line crossing interpol final report 12 jul 2013

5/20/2018 Line Crossing Interpol Final Report 12 Jul 2013

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PHYSICAL-CHEMISTRY STUDY OF LINE

CROSSINGS

FINAL REPORT

July 11, 2013

C.L.I..L.I.

CLI 1/2

LI 1/2

LI 1/2

LI 1/2 CLI 2/1

LI 2/1

LI 2/1

LI 2/1


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AIEED-INTERPOL would like to thank the sixty scientific research participants fromseventeen countries, sixteen Forensic Laboratoriesbecause without them this scientific

research could not be done.


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THE RESEARCH COMMITTEE

The AIEED Research Committee, which is responsible for organizing, carrying out, assessingand checking this research, is composed of:

CHAIR OF THE AIEED: Mrs Jacqueline BECKDIRECTOR OF RESEARCH: Mr Jos BALBUENA

RESEARCH SUPERVISORS:

Mr Emmanuel BECK (Academic Adviser)Mr Miguel AGUILAR RUIZ (Forensic Adviser)Mr Pierre CORBOBESSE (Forensic Adviser AIEED)

SPECIALIZED SUPERVISORS

Chemical Supervisor: Mrs Daniela DJIDROVSKA (ICPO-INTERPOL GS) Criminalistic Supervisor: Mr. Carlos VARGAS-MERIDA (ICPO-INTERPOL GS) Statistical Supervisor: Mr Didier DEVY (Adviser AIEED)

COORDINATION

Mr Jean-Michel BOURGEOIS (AIEED member)


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PREFACE

Several forensic instrumental techniques have been tested and utilized in an effort todetermine the sequencing in crossed-line intersections (CLI) and until now scientists have

been unable to create a standardized operational procedure to solve this issue in question.Theproposed approach put forth by INTERPOLs Counterfeit and Security Documents Branch

(CSDB) in partnership with the Academy International des Experts en Ecritures et

Documents (AIEED), is a unique one due to its aim to develop a non-intrusive and non-destructive optical method. This new approach is directed at confronting the old problem offorgeries, including but not limited to, falsifying identity documents and financial frauds.

However, this goes beyond the traditional methods of analysis, which mostly requiredphysical altering of data samples. The advantages of developing a non-invasive technique aretwo-fold. First, developing a technique that does not physically alter the sample which wouldallow for the sample to undergo multiple experiments. This is often necessary in empiricalsituations where the sample is contested during a trial or when judicial authorities instructfurther testing by different parties on the same sample. Second, preserving the samplesvalidity by utilizing non-invasive experiment techniques would allow for the samples to bestored and archived in CLI databases which could be utilized for future investigations. Thementioned database would serve document examiners and law enforcement personnel as auseful resource and reference tool at national and international levels.

We finally have the outcome of this research which is the result of two years ofworking together. We wish to share the first phase results with the international community,in particular with forensic laboratories and document examiners in preparation of their expertopinions. Thus, this project will foster the development of new research in this domain andexpertise to facilitate knowledge-sharing between international laboratories. We hope that thiswill then encourage the cooperation within their respective national law enforcement agenciesin an effort to provide member countries with the knowledge, skills and best practices neededto face the rising challenges of falsified and forged documents. In addition, by utilizing thetechniques developed by this research, document examiners will be able to work and assistnational law enforcement agencies by increasing their limited national knowledge to that ofinternational developments.


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We express our gratitude to the 60 forensic document examiners from 17 membercountrieswho have participated in this project. We will be extending a second phase of this

project which is aimed at verifying and confirming our results gained by chromaticluminescence. We wish to combine chromatic luminescence method with chemical methodsto determine ink ageing. This second phase will emphasize the new protocol of what will be

put in place.

The Physical-Chemistry Study of Line Crossings project is guided by principlesthat are complementary to our mandates and INTERPOLs commitments to support police

and law enforcement agencies in its member countries. Gaining a better understanding of thesequencing of line-crossings will help forensic document examiners to identify falsifieddocuments, which will assist criminal investigations and combat and prevent future crimes.

JAIME ANSIETAINTERPOL- Economic and Financial CrimesAssistant Director


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PHYSICAL-CHEMISTRY STUDY OF LINE

CROSSINGS

I NTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 8

BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 8

OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 10

GENERAL HYPOTHESIS ............................................................................................................ 10

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ............................................................................................................. 10

THE EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 11

THE EXPERIMENTS .................................................................................................................... 12

TEN CASES SELECTED FOR EXAMINATION ...................................................................... 12PHYSICAL ANALYSIS PROTOCOL ......................................................................................... 12

EXPERT-EXPERIMENTER-MEASURER ................................................................................ 12

EXAM INATI ON AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERI MENTS .................................................... 13

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE 1stHYPOTHESIS ...................................................................... 13

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE 2nd

HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................... 13

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE 3rd

HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................... 13

PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................... 13The spectral reactions............................................................................................................................... 13The spectral reaction in CLI (SRCLI) .......................................................... ........................................... 14Classification of CLI....................................................... ................................................................. .......... 14Validation of the positive crossed-line intersection............................................................................. 14Criteria to validate analytical methods......................................................... ........................................... 14

RESULTS ................................................................................................................................ 15

RESULTS: 1stHYPOTHESIS ....................................................................................................... 15

RESULTS: 2nd

HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................... 19

RESULTS: 3rd

HYPOTHESIS....................................................................................................... 23

HOW TIME AFFECTS THE PHYSICAL ASPECT OF INKS................................................. 24

Measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI ........................................................ 24

Measuring the effects of time on ink ............................................................................................. 25Proposal method to measure the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI.................................... 26

Measuring Ink Migration ............................................................................................................... 27Procedure to measure ink migration....................................................................................................... 28

CONTRI BUTI ON OF TH IS RESEARCH ............................................................................ 30

In examining crossed line intersection .......................................................................................... 30

How to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink .................................................................................. 34

CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 35

FIRST CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 35


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Concerning: the physical reactions in CLI ................................................................................... 35

SECOND CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 36

Concerning: the order of inscription of each line in CLI ............................................................ 36

THIRD CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 37

Concerning: the time separating the execution of the two lines............................................. 37

STATE OF PLAY OF TH IS RESEARCH AND FUTURE ORIENTATIONS ................... 38

BIBL IOGRAPHY - REFERENCES ...................................................................................... 40

APPEND IX 1 - L IST OF PARTI CI PANTS .......................................................................... 41

APPENDIX 2 - L IST OF EXPERI MENTS SELECTED ..................................................... 43

APPEND IX 3 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS .............................................................................. 44


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Physical-chemistry study of line crossings8 - 45

OIPC INTERPOL-SG CSDB - AIEED-2013

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

In 1999, INTERPOLsCounterfeit and Security Documents Branch and INTERPOLsmember countries, in cooperation with LAcademie Internationale des Experts enEcriture et Documents (AIEED) completed a scientific project entitled ConditionedGraphic Reflexes.

