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Online Supplementary MaterialEstuaries and Coasts

Managing bay and estuarine ecosystems for multiple services Needles, Lisa A.*, Sarah E. Lester, Richard Ambrose, Anders Andren, Marc Beyeler, Michael S. Connor, James E. Eckman, Barry A. Costa-Pierce, Steven D. Gaines, Kevin D. Lafferty, Hunter S. Lenihan, Julia Parrish, Mark S. Peterson, Amy E. Scaroni, Judith S. Weis, Dean E. Wendt

*Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA and Center for Coastal Marine Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA

Email: [email protected]

Online Resource 1 Matrix Reference Table

Sources to support the Management Action/Service Matrix (Table 1). References are not exhaustive but rather represent the sources

utilized to determine the directional effect of a management action on a service as shown in Table 1. Abbreviations in column headers

are as follows: MS (Meta-service), HS (Aesthetic, Historical and Cultural), DV (Development), RC (Recreation), CY (Nutrient

Cycling), CM (Climate Regulation), BP (Biotic Provisioning), NBP (Non-biotic provisioning), PP (Physical Provisioning), TR

(Transportation), FP (Flood Protection), SS (Shoreline Stabilization), NC (Nutrient Capture and Cycling), CP (Removal of

Contaminants and Pathogens), BD (Conserving Native Biodiversity).

MS Service Management Action HS DV RC CY CM BP NBP PP TR FP SS NC CP BDC

ultu

ral

1 Aesthetic, Historical and Spiritual Value Viewshed protection [3] [4] [5] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [6]

2 Aesthetic, Historical and Spiritual Value

Site protection (e.g. archeological)

[3] [4, 7] [5] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [6]

3 Aesthetic, Historical and Spiritual Value Species protection [6, 8] [4, 9] [5] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

4 Area for Development Siting, development (e.g. malls, parking lots, buildings)

[4, 7] [4] [10] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [11] [4, 9]

5 Recreation Habitat restoration/creation [6, 12] [4, 9, 12] [5, 12] [13] [1] [14-16] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [5, 13] [5, 12] [5, 15, 16]

6 Recreation Habitat protection [6, 8] [4, 9] [5], [17, 18]/ - [2] [17, 19, 20] [19, 21-23] [24] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [5, 25] [5, 25] [5, 16]

7 Recreation Coastal access (e.g. trails, parking)

[6] [4, 26] [26] [1] [1] [26] [26] [1] [26] [26] [26] [1] [11] [5]

8 Recreation Beach nourishment [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10]

9 Recreation Installation of piers/ramps (for boating)

[27] [4] [1] [1] [1] [28] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [29] [4, 30, 31]

10 Recreation Dredging/channelization [32-35] [32-37] [32-37] [32-35] [32-35] [32-37] [36] [1] [32-35] [1] [32] [32-35] [32-36, 38] [32-35, 38, 39]

11 Recreation Stock enhancement for recreational fisheries

[40] [4] [15, 40] [1] [1] [15, 40] [1] [1] [15, 40] [41, 42] [42] [43-46] [1] [15, 47]

Clim

ate

Reg

ulat

ion 12 Climate Regulation Habitat protection - emergent

vegetation (mangrove, marsh)[17, 48, 49] [1] + [17, 18]/

- [2] [17, 19, 20] [19, 21-23] [17, 18, 50] [2] [2] [2] [17, 51-53] [51, 54-56] [17, 19, 20, 57, 58] [52, 59-61] [52, 62]

13 Climate RegulationHabitat creation/restoration - emergent vegetation(mangrove, marsh)

[17, 48, 49] [1] + [17, 18]/ - [2] [17, 19, 20] [19, 21-23] [17, 18, 50] [2] [2] [2] [17, 51-53] [51, 54-56] [17, 19, 20, 57,

58] [52, 59-61] [52, 62]

14 Climate Regulation Shoreside power (cold ironing) [1] [1] [1] [1] [63, 64] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

15 Climate Regulation Restrict motorcraft use[65] [1] +[65]/

- [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [66]

16 Climate Regulation Fuel efficiency standards [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

Prov

isio

ning 17 Biotic (e.g. food) Habitat restoration/creation [12] [12] [12] [13] [19, 21-23] [14-16] [2] [2] [2] [17, 18, 51, 52] [54-56] [13] [12] [15, 16]

18 Biotic (e.g. food) Habitat protection [12, 17, 48, 49] [12] +[12, 17, 18]/ - [2] [17, 19, 20] [19, 21-23] [24] [2] [2] [2] [17, 18, 51, 52] [54-56] [25] [25] [16]

19 Biotic (e.g. food) Installation of piers/ramps [27] [4] [1] [1] [1] [28] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [29] [4, 30, 31]

