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LINEAR CONTROL LINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS SYSTEMS Ali Karimpour Assistant Professor Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

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LINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS. Ali Karimpour Assistant Professor Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Topics to be covered include : Stability of linear control systems. Bounded input bounded output stability (BIBO). Zero input stability. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: LINEAR CONTROL  SYSTEMS

LINEAR CONTROLLINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

Ali KarimpourAssistant Professor

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Page 2: LINEAR CONTROL  SYSTEMS

2

Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Lecture 10

Stability analysis

Topics to be covered include:

Stability of linear control systems.

Bounded input bounded output stability (BIBO). Zero input stability.

Stability of linear control systems through Routh Hurwitz criterion.

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

The response of linear systems can always be decomposed as the zero-state response and zero-input response. We study

1. Input output stability of LTI system is called BIBO (bounded-input bounded-output) stability ( the zero-state response )

2. Internal stability of LTI system is called Asymptotic stability ( the zero-input response )

Stability analysisتجزیه تحلیل پایداری

پاسخ حالت پاسخ سیستمهای خطی را می توان بصورت جمع بیان نمود.پاسخ ورودی صفر و صفر

BIBOپایداری ورودی خروجی سیستمهای خطی پایداری - 1 نامیده می شود. )پاسخ )ورودی کراندار خروجی کراندار(

حالت صفر ( نامیده پایداری مجانبی- پایداری داخلی سیستمهای خطی 2

می شود. )پاسخ ورودی صفر (

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Input output stability of LTI system

tt

dtugdutgty00

)()()()()(

LTIپایداری ورودی خروجی سیستمهای Consider a SISO linear time-invariant system, then the output can be described by

where g(t) is the impulse response of the system and system is relaxed at t=0.

در سیستم تک ورودی تک خروجی خطی غیر متغیر با زمان (LTI) خروجی را می

توان بصورت

آرام t=0 پاسخ ضربه بوده و سیستم در g(t) نمایش داد که است.

)()()()()()(00

Idtugdutgtytt

)()()()()()(00

Idtugdutgtytt

Page 5: LINEAR CONTROL  SYSTEMS

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Input output stability of LTI system LTIپایداری ورودی خروجی سیستمهای

Definition: A system is said to be BIBO stable (bounded-input bounded-output) if every bounded input excited a bounded output. This stability is defined for zero-state response and is applicable only if the system is initially relaxed.

گویند اگر هر ورودی BIBO: یک سیستم را پایدار تعریفمحدود خروجی محدود را تولید کند. این پایداری برای پاسخ

حالت صفر تعریف شده و سیستم در ابتدا آرام است.

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Input output stability of LTI system LTIپایداری ورودی خروجی سیستمهای

Theorem: A SISO system described by (I) is BIBO stable if and only if g(t) is absolutely integrable in [0,∞), or

For some constant M. را (I)توصیف شده با معادالت SISO : یک سیستم قضیه در بازه g(t) فقط اگر قدر مطلق گویند اگر وBIBOپایدار

انتگرال پذیر باشد یا ,∞( 0]

M.عدد ثابت می باشد

0)( Mdttg

0)( Mdttg

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Input output stability of LTI system LTIپایداری ورودی خروجی سیستمهای

then)(so boundedbe)(Let mututu Proof: g(t) is absolutely integrable system is BIBO

0

)()()( dtugty

So the output is bounded.

Mum dtug )()(0

dgum

0

)(

Now: System is BIBO stable g(t) is absolutely integrableIf g(t) is not absolutely integrable, then there exists t1 such that:

Let us choose dg

t1

0)(

1

0 11 )()()(t

dtugty 1

0)(

tdg

0)( if10)( if1

)( 1

gg

tu

So it is not BIBO

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Theorem: A SISO system with proper rational transfer function g(s) is BIBO stable if and only if every pole of g(s)

has negative real part. را g(s)با تابع انتقال مناسب گویای SISO : یک سیستم قضیهدارای قسمت g(s) فقط اگر هر قطب گویند اگر وBIBOپایدار

حقیقی منفی باشد.

Input output stability of LTI system

LTIپایداری ورودی خروجی سیستمهای

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Internal stability پایداری داخلی

Definition: The zero-input response of is stable in the sense of Lyapunov if every finite initial state x0 excites a bounded response. In addition if the response approaches to zero then it is asymptotically stable.