In March 2009, at the 4th International AIEED Congress M. Didier DEVY, AIEEDscientific adviser published the use of energies to discriminate colours. In October 2009, Mr Jos BALBUENA AIEED member, published Chromatic

luminescence applied in Forensic Science- International Conference in Criminalexpertise.- Joao Pessoa-Brazil,

In April 2010, AIEED approached the same Branch at INTERPOL with a proposal tocollaborate on its new scientific project entitled Physical-Chemistry Study of LineCrossings. Mrs Daniela DJIDROVSKA, Specialized Officer, presented the projectPhysical-Chemistry Study of Crossed Line Intersection to Mr Jamil DARWISH, Headof the Counterfeits & Security Documents Branch, Financial and High-Tech CrimeSub-Directorate.

On 24 October 2010, the scientific project was officially submitted for considerationto Mr Jean-Michel LOUBOUTIN, the Executive Director of Police Services whoapproved the project for action.

The AIEED1Research Committee nominated Mr. Carlos VARGAS MERIDA to actas Criminalistic Supervisor and Mrs Daniela DJIDROVSKA as Chemical Supervisorrepresenting INTERPOLs Counterfeit and Security Documents Branch. In addition,Dr. Emmanuel Beck, professor at the Universit Jean Moulin Lyon 3will supervisethe project proceedings to ensure that the process adheres to proper scientific

procedures and methodology.

1Research Committee of AIEED, Appendix 1


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INTERPOL frequently encourages the incorporation of forensic science into its policework, recognizing the importance of science to the development of technology andinvestigations.

INTERPOL understands the great importance of this initiative to help solve thechallenge of forgeries in identity documents and financial frauds.

INTERPOL links the line crossing initiative with the new philosophy in policing thatwill be implemented by the INTERPOL General Secretariat in the upcoming years.

This research is fully in line with the directives and guidelines of the creation of theINTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation in Singapore.

INTERPOL strengths the forensic capacity of member countries to examine andidentify fraudulent or altered documents in other types of crime, such as economicfraud, money-laundering or currency counterfeiting

Police worldwide are facing an increasingly challenging operational landscape, ascriminals take advantage of new technology. Criminal phenomena are becoming moreaggressive and elusive, notably in the areas of cyber-crime and sophisticated

counterfeit. It is crucial for police to stay one step ahead of criminals. Innovation andstate of the art technology must become our best allies.


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OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this research are to collect currently little known information about linecrossings, based on the order of inscription of the lines: migration, ageing of inks and dating,

by using non-destructive observation methods.Until now solution of these problems required experts to run time demanding investigationsand the results were more or less subjective.This information is of critical interest to writing and document experts in the preparation oftheir expert opinions.

GENERAL HYPOTHESIS

At the crossing point of two lines using different inks, there will be chemical and physicalreactions which will depend on the quality of the inks used, evidence of the order ofinscription of each line andevidence of the time separation the execution of the two lines.

The general hypothesis is composed of three hypothesis that we aim to prove. At the crossingpoint of two lines using different inks, there will be:

1sthypothesis chemical and physical reactions which will depend on the quality of the

inks used2

nhypothesis evidence of: the order of inscription of each line

3r

hypothesis evidence of: the time separating the execution of the two lines.

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN2

For this research, all documents used were well stored. Badly stored documents would requireadditional research.Sixty handwriting/questioned document experts from sixteen countries participated in the CLIexperiments during 12 months period. (See list of participants in Appendix 1)The following writing instruments, representing those most commonly used world-wide, werecrossed in this research:

1st Instrument 2nd InstrumentBall point pen Felt-tip pen Artline ClixBall point pen Felt-tip pen Paper MateBall point pen Fountain pen PelikanFountain pen Parker Felt-tip pen CariocaFountain pen Pelikan Fountain pen PelikanBall point pen Fountain pen LexonBall point pen Ink-pad TroadatBall point pen Ink jet printer HPBall point pen Ink-padInk jet printer HP - R45 Fountain pen

2In this research we will use several acronyms please consult the glossary of terms.


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The experts carried out 2 880 experiments, comprising approximately 57 600 crossed linesintersections for examination, and 7 640 photos (using day light, axial light, metameric light3,IR luminescence and chromatic luminescence4).

THE EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS

Spectral analysis equipment: VSC 4000-6000 Projectina: DragonNirvis LuminiSys STM and LuminiSys Tr

Figure 1

Stereo Microscope with daylight, coaxial and metameric light.

Figure 2

3Light combining red, blue and green by additive synthesis4Chromatic luminescence: luminescence in the visible light spectrum. The excitation energy used is between380 and 740 nm.


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THE EXPERIMENTS

The experiments were performed in two phases:1. The crossed line intersection (CLI) produced at the same time (=T)2. The CLI produced at different times (Sectors A, B, C and D)

Figure 3

Each experiment was made up of 2 tests:Test 1: the first writing instrument was used to draw the first line and the second writinginstrument was used to cross the line.Test 2: the order of writing instruments was reversed, whereby the second writing instrumentwas used to draw the first line and the first writing instrument was used to cross the line.It was necessary to produce a minimum of 15 crossed lines per experiment.

TEN CASES SELECTED FOR EXAMINATION

Ten of the sixty experiments carried out in different countries were selected for examination.All the writing instruments listed on page 5 were used in the selected experiments. (See list ofselected experiments on page 15).

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS PROTOCOL

The experiments were analysed by experts trained in, and equipped for, physical analysis, andwho have been appointed expert-experimenter-measurer by the Research Committee.

The physical analysis had to respect the following conditions:

1.

The procedure does not alter the document.2. The execution had to be easy and fast.3. The equipment had to be within the reach of experts.4. The demonstration had to be objective.5. The result had to be easy to understand.

EXPERT-EXPERIMENTER-MEASURER

Ten Expert-experimenter- measurers from different countries were designated by theResearch Committee (see list of 10 Expert-Experimenter-Measurers on page 15).