20 Biotic (e.g. food) Dredging/channelization [32-35] [32-37] [32-37] [32-35] [32-35] [32-37] [36] [1] [32-35] [32] [33] [32-35] [32-36, 38] [32-35, 38, 39]

MS Service Management Action HS DV RC CY CM BP NBP PP TR FP SS NC CP BDPr

ovis

ioni

ng

21 Biotic (e.g. food) Open diversion gates [1] [1] [1] [67, 68] [1] [68] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [68] [1] [69]

22 Biotic (e.g. food) Stock enhancement [40] [1] [15, 40] [1] [1] [15, 40, 70] [1] [1] [15, 40] [41, 42] [42] [43-46] [1] [15, 47, 70]

23 Biotic (e.g. food) Increase aquaculture development

[71] [71] [71] [71] [1] [71-74] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [75] [75] [72-74, 76, 77]

24 Biotic (e.g. food) Non-native introductions(for the purposes of food)

[78] [1] [78] [78] [1] [78] [1] [1] [1] [1] [78] [78] [78] [78]

25 Biotic (e.g. food)Treatment of sewage and discharge to increase aq. food production

[79-81] [1] [79-81] [1] [1] [79-81] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [79-81] [79-83] [79-81]

26 Biotic (e.g. food) Fishery regulation [16] [1] [16] [16, 84, 85] [1] [16, 84, 85] [1] [1] [1] [1] [16, 85] [16, 85] [85] [16, 84, 85]

27Non-biotic (e.g. fresh water, salt, sand)

Desalination [86, 87] [86, 87] [86, 87] [86, 87] [1] [86, 87] [86, 87] [86, 87] [1] [1] [1] [86] [86] [86, 87]


Salt pond creation [88, 89] [1] [88, 89] [1] [1] [88, 89] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [88, 89]


Sand mining [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [90] [1] [90]

30 Physical (energy) Provide tidal power [1] [1] [91, 92] [1] [1] [93] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [91, 92]

31 Physical (energy) Provide cooling source [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

32 Transportation (shipping and ports) Installation of piers/ramps [27] [4] [1] [1] [1] [28] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [29] [4, 30, 31]

33 Transportation (shipping and ports)

Dredging/channelization (for the maintenance of shipping)

[32-35] [32-37] [32-37] [32-35] [32-35] [32-37] [36] [1] [32-35] [32] [33] [32-35] [32-36, 38] [32-35, 38, 39]

34 Transportation (shipping and ports) Allowing large container shipping [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [94] [1]

Stor

m P

rote

ctio

n 35 Flood ProtectionWater storage: Manage water entry into estuary(e.g. flood gates, sewage)

[95] [95] [95] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [95] [1] [1] [1] [1]

36 Flood Protection Dredging/channelization [32-35] [32-37] [32-37] [32-35] [32-35] [32-37] [36] [1] [32-35] [32] [33] [32-35] [32-36, 38] [32-35, 38, 39]

37 Flood Protection Creating levees [32, 33, 96] [32, 33, 96] [32, 33, 96] [32, 33, 96] [32, 33, 96] [32, 33, 96] [1] [1] [32, 33, 96] [32] [32, 33, 96] [32, 33, 96] [32, 33, 96] [32, 33, 96]

38 Flood Protection Implementing development regulations (buffers and zoning)

[97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97] [97]

39 Flood Protection Implement managed retreat (realignment)

[1] [1] [2] [1] [98] [99] [1] [1] [1] [99, 100] [99] [1] [1] [98]

40 Flood Protection Open diversion gates [95, 101, 102] [95, 101, 102] [95] [95, 101, 102] [95, 101, 102] [95, 101, 102] [95, 101, 102] [1] [95, 101, 102] [95] [95] [95, 101, 102] [95, 101, 102] [95, 101, 102]

MS Service Management Action HS DV RC CY CM BP NBP PP TR FP SS NC CP BDSt

orm

Pro

tect

ion

41 Flood Protection Invasive removal (e.g. mitten crab, nutria)

[103-105] [1] [1] [103-105] [103-105] [103-105] [1] [1] [1] [103] [106] [103-105] [103-105] [103-105]

42 Flood Protection Estuary/wetland conservation/restoration/creation

[33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108] [107] [1] [33] [107] [33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108] [33, 107, 108]

43 Shoreline StabilityEnhance/create emergent vegetation(e.g. mangrove, saltmarsh)

[107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109] [107, 109]

44 Shoreline Stability Enhance/create seagrass [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111] [110, 111]

45 Shoreline Stability Enhance/create barrier islands [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112] [1] [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112] [95, 112]

46 Shoreline Stability Install revetment/riprap/ breakwater/bulkhead

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114]