: پاسخ ورودی صفر سیستم را به مفهوم تعریفپاسخ x0لیاپانوف پایدار گویند اگر هر حالت اولیه محدود

بوجود آورد. عالوه بر این اگر پاسخ به صفر میل کند محدودی را پایداری مجانبی حاصل می شود.

Axx

Axx

The BIBO stability is defined for the zero-state response. Now we study the stability of the zero-input response.

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Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Internal stabilityپایداری داخلی

Theorem: The equation is asymptotically stable if and only if all eigenvalues of A have negative real parts.

: معادله پایدار مجانبی قضیهاست اگر و

دارای A فقط اگر تمام مقادیر ویژه قسمت حقیقی

منفی باشد.

Axx

Axx

Relation between BIBO stability and asymptotic stability?

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 1: Discuss the stability of the system .

11

11s

)(sC

21

ss)(sR

21

)()()(

ssRsCsG There is no RHP root , so system is

BIBO stable.

BIBO stability:

Internal stability:For internal stability we need state-space model so we have: 1

1s

)(sC

21

ss)(sR 1x 2x

)(1

1)( 12 sxs

sx

212 xxx

)(21)(1 sR

sssx

rrxx 11 2

? )()(1

1)( 12 sRsxs

sx

rxxx 212

)(2

3)(1 sRs

sx

rxx 32 11 1

1s

)(sC

23

s

)(sR ++1x 2x

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 1: Discuss the stability of the system .

12

11s

)(sC

21

ss)(sR

There is no RHP root , so system is BIBO stable.BIBO stability:Internal stability:For internal stability we needstate-space model so we have:

rxxx 212rxx 32 11 11s

)(sC

23

s

)(sR ++1x 2x

2

1

2

1

2

1

10

13

1102

xx

c

rxx

xx

22,11

)2)(1(11

02A-sI

sss

s

The system is not internally stable (neither asymptotic nor Lyapunov stable).

Very important note: If RHP poles and zeros between different part of system omitted then the system is internally unstable although it may be BIBO stable.

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Review مرور

How can we check BIBO stability?

How can we check asymptotic stability?

)()()(

sdsnsG 0)(Let sd p,...,p,p poles Find n21

LHPp,...,p,p If n21 System is BIBO stable

0Let AsI ,...,, seigenvalue Find n21

LHP,...,, If n21 System is asymptotically stable

For both kind of stability we need to compute the zero of some polynomial

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Different regions in S planeSنواحی مختلف در صفحه

RHP planeLHP planeUnstableStable

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Stability and Polynomial Analysis

Consider a polynomial of the following form:

The problem to be studied deals with the question of whether that polynomial has any root in RHP or on the jw axis.

RHPمساله این است که آیا چند جمله ای فوق ریشه ای در دارد و یا خیر.jwو یا روی محور

پایداری و تجزیه تحلیل چند جمله ای ها

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Some Polynomial Properties of Special Interest

Property 1: The coefficient an-1 satisfies

Property 2: The coefficient a0 satisfies

Property 3: If all roots of p(s) have negative real parts, it is necessary that ai > 0, i {0, 1, …, n-1}.

Property 4: If any of the polynomial coefficients is nonpositive (negative or zero), then, one or more of the roots have nonnegative real plant.

چند خاصیت جالب چند جمله ای ها

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Routh Hurwitz Algorithm

The Routh Hurwitz algorithm is based on the following numerical table.

Routh’s table

آلگوریتم روت هرویتز

ns1ns

11na

2na ..............

3na4na

5na ..............2ns3ns

.

.

.0s

1,2

1,3 2,32,2 3,2

3,3

............................

1,n

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Routh’s table

ns1ns

11na

2na ..............

3na4na

5na ..............2ns3ns

.

.

.0s

1,2

1,3 2,32,2 3,2

3,3

............................

1,n

Routh Hurwitz Algorithmآلگوریتم روت هرویتز

1

3121,2

1

n

nnn

aaaa

1

5142,2

1

n

nnn

aaaa

1

7163,2

1

n

nnn

aaaa

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Result

Consider a polynomial p(s) and its associated table. Then the number of roots in RHP is equal to the number of sign changes in the first column of the table.