SECTOR TIMEN 1 =T CLI at the same timeN 2 A CLI one day laterN 3 B CLI one week laterN 4 C CLI two weeks later

N 5 D CLI three weeks later


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EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE 1st

HYPOTHESIS

The examination and analysis of the experiments for the first hypothesis belonged to MrCarlos VARGAS MERIDA, expert in handwriting and questioned documents at ICPO-INTERPOL General Secretariat, seconded by Mrs Jacqueline BECK and Mr JoseBALBUENA.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE 2nd

HYPOTHESIS

The examination and analysis of the experiments for the 2ndhypothesis was the responsibilityof those experts equipped and trained for physical analyses, and who were appointed expert-

experimenter-measurerby the Research Committee. (See list page 17)

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE 3rd

HYPOTHESIS

The examination and analysis of the experiments for the 3rdhypothesis was the responsibilityof Mr Jose BALBUENA, seconded by Mr Miguel AGUILAR, and Mr Emmanuel BECK.

PROCEDURES

Once appointed, each expert-experimenter-measurer (EEM) was responsible for analysing thecrossed line intersections following the general protocol outlined below:

1. Experiments undertaken using the selected Spectral analysis equipment.2. All analyses in pairs to examine/analyse the crossed line intersections (CLI) in the

same optical conditions for each of the two positions: instruments in position 1/2 andinstruments in position 2/1.

3. Daylight, coaxial light and metameric examination of the lines and crossed-lines usinga stereomicroscope.

4. CLI analyses using IR luminescence and chromatic luminescence.5. Observation of spectral reaction in crossed line intersections(SRCLI)6. Verification and noting of any differences between the SRCLIby pair.7.

All photographs from experiments fully referenced.

The spectral reactions

The spectral reactions to be taken into account were: The ink disappears IR luminescence Reflection Absorption Chromatic luminescence


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The spectral reaction in CLI (SRCLI)

Analysis of the lines to determine: the type of spectral reactionfor each of the two lines andthe crossed-line intersection. The EEM observed and noted:

The spectral reaction of the line produced by instrument 1

The spectral reaction of the line produced by instrument 2 The Spectral Reaction in CLI.

Classification of CLI

The EEMhad to check whether or not there were different SRCLI in the analysis by pair(1/2, 2/1) and to classify them either as positive crossed-line intersection or negativecrossed-line intersection.

Different SRCLI in the analysis by pair (1/2, 2/1) were called: positive crossed-lineintersection (+CLI) where i t was possible to identify the position of the instruments (seeFigure 4)

When the SRCLI gave the same result, it was called: negative crossed-line intersection(-CLI)because i t was not possibleto identify the position of the instruments.

Validation of the positive crossed-line intersectionThe +CLIwas only validated if several EEM using the same procedure obtained the sameresult.

Figure 4

Criteria to validate analytical methods

Using the Prof. Cline WEYERMANN5recommendations the criteria used were:1. Reproducibility2. Repeatability3. Systematic errors (bias)4. Selectivity and detection limits.

To date, criteria 1 and 2 have been examined. Further analysis using criteria 3 and 4 isrequired.

5Revue des mthodes de datati on de l'encre: est-i l possible de dterminer l 'ge d'un document en analysantl'encre? Revue International de Criminologie et des Police Technique et Scientifique

Validation of the +CLI

alidation of the +CLI

only if several expert, obtain the same result.

only if several expert, obtain the same result.

1/2

/2

2/1

/1

CLI 1/2)

CLI 2/1)

LI 1/2)

CLI 2/1)

+ CLI

C LI

1/2

/2

/2

/2

2/1

/1

/1

/1

CLI 1/2)

CLI 2/1)

LI 1/2)

CLI 2/1)

+ CLI

C LI

CLI 1/2)

CLI 2/1)

LI 1/2)

CLI 2/1)

+ CLI

C LI

C LI

CLI

VALIDATED

ALIDATED

+ CLI

CLI

VALIDATED

ALIDATED


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RESULTS

RESULTS: 1stHYPOTHESIS

At the crossing point of two lines there will be : chemical and physical reactions6

which will depend on the quality of the inks used

We have to demonstrate that the SRCLI depends on the quality of the inks used. Thephysical analysis was carried out using the equipment mentioned on page 6 and thefollowing results were obtained:

Photo using Result

Stereo-Microscope +Daylight

Sample AMost cases show that minor physical reactionsexist in CLI, insufficient to demonstrate the first

hypothesis.

Stereo-Microscope+axial light

Sample BCertain cases show that some physical reactionsexist in CLI, sufficient to demonstrate the firsthypothesis.

Stereo-Microscope+metamericlight

Sample BMany cases show that significant physicalreactions exist in CLI. Metameric light is adaptedto show the chromatic reactions in CLI.

IR luminescenceSample CIs insufficient for the kind of precision required in CLI.

Chromaticluminescence

Sample CMany cases show that significant physical reactions existin CLI. Chromatic luminescence would seem the bestadapted to show variations in color of the chromaticreactions in CLI.

6A physical reaction is the change in the appearance of a substance in which it can change back to it's originalstate.


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So far the results in figures 5 and 6 demonstrate the 1 st hypothesis i.e. chemical andphysical reactions depend on the quality of the inks used.

Figure 5 Chromatic luminescence appear in all CLI Chromatic luminescence appear

in all CLI

Figure 6 inks 1 to 4 are all different. We can observe that the SRCLI 2/1 is different from 3/1 and 4/1. This

shows that each SRCLI dependon the quali ty of the inks used.

2/1

3/1

4/1

2/1

3/1

4/1

2/1

3/1

4/1

Chromatic luminescence Chromatic luminescence


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Figure 7 Strong chromatic luminescence can be observed in and around the CLI

Figure 8

Figure 9

Mr HIGASHIKAWA experiment

1/2

Strong luminescence in CLI.

Mr SAEZ experiment

2/1

2/1

Immiscible property of liquidink over greasy ball point pen.Red ink does not print very well.

Mr VENZAL experiment1/2

Strong red reflectance in CLI.


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Figure 10

Figure11

Figure 12

The first hypothesis was validated by Mr. Carlos VARGAS MERIDA, Mrs Jacqueline BECKand Mr Jose BALBUENA and confirmed by the 17 international experts participating in the2nd Workshop on May 25th, 2012.

Mrs ALONSO experiment

1/2

Amorphous visible ink migration in CLI.

Mrs RANERA experiment

1/2

Amorphous Visible ink migration

1/2

Mr ARENAS experiment

2/1

Regular visible ink migration in CLI.


