermediate CraftSkills

Certificates There is no provision of level two, intermediatelevel of hospitality and tourism skills in Nigeria. This level isan imperative if Nigeria is to develop the requiredreputation for tourism excellence

One Basic Craft Skills NTC Basic Craft CateringCertificate

There is lack of investment in this level oftraining because of poor maintenance and upgrading offacilities at the National Hotel and Catering Schools ofNigeria


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FINDING AND DISCUSSIONConceptual Framework Linking Human Capital Management and Tourism Development

Measure tourism impact

Measure outcome of human capital management

Design learning tourism curriculum

Develop human capital strategies (activities or tools)

Identify tourism discipline attributes

Formula human capital objectives


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FINDING AND DISCUSSIONImpact of human capital management in tourism industry on national economy

The attainment of the tourism and hospitality discipline attributes will affect the qualityof service which will in turn affect the number of visits to the destination. The vibrancy ofa destination is measured by the numbers of visitors arrival, the guest nights and theaverage room occupancy. A vibrant tourism industry will generate the following socialeconomic impacts :

Opportunity for the poor to supply goods and services to enterprises

Employment opportunities in tourism enterprises

Increase income through employment, but also by direct sales of goods and servicesto the tourists

Offers resources for education and health

Psychological benefits and opportunities

Investment in infrastructure

Tax on tourism income or profits with proceeds

Involve women participation

Give a voice to marginalized groups

Enhance esteem , respect and self development


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CONCLUSION

Human capital is critical in the development of any tourist

destination. The ability of the destination to develop a

competitive edge is a function of the level and quality of

human capital base. Nigeria is an emerging tourism market.

It is richly endowed with cultural and natural resources.About 99% of these are untapped. These resources are

waiting for the right human element that will combine

expertise and material optimally to produce the expected

tourism benefits.


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RECOMMENDATIONSImprove the Human Capital Management situation in Nigeria by

Impacting positively on tourism and hospitality industry

Micro level

1. The human resource manager must take responsibility for setting the human capital objective the firm orsociety wishes to pursue in line with the corporate vision and mission.

2. The principle of performance management is a veritable tool that may help in monitoring and evaluationof the human capital development process. The organization must carry out industry needs and capacityassessment .This will facilitate the determination of the tourism discipline attributes or work

characteristics that will enhance the achievement of the targeted human capital objectives.3. There should be leadership commitment in driving the process through adequate budgetary appropriation

and release of funds as when due.

Macro level

1. Since education and training programmes are seen as the most effective human capital strategies,stakeholders generated tourism curriculum should be developed for the certificate, diploma and degreelevels.

2. At the moment, there is a dearth of tourism educators in the country. The federal government shouldundertake sponsor exchange programme for our tourism educators. In addition to this, grant postgraduate scholarship to lecturers to undertake tourism and hospitality programmes abroard.

3. Upgrade facilities and structures in the existing departments of tourism and hospitality in our polytechnicsand universities.

4. Establish an accreditation body of international repute to regulate standards of tourism and hospitalityeducational and training programmes in Nigeria.


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TERIMA KASIH

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