و جدول متناظر آن را در نظر بگیرید. تعداد ریشه p(s)چند جمله ایهای

برابر با تعداد تغییر عالمت در ستون اول جدول است. RHPواقع در

نتیجه

Page 20: LINEAR CONTROL  SYSTEMS

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Routh’s table

ns1ns

11na

2na ..............

3na4na

5na ..............2ns3ns

.

.

.0s

1,2

1,3 2,32,2 3,2

3,3

............................

1,n

Routh Hurwitz Algorithmآلگوریتم روت هرویتز

Number of sign changes=number of roots in RHP

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 1: Check the number of zeros in the RHP

سیستم زیر را تعیین کنید.RHP: تعداد صفر 1مثال 010532)( 234 sssssp

051

10323

4

s

s

Two roots in RHP

01072 s

007451s

00100s

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Routh Hurwitz special casesحاالت خاص روت هرویتز

Routh Hurwitz special cases

1- The first element of a row is zero. (see example 2)

2- All elements of a row are zero. (see example 3)

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Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 2: Check the number of zeros in the RHP

سیستم زیر را تعیین کنید.RHP: تعداد صفر 2مثال 0322)( 234 sssssp

021

3213

4

s

s

0302s

00321

s

0030s3

Two roots in RHPfor any

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 3: Check the number of zeros in the RHP

سیستم زیر را تعیین کنید.RHP: تعداد صفر 3مثال 047884)( 2345 ssssssp

484

7814

5

s

s

0663s0442s0001s

044)( 2 ssq

0081s0040s

No RHP roots + two roots on imaginary axis

08)( ssq

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 4: Check the stability of following system for different values of k

بررسی کنید. k: پایداری سیستم زیر را بر حسب مقادیر 4مثال

42)13(

3 ss

ssk+

-

42)13(1

42)13(

)(3

3

ssssk

ssssk

sM)13(42

)13(3

skssssks

04)2(3 23 skkssTo check the stability we must check the RHP roots of

43

212

3

ks

ks

03

4)2(31

kkks

040s

03

463

032

kkk

kWe need k>0.528

for stability

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 5: Check the BIBO and internal stability of the following system.

. پایداری ورودی خروجی و پایداری داخلی سیستم زیر را تحقیق کنید5مثال

ss 1+

- 11s

1x2x cr

BIBO stability

11

11

1

)()(

ss

ssrsc

1p

Internal stability

221

122

xxxxrxx

rxxxrxx

212

11

rxx

xx

11

1101

2

1

2

1

0111

01 2

s

ss

AsI 11 21 We have not Internal stability

We have BIBO stability

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 6: The block Diagram of a control system is depicted in the following figure. Find the region in K-α plane concluding the system stable.

:بلوک دیاگرام یک سیستم کنترل در شکل زیرنشان داده شده 6مثال به دست آورید که سیستم پایدار K-α صفحه است. ناحیه ای در

باشد.s

s 1

)2(2

ssK+

-

R(s) Y(s)

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Example 6: The block Diagram of a control system is depicted in the following figure. Find the region in K-α plane concluding the system stable.

ss

1)2(

2

ssK+

-

R(s) C(s)

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Lecture 10

Ali Karimpour Jun 2010

Exercises

xy

uxx

]122[

43

6

661221463

1- Check the internal stability of following system.

xy

uxx

]021[

010

141230312

2- a) Check the internal stability of following system. b) Check the BIBO stability of following system.

3- Are the real parts of all roots of following system less than -1.

42654)( 2345 ssssssp

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Exercises (Cont.)

)5)(10(10

sssk

+-

4- Check the internal stability of following system versus k.

5- a)Check the BIBO stability of following system.b) Check the internal stability of following system.

)10(1

sss+

- 11s

1x2x

6- The eigenvalues of a system are -3,4,-5 and the poles of its transfer function are -3 and -5.(Midterm spring 2008)a) Check the BIBO stability of following system. b) Check the internal stability of following system.

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Exercises (Cont.)

7) The open-loop transfer function of a control system with negative unit feedback is:

)21)(1()2()()(

sTsssKsHsG

Find the region in K-T plane concluding the system stable.

Answer:

0.33

0.66

Stable

Unstable

Unstable

Uns

tabl

e

T

K