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RESULTS: 2nd

HYPOTHESIS

At the crossing point of two lines using different inks, there willbe evidence of: the order ofinscription of each line

We have to demonstrate that the SRCLI (1/2) SRCLI (2/1)this means SRCLI 1/2 hasits own physical characteristics which are not the same as SRCLI 2/1

The physical analysis by pairs of SRCLI was carried out using the equipment mentioned inpage 6 and the following results were found:

SRCLI

observation using:

Result

Sample D

Stereo-Microscope+ Daylight

In most cases this procedure was insufficient to demonstrate the second hypothesis.

Sample B

Stereo-Microscope+ axial light

In a few cases this procedure shows sufficient evidence to demonstrate the secondhypothesis.

Sample B

Stereo-Microscope+ metameric light

In many cases this procedure shows different chromatic reactions in the SRCLI,sufficient to demonstrate: SRCLI (1/2) SRCLI (2/1)

2/1 =T

/1 =T

/1 =T

/1 =T

/2 =T

/2 =T

/2 =T

/2 =T

Mrs Lisa RA E experiment

rs Lisa RA E experiment

SPAIN

1/2 2/1

1/2 2/1


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Sample E

IR luminescence

IR luminescence is less effectivefor the analysis of CLI because the spectralreactions are shown in shades of greywhich is a serious handicap.

SRCLI (1/2 ) = SRCLI (2/1)

This procedure was insufficient to demonstrate the second hypothesis.

Sample E


SRCLI (1/2) chromatic luminescence around the N SRCLI (2/1)Noluminescence around the J

In many cases Chromatic luminescence shows significant differences, sufficient todemonstrate the second hypothesis.Chromatic luminescence would seem the best adapted to show variations in color of thechromatic reactions in CLI.

So far the results demonstrate the second hypothesis as shown in figure 13.

Figure 13 chromatic luminescence shows SRCLI 1/2 with a reddish colour and 2/1 a green colour

SRCLI (1/2) SRCLI (2/1)

A 1/2 A2/1

A 1/2 A2/1

21

21

SR CLI 1/2) SR CLI 2/1)

21

SR CLI 1/2) SR CLI 2/1)

SR CLI 1/2)

SR C LI 2/1)

R CLI 1/2)

SR CLI 2/1)

Chromatic luminescence Chromatic luminescence


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Ten experiments carried out in different countries using the most common instruments7were selected for analysis:

Experiment

n

EXPERIMENT CARRIED

OUT BY COUNTRY01 Mrs Katrina STOKES AUSTRALIA02 Mr Jos ARENAS SPAIN03 Mrs Franoise GAURIER FRANCE04 Mr Manuel RUBIO SPAIN05 Mrs Marian ALONSO SPAIN06 Mr Jos VENZAL SPAIN07 Mrs Danielle PINSON FRANCE08 Mrs Lisa RAE SPAIN09 Mr Y. HIGASHIKAWA JAPAN

10 Mr Jose BALBUENA FRANCE

Ten Expert-Experimenter-Measurers were designated to analyse the above-mentionedexperiments.

1. Mrs SLETTEN: NCIS Forensic Science, NORWAY2. Mr RIPPERT: Forensic Science Institute Zurich, SWITZERLAND3. Mr BARRON: ANPEC SPAIN4. Mr VENZAL: ANPEC SPAIN5. Mrs LIRA CARRILLO: Forensic Laboratory, MEXICO

6.

Mr ORELLANA: Tribunal of Barcelona, SPAIN7. Mr SEZ: Handwriting Forensic Service, SPAIN8. Mrs BECK: Court of Appeals of Lyon, FRANCE9. Mr VARGAS MERIDA: Specialized Officer/Forensic Expert INTERPOL, PERU10.Mr BALBUENA: Court of Appeals of Versailles, FRANCE

Figure 14

7Characteristics of the instruments used, Appendix 3


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The experts spent three months on the analysis and at the end reached the followingresults as shown in figure 15. As can be seen:

Experiments n 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10were 100% validated (see results in green).

Sectors B, C and D were 100% validated using chromatic luminescenceproduced by metameric light.

Experiments n 5 and 7 were not validated because the EEM only used the IRmethod to examine the results. IR luminescence is less effective for the analysisof CLI because the spectral reactions are shown in shades of grey which is aserious handicap. However, during the 2nd Workshop on May 25 th, 2012 theEEM re-examined the results of experiment n 5 and 7 using metameric light andchromatic luminescence. They were validated and confirmed by the 16international experts participating in this Workshop.

For experiment n 9, sectors =T, A, B, C, D were not validated. IR

luminescence, stereomicroscope with polarised and metameric lights, andchromatic luminescence have not yet been able to show significant differences inCLI. Other possibilities should be examined.

Experiment 01 STOKES 02 ARENAS 03 GAURIER 04 RUBIO 05 ALONSO 06 VENZAL 07 PINZON 08 RAE 09 HIGASHIKAWA 10 BALBUENACountry AUTRALIA SPAIN FRANCE SPAIN SPAIN SPAIN FRANCE SPAIN JAPAN FRANCE

Same T + + + + + + + + ? +Sect A + + + + + + + + ? +Sect B + + + + + + + + ? +Sect C + + + + + + + + ? +Sect D + + + + + + + + ? +

RESULT VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY 0% VALIDATED BYCountry FRANCE FRANCE SPAIN MEXICO SPAIN SWITZERLAND SPAIN NORWAY INTERPOL SPAINCountry MEXICO SPAIN FRANCE FRANCE SPAIN FRANCE MEXIQUE SPAIN SWITZERLAND FRANCECountry NORWAY SPAIN NORWAY SPAIN SPAIN INTERPOL SWITZERLAND SPAIN SPAIN INTERPOL

Figure 15

In the CLI of certain inks we have not yet found signi fi cantly dif ferent spectral reactionsbutwe will continue our research of theses cases.

Figure 16we have not yet found signif icantl y dif ferent spectral reactions

1/2 2/1

Mr HIGASHIKAWA experiment


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RESULTS: 3rd

HYPOTHESIS

At the crossing point of two lines usingdifferent inks, there will be evidence of the timeseparating the execution of the two lines.

We had to demonstrate that time affects the physical spectral reactionin CLI. This meansthat two CLI made at different time intervals8 (T1Tn) using the same instruments in thesame position (2/1 and 2/1) do not give the same the spectral reaction.

Figure 17

We observed that the 3-week interval used for the CLI in this research was insufficient todemonstrate scientifically the effects of time in CLI. AIEED-INTERPOL therefore agreed tocarry out a second

research project in parallel, and over a 5-year period with its own scientificprotocol, to obtain results that could validate the 3rdhypothesis.

Some results (included below) from the second research project are being used in thisresearch project to demonstrate the effect of time in crossed line intersection.