[34, 97, 113, 114] [34] [34, 97, 113,

114][34, 97, 113,

114]

47 Shoreline Stability Beach nourishment [113, 115] [113, 115] [113, 115] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [113, 115] [113, 115] [1] [1] [113, 115]

48 Shoreline Stability Implement managed retreat (realignment)

[1] [1] [1] [1] [113, 116] [98] [1] [1] [1] [99] [99, 100] [1] [1] [99]

49 Shoreline Stability Creating/maintaining cobble beach

[117] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [98] [1] [1] [1]

50 Shoreline Stability Creating/maintaining sill/salt marsh vegetation

[118] [118] [118] [118] [118] [118] [1] [1] [118] [118] [118] [118] [118] [118, 119]

Wat

er Q

ualit

y

51 Nutrient Capture & Cycling

Treatment of wastewater prior to discharge

[79-81] [1] [79-81] [1] [1] [79-81] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [79-81] [79-83] [79-81]


Enhance/create emergent vegetation (e.g. mangrove, saltmarsh)

[17, 48, 49] [1] + [17, 18]/ - [2] [17, 19, 20] [19, 21-23] [17, 18, 50] [2] [2] [2] [17, 51-53] [51, 54-56] [17, 19, 20, 57,

58] [52, 59-61] [52, 62]


Restore and enhance shellfish (filtration; e.g. oysters)

[1] [1] [120, 121] [122] [123] [121, 124] [1] [1] [1] [121] [125, 126] [122] [127] [16, 121, 122]

[15, 124, 128, 129]

54 Nutrient Capture & Cycling Aerate (i.e. DO maintenance) [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [130] [1] [1]


Create bioswale/retention ponds

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [131] [1]


Water disposal: direct untreated water into estuary

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

57Removal of Contaminants & Pathogens

Treatment of wastewater prior to discharge

[79-81] [1] [79-81] [1] [1] [79-81] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [79-81] [79-83] [79-81]


Treatment of stormwater prior to discharge

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [132-134] [1]


Enhance/create emergent vegetation(e.g. mangrove, saltmarsh)

[17, 48, 49] [1] + [17, 18]/ - [2] [17, 19, 20] [19, 21-23] [17, 18, 50] [2] [2] [2] [17, 51-53] [51, 54-56] [17, 19, 20, 57,

58] [52, 59-61] [52, 62]


Restore and enhance shellfish (filtration; e.g. oysters)

[1] [1] [120, 121] [122] [123] [121, 124] [1] [1] [1] [121] [125, 126] [122] [127] [16, 85, 121, 122]

[15, 85, 124, 128, 129]

MS Service Management Action HS DV RC CY CM BP NBP PP TR FP SS NC CP BDW

ater

Q

ualit

y 61Removal of Contaminants & Pathogens

Create bioswale/retention ponds

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [131] [1]


Water disposal: direct untreated water into estuary

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

Con

serv

ing

Nat

ive

Bio

dive

rsity

63 Conserving Native Biodiversity Species protection [6, 8] [4, 9] [4, 9] [5] [1] [135] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [135]

64 Conserving Native Biodiversity Habitat restoration/creation [12] [12] [12] [13] [19, 21-23] [14-16] [2] [2] [2] [17, 18, 51, 52] [54-56] [13] [12] [15, 16]

65 Conserving Native Biodiversity Reintroduction of natives [136, 137] [136, 137] [1] [1] [1] [136] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [136] [136] [136]

66 Conserving Native Biodiversity

Removal of non-native species(poison or mechanical)

[138, 139] [1] [1] [1] [1] [139] [1] [140] [1] [1] [1] [139, 141] [136] [139, 142]

67 Conserving Native Biodiversity Creating a fishery for invasives [139, 143] [1] [1] [1] [1] [143] [1] [1] [1] [1] [143] [1] [1] [143]

68 Conserving Native Biodiversity Physical barriers [1] [144] [144] [1] [1] [144] [1] [1] [144] [1] [1] [1] [1] [144]

69 Conserving Native Biodiversity Treatment of ballast discharge [144-146] [145] [1] [1] [147] [145, 147] [1] [1] [145] [1] [1] [1] [94, 146] [145, 147]

70 Conserving Native Biodiversity Offshore ballast exchange [145] [145] [1] [1] [1] [145] [1] [1] [145] [1] [1] [1] [94] [145]

71 Conserving Native Biodiversity Hull fouling regulations [1] [1] [1] [1] [148, 149] [150] [1] [1] [150] [1] [1] [1] [1] [150-152]

72 Conserve Native Biodiversity Spatial closures [153-155] [154] [153-155] [1] [1] [156-158] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [154, 156-158]

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