The physical analysis by pairs of SRCLI was carried out using the equipment mentioned inpage 6 and the following results were found:

CLI observation

using

Result

Stereo-Microscope+ Daylight

This procedure is insufficientto demonstrate the third hypothesis.

Stereo-Microscope+ axial light


Stereo-Microscope+ metameric light


IR luminescence This procedure is insufficientto demonstrate the third hypothesis.The presentation of the spectral reactions in shades of grey is a serious handicap.

Case 1


In several cases this procedure shows significant evidence, sufficient todemonstrate the third hypothesis.SRCLI (2/1)T1done on 1 April 2011has strong chromatic luminescence, SRCLI

(2/1)Tn

done on 1 April 2012shows ink reflection. They are different.

8 Time intervals: the time separating the execution of the two lines

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

2/1

01/04/11

2/1

01/04/11

2/1

01/04/12

2/1

01/04/12

2/1 2/1

2/1 2/1/1

01/04/11

2/1

01/04/11

2/1

01/04/12

2/1

01/04/12

2/1 2/1

2/1 2/1

CLI(2/1)01/04/11

CLI(2/1)01/04/11

CLI(2/1)01/04/12

CLI(2/1)01/04/12

One year later

ne year laterCLI(2/1)01/04/11

CLI(2/1)01/04/11

CLI(2/1)01/04/12

CLI(2/1)01/04/12

CLI(2/1)01/04/11

CLI(2/1)01/04/11

CLI(2/1)01/04/12

CLI(2/1)01/04/12

One year later

ne year later


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HOW TIME AFFECTS THE PHYSICAL ASPECT OF INKS

We have verified that time generates physical effects in the CLI of certain inks. Usingchromatic luminescence we were able to observe them. Two procedures could be used tocalculate/evaluate time effects: the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI, and theexpansion of ink migration.

Measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI

We can measure the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI to calculate/evaluate theageing of ink.

Case N 1

Instrument 1: black ink felt-tip pen Paper Mate type Flair M, Instrument 2: Red Ink-padTRODAT. Chromatic luminescence

clearly shows the physical effectsgenerated by the time interval inCLI.

Figure 18 shows an example of twoCLI that were produced by the sameinstruments, in the same position, witha 12-month time interval. The resultsare different. Whereas CLI ()T1has astrong chromatic luminescence, CLI()T12 (i.e. 12 months later) shows a

dark red reflection.Figure 18

When inks of the instruments 1 and 2 are bothexecuted at the same time, some chemicalcompounds9 produce a strong chromaticluminescence in CLI (1/2)T1Twelve months later the chemical compounds

that were able to produce the strong chromaticluminescence in CLI (1/2)T1 have eitherchanged or disappeared. Chromaticluminescence intensity in CLI seems to beaffected by the time. Only a dark blue reflectionis observed.See: CLI (1/2)T12 in Figure 19.

Figure 19

9The chemical compounds need to be identified. New research should be done.

Instrument 2 :Black ink, Felt-tip pen

Paper Mate type Flair M

Instrument 1 :Red Ink-pad TRODAT

CLI =T

12 month interval

CLI T12

Strongchromatic luminescence

Chromatic luminescencedisappeared

Case N 1

()T1 ()T12

()T1 ()T12


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Case N 2Instrument 1: Blueballpoint Stabilo Culture Pure, Instrument 2:Red Ink-pad TRODAT

Figure 20

Figure 21

Measuring the effects of time on ink

In examining two SRCLI made at different time intervals (T 1 Tn) using the sameinstruments in the same position (2/1 and 2/1), the analysis showed that: the greater the

interval separating the execution of two crossed lines intersections, the greater are thedif ferences in the spectral reactions.

Instrument 2 :Red Ink-pad TRODAT

CLI =T

12 month interval

CLIT12

Strongchromatic luminescence

Chromatic luminescencedisappeared

Instrument 1 :Bleu ballpoint

Stabilo Culture Pure

Case N 2


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Proposal method to measure the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI

Figure 22 and 23 show the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI produced by the sameinstruments, in the same position (1/2) with a 4-month time interval. Using colorimetricsoftware, the following results were obtained:

1.

At the same time, CLI has a strong intensity of chromatic luminescence: 90%.2. One month later the intensity in CLI reduced to 72%.3. Two months later the intensity in CLI was 65%.4. Three months later the intensity in CLI was only 36%.

Figure 22

Figure 23 there is a correlation between time and the Intensities of chromatic

luminescence in crossed line intersection (ICL-CLI)

In this type of CLI, measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in SRCLI could be anew way to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. These physical procedures enable us toobserve the ageing of ink, whereas a chemist has to use destructive methods to try and detectthe ageing of ink. New research to establish the appropriate procedures to calculate/evaluatethe ageing of ink will be necessary.


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Measuring Ink Migration

Measuring ink migration could be another method tocalculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. We haveobserved two types of migration: visible and invisiblemigration.

Visible Migration

When one of two inks is liquid, chromatic migrationcould easily be observed using daylight and astereomicroscope, but this type of migration is notsignificant to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink.

Figure 24

Invisible Migration

The non-chromatic compound(s)of certain kinds of fluid inks tend to migrate through thechromatic compounds of the other ink in crossed-line intersections. As invisible migrationcannot be observed using daylight and a stereomicroscope, we have to observe it usingchromatic luminescence produced by metameric light. Certain frequencies (modulations) ofmetameric light show this invisible ink migration very explicitly as can be seen in Figure xx.

Figure 25 the green arrows show the invisible ink migration. This

characteristic is invisible using daylight

How long does the non-chromatic compound of fluid inks taketo expand along the other ink?We still do not know. We need to carry out new research to establish the speed of invisiblemigration using the procedure described below.

Mrs ALONSO experiment

1/2

visible ink migration in CLI.

Invisible Migration

Daylight

Same picture using

Chromatic

Luminescence

Chromatic luminescence


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Procedure to measure ink migration

To measure ink migration in CLI using fluid inks, we think it would be necessary to takeseveral pictures with chromatic luminescence and metameric lights using a specific protocolwhich indicates the type instrument, the type of light, the type of barrier filter to be used. 10Over a period of five years, we could for example:

1. Carry out the CLI and take a picture2. Take the same type of picture every 5 minutes the first hour.3. Take the same type of picture every 10 minutes the 2nd hour.4. Take the same type of picture every 30 minutes the 3rd hour.5. Take the same type of picture every hour as of the 4thhour to 8thhour.6. Take the same type of picture every day during the 1stmonth.7. Take the same type of picture every week during the next eleven months.

8.

Take the same type of picture every three months during the next twelve months.9. Take the same type of picture every four months during the next two years.10.Take the same type of picture every six months during the last year.

At the end of the procedure, we would be able to observe and measure the speed of inkmigration for the kind of fluid inks used.

Figure 12 shows a real case of ink migration. This example did not benefit from a certifiedmethod and so new research would be required to validate the speed of ink migration.

Figure 26 the image shows the invisible ink migration in a 5-year old signature

10The filter and the frequency of metameric light used must be able to reveal the migration.


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In the 3rd

hypothesis we have demonstrated that:

2 CLI made at different time intervals (T1 Tn) using the same instruments in the sameposition (2/1 and 2/1) do not give the same spectral reaction.

Figure 27

The results of the 3rd

hypothesis were validated by Mr Jose BALBUENA, seconded by MrMiguel AGUILAR and Mr Emmanuel BECK and confirmed by the 17 international expertsparticipating in the 2nd Workshop on May 25th, 2012.

Measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI and the speed of invisible ink

migration could constitute new ways to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink.

It is hoped that chromatic luminescence and other technologies will evolve even further sothat the ageing of i nkcan be examined with more precision.

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)T1

SRCLI(2/1)Tn

SRCLI(2/1)Tn


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CONTRIBUTION OF THIS RESEARCH

In examining crossed line intersection

In the document Ref: METISL001 European Document Experts Working GroupExamination of Intersecting Lines, issued on 15 September 2004, several cautionarypointswere made. It is hoped that this research offers new scientific ways to resolve these points.In this section we will reproduce the cautionary pointsand present possible solutions.

3.3 Caution has to be taken when one of both inks involved in the crossing are aqueousbasedmaking the determination of the sequence dif fi cul t and often extremely risky.

Several procedures of this research could help to resolve aqueous inks in CLI:

Mrs Marian ALONSO experiment Method used1: Black liquid ink - 2: Blueliquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

Daylight photo

To determine the position of the instruments weobserved with metameric light whether there is or not

migration of inksTwo liquid inks Result: 1/2: No migration - 2/1 Strong migration

Mrs Marianne SLETTEN experiment Method used

1: Fat blueballpoint - 2: Liquid blackink Metameric light + stereo microscope

Daylight photo


a reddish reflection i n the CLI

Only one liquid ink Result: 1/2 reddish reflection 2/1 No reddish reflection

1

2

1

2

1: Back

aqueous

based ink

2: BlueAqueous

based ink

1

2

1/2

2/1

2

1/2

2/1

2

1/2 2/11 2

1/2 2/11

2


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Mrs Katrina STOKES experiment Method used

1: Fat blueballpoint ink - 2: Blackliquid ink Chromatic luminescence + metameric light

Daylight photo

To determine the position of the instruments weobserved with chromatic luminescence and metameric

light the characteristics of SRCLI

Only one liquid ink Result : 1/2: red reflection - 2/1 Absorption

Mr Ral CUARTERO experiment Method used

1: Fat blueballpoint ink - 2: blackliquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

Daylight photo

To determine the position of the instruments weobserved with metameric light whether there is or nota reddish refl ection in CL I

Two liquid inks Result: 1/2: reddish r efl ection - 2/1 Absorption

Mr Jess BARRON experiment Method used

1: Fat blueballpoint ink - 2: Blackliquidink

Metameric light + stereo microscope

Daylight photo


a reddish refl ection in CL I

Only one liquid ink Result: 1/2: strong reddish reflection2/1 No reddishreflection

=T 1/2 =T 2/1

1/2 2/1

A 1/2 A 2/1

A 1/2 A 2/1

1/2 2/1

1/2 2/1


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3.6 Many examinations of intersecting lines result in an inconclusive opinion,

particularly if the same type and colour of i nk are involved.

We have discovered some possible solutions for this kind of case:

Mr Jose ARENAS experiment Method used

1: Blueliquid ink - 2: Blueliquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

To determine the position of the instruments weobserved with metameric light the character istics of

the SRCLILiquid blue ink Result : 1/2: No absorption - 2/1 Strong absorption

Mr Andrs SANFIEL experiment Method used

1: Black liquid ink - 2: Black liquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope


a reddish refl ection in CL ISame colour of ink Result : 1/2: reddish r efl ection - 2/1 No reddish

reflection

Mrs Franoise GAURIER experiment Method used

1: Blackliquid ink - 2: Blackink printer Metameric light + stereo microscope

To determine the position of the instruments weobserved with metameric light the character istics of

the SRCLILiquid black ink Result : 1/2: No absorption - 2/1 Strong absorption

1

2

1/2 2/11

21/2 2/1

1 : Black Fountain pen 2 : Black felt-tip pen

1/2 2/1 1

2

1/2 2/1

1/2 2/1

1/2 2/1


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11.3.2 Li quid ink. A darker colour ed line or one with a higher ink proportion wil lappear to be on the top of a lighter coloured line or a thinner ink whether it is or not. Onnormal paper these inks leave no layer on the surface and a higher magnification (SEM,

AFM) will not allow a determination.

We could propose some possible solutions for CLI using darker and light ink color:

Mrs Marian ALONSO experiment Method used

1: Black liquid ink - 2: Blueliquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

We have verified that in some CLI usingliquid inks dark and light ink color that

migration only occurred if the instrumentswere in position: 2/1. By observing the inkmigration we do not need to be concerned bythe appearance or the proportion of ink.

We observed whether there is or not ink migration

Darker/ higher ink proportion Result: 1/2: No migration - 2/1 Strong migration

Mr Manuel RUBIO experiment Method used

1: BlackFountain pen - 2: Blackfelt-tip pen Chromatic luminescence

Migration works independent of the colour ofink.

1/2: A very pale pinkish luminescence shows the migrationthrough the darker ink. This is not the case in 2/1.

Darker/ higher ink proportion Result: 1/2: Migration - 2/1No migration

Mrs Franoise GAURIER experiment Method used

1: Black liquid ink - 2: Blackink printer Chromatic luminescence

To determine the position of the instruments weobserved the SRCLI

Darker/ higher ink proportion Result: 1/2: A very pale pinkluminescence -2/1 absorption

1

2

2/11/2

1

2

2/11/2

1

2

2 : Felt-tip pen1 : Black Fountain pen

1

2

Chromatic luminescence method=T 1/2 =T 2/1

1/2 2/1

1/2 2/1


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How to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink

Using the physical method described in this research, we have found that it could be possibleto observe the effect of time on certain inks. Measuring the intensity of chromatic

luminescence in CLI could help resolve the ageing of ink colorants in a much shorter time.We have shown that the intensity of chromatic luminescence decreases dramatically as eachmonth goes by.

The physical analysis used in this research has been examined and validated by severalforensic laboratories. Because chromatic luminescence is a non-destructive methodologicalanalysis, all the results obtained throughout the research can be repeated.

To determine the ageing of ink with greater certitude, AIEED-INTERPOL is extending itsresearch over a 5-year period. The physical analysis used in this research could enable expertsto observe, measure and present court evidence using photos, complemented with colorimetric

diagrams.

One of the procedures used (chromatic luminescence) in this research to calculate/evaluate theageing of ink, enables the experts to observe invisible migration phenomena. The findings

obtained seem to be independent of colorant degradation.

The procedure used could help experts to measure the migration of the not chromaticcompound of certain kinds of fluid inks, along with other inks.

Certain frequencies of metameric light used with chromatic luminescence show invisible inkmigration very explicitly. It could be possible to use this procedure to measure the speed ofink migration to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink.

We think that in the near future this could be a new way to calculate/evaluate the ageing ofink.


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CONCLUSIONS

All the conclusions emanating from the results of this research project are based ondocuments that have been well stored. The writing instruments used in the study, representthose most commonly used world-wide. 90% of the instruments universe is represented.

FIRST CONCLUSION

Concerning: the physical reactions in CLI

1. In the CLI of several cases (instruments in position 1/2 and 2/1) using different inks,

we found several types of significant physical spectral reactions such as luminescence,reflection, absorption, visible and invisible migration.

2. The spectral reaction in crossed-line intersections can be observed and measured foruse as forensic evidence.

3. Chromatic luminescence would seem the best adapted to show variations in colour ofthe chromatic reactions in CLI. The results of the analyses are presented in the form ofcoloured images. Colour photos can be taken and presented as evidence. Othersspectral analysis could be added as complementary information.

4. Daylight, UV and IR analysis alone are insufficient for the kind of precision requiredin CLI.


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SECOND CONCLUSION

Concerning: the order of inscription of each line in CLI

1. In the CLI of several cases (instruments in position 1/2 and 2/1), different spectralreactions were found corresponding to the order of inscription of each line.

2. The use of metameric lights with stereo microscope and analysis by chromaticluminescence would seem the best adapted to show variations in colour of thechromatic reactions in CLI 1/2 and CLI 2/1. The result of the analysis is presented inthe form of coloured images. Colour photos can be taken and presented as evidence.Others spectral analysis could be added as complementary information.

3.

IR luminescence is less effective for the analysis of CLI. The presentation of thespectral reactions in shades of grey is a serious handicap.4. Day light alone is insufficient for the kind of precision required in CLI.5. There are cases of CLI (instruments in position 1/2 and 2/1) where we have not yet

found significant differences. We will extend our research of these cases.


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THIRD CONCLUSION

Concerning: the time separating the execution of the two lines.

1. The 3-week interval used for the CLI in this research shows subtle indications oftemporality, insufficient to demonstrate scientifically the effects of time in CLI.AIEED-INTERPOL decided to implement a new research project, in parallel over a 5-year period; we have used some of the results of this new parallel research project toshow the physical reaction generated by the time interval in CLI.

2. Chromatic luminescence and determinated type of metameric illumination clearly

show the physical reaction generated by the time intervalin CLI, we noticed thatin certain cases of inks the greater is the interval separating the executi on of twoli nes in CL I , the greater are the dif ferences in the spectral reactions.

3. We have found in certain cases of inks there is a correlation between time and thein tensity in SRCLI. Measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in SRCLI

could be a new way to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. The result of the analysisis presented in the form of coloured images. Colour photos can be taken and presentedas evidence. Colorimetric analysis could be added as complementary information.

4.

Chromatic luminescence complemented with certain frequencies of metameric lightclearly shows the invisible migration of cer tain inks ,measuring the speed of i nkmigrationcould be another way to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. The result ofthe analysis is presented in the form of coloured images. Colour photos can be takenand presented as evidence. Colorimetric analysis could be added as complementaryinformation.

5. To measure ink migration we woul d need to take a picture every hour or every dayover a much longer peri od of time e.g. one year.

6.

New research to establish the appropriate procedures to calculate/evaluate theageing of i nk wil l be necessary. The physical effect of time over ink could bemeasured using colorimetric devices.

7. There are cases of CL I (instruments in positi on 1/2 and 2/1) where we have not yetfound sign if icant evidence to calculate/evaluate the ageing of i nk. We will extendour research of these cases.


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STATE OF PLAY OF THIS RESEARCH AND FUTUREORIENTATIONS

Based on the results of this research project and in light of the above-mentioned conclusions,AIEED-INTERPOL considers that a number of actions need to be taken in order to completethis research:

1.

Pursue this kind of experimentation using documents stored in different conditions(e.g. documents stored in very damp conditions, or exposed to sunlight).2. Pursue new research to establish the appropriate procedures to calculate/evaluate the

ageing of ink to strengthen the results found using chromatic luminescence.3. To determine the ageing of ink with greater certitude, AIEED-INTERPOL is

extending its research over a 5-year period; a new protocol will be submitted forapproval by the scientific committee.

4. Determine possible systematic errors in the methodology used.5. Finish the study of the selectivity and detection limits as recommended by Prof. Celine

WEYERMANN.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AIEED-INTERPOL would like to thank the scientific committee members for organising andsupervising Physical-Chemistry Study of Crossed Line Intersection.

REVISION

This document has been drafted by Mr Jose BALBUENAThe first revision was done by Mr Emmanuel BECKThe second revision was done by Mrs Carolyne BIRDThe third revision was done by Mr Carlos VARGAS.The fourth revision was done by Mrs Daniela DJIDROVSKA.

APPENDIX

Appendix 1 list of participantsAppendix 2 list of experiments selected - type and colour of instrument usedAppendix 3 glossary of terms


40/45



BIBLIOGRAPHY - REFERENCES

Examination of Intersecting Lines.- European Documents Experts Working Group(EDEWG).- 15 September 2004 Steering Committee European Documents ExpertsWorking Group EDEWG Ref: METISL001

Revue des mthodes de datation de l'encre: est-il possible de dterminer l'ge d'undocument en analysant l'encre? Revue International de Criminologie et des PoliceTechnique et Scientifique.- jul-sep 2008 par Cline WEYERMANN

Utilisation de l'nergie lumineuse dans la discrimination des couleurs.- M. DidierDEVY - IV me Congrs International AIEED/ANPEC "L'Expertise en Ecritures et

Documents au 21mesicle" Grenade (Espagne) 6, 7 et 8 mars 2009

Chromatic luminescence applied in Forensic Science.- Mr Jos BALBUENA.-International Conference in Criminal expertise.- Joao Pessoa-Brazil, October 4 to 92009

La couleur : lumire, vision et matriaux - Mady ELIAS et Jacques LAFAIT -BELIN - ISBN-10: 2701141923 ISBN-13: 978-2701141923

Synthse additivehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth%C3%A8se_additive

Fluorescence

:http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence

Prvention des risques lis aux UV artificiels

: http://bourgogne.sante.gouv.fr/sante-

environnement/habitat/pdf/risquesUV.pdf

La diffrence entre phosphorescence et fluorescence ? :

http://www.linternaute.com/science/magazine/expliquez-moi/phosphorescnec-

fluorescnece/phospho-fluo.shtml

Radiacin UV:

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet

Sir George Stokes:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet

Analyse spectrale:

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_spectrale

Le mtamrisme:

http://www.profil-couleur.com/lc/016-couleur-metamerisme.php

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tam%C3%A9risme

http://www.cmp-color.fr/nouveau_fichier_3.html
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth%C3%A8se_additivehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencehttp://bourgogne.sante.gouv.fr/sante-environnement/habitat/pdf/risquesUV.pdfhttp://bourgogne.sante.gouv.fr/sante-environnement/habitat/pdf/risquesUV.pdfhttp://www.linternaute.com/science/magazine/expliquez-moi/phosphorescnec-fluorescnece/phospho-fluo.shtmlhttp://www.linternaute.com/science/magazine/expliquez-moi/phosphorescnec-fluorescnece/phospho-fluo.shtmlhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronethttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_spectralehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_spectralehttp://www.profil-couleur.com/lc/016-couleur-metamerisme.phphttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tam%C3%A9rismehttp://www.cmp-color.fr/nouveau_fichier_3.htmlhttp://www.cmp-color.fr/nouveau_fichier_3.htmlhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tam%C3%A9rismehttp://www.profil-couleur.com/lc/016-couleur-metamerisme.phphttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_spectralehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronethttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://www.linternaute.com/science/magazine/expliquez-moi/phosphorescnec-fluorescnece/phospho-fluo.shtmlhttp://www.linternaute.com/science/magazine/expliquez-moi/phosphorescnec-fluorescnece/phospho-fluo.shtmlhttp://bourgogne.sante.gouv.fr/sante-environnement/habitat/pdf/risquesUV.pdfhttp://bourgogne.sante.gouv.fr/sante-environnement/habitat/pdf/risquesUV.pdfhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth%C3%A8se_additive


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APPENDI X 1 - LI ST OF PARTICIPANTS

NAME COUNTRYN 01 Mrs KatrinaSTOKES AustraliaN 02 Ms Carolyne BIRD AustraliaN 03 Mrs Anne VANHAELEN BelgiumN 04 Marco de Jess MORAIS BrazilN 05 Mrs. Jasna GALEKOVIC CroatiaN 06 Jess BARRON SpainN 07 Juan ORELLANA SpainN 08 Juan BERMEJO SpainN 09 Mara RANERA SpainN 10 Mary Sol DIAZ Spain

N 11 Jos ARENAS SpainN 12 Fernandez VICENTE SpainN 13 Marian ALONSO SpainN 14 Jess VALLS PONCE SpainN 15 Lisa RAE SpainN 16 Jos NGELES SpainN 17 Ral CUARTERO SpainN 18 Fernando RUIZ SpainN 19 Pilar GUERRA SpainN 20 Ana VILLAR Spain

N 21 Julio SEZ SpainN 22 Jos VENZAL SpainN 23 Jos SABATER SpainN 24 Jose MORENO SpainN 25 Manuel RUBIO SpainN 26 Andres SANFIEL SpainN 27 Jacqueline BECK FranceN 28 Jose BALBUENA FranceN 29 Emmanuel BECK FranceN 30 Catherine BERGERON FranceN 31 J. Michel BOURGEOIS FranceN 32 Florence BUISSON DEBARD FranceN 33 Sylvie CAMPSERVEUX FranceN 34 Fabienne COUBARD FranceN 35 Franoise GAURIER FranceN 36 Sandrine LOISEL FranceN 37 Sophie PAVY FranceN 38 J. Pierre REMBARZ FranceN 39 Danielle PINSON FranceN 40 Liliane NOEL FranceN 41 Martine DOMONT France

N 42 Annick ICART FranceN 43 Christel BADUFLE France


42/45



N 44 Sophie CARLIEZ FranceN 45 Aliki ARAPANTONI GreeceN 46 Evangeli POLYRAKI GreeceN 47 Alexia POMONI Greece

N 48 Mr Michael MOORE IrelandN 49 Yoshiyasu HIGASHIKAWA JapanN 50 Daniela DJIDROVSKA, MacedoniaN 51 Abdelali El JIRARI MoroccoN 52 Magali LIRA CARRILLO, MexicoN 53 Marianne SLETTEN NorwayN 54 Carlos VARGAS MERIDA PeruN 55 Carlos VARGAS MORMOROY PeruN 56 David SERRUTO LPEZ PeruN 57 Adriana JABCANOVA Czech RepublicN 58 Mirea CONSTANTIN RomaniaN 59 Andras RIPPERT SwitzerlandN 60 Hugo TSHOPP Switzerland


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APPENDI X 2 - L IST OF EXPERIMENTS SELECTED

Experiment n Experiment carried out by Country

01 Mrs Katrina STOKES AUSTRALIA

02 Mr Jos ARENAS SPAIN03 Mrs Franoise GAURIER FRANCE

04 Mr Manuel RUBIO SPAIN

05 Mrs Marian ALONSO SPAIN06 Mr Jos VENZAL SPAIN07 Mrs Danielle PINZON FRANCE08 Mrs Lisa RAE SPAIN

09 Mr Y. HIGASHIKAWA JAPAN10 Mr Jose BALBUENA FRANCE

TYPE AND COLOUR OF INSTRUMENT USED

Name 1st Instrument 2nd Instrument

N 01 Mrs Katrina STOKES Ball point pen Felt-tip penN 02 Mr Jos ARENAS Ball point pen Felt-tip penN 03 Mrs Franoise GAURIER Ball point pen Fountain pen

N 04 Mr Manuel RUBIO Fountain pen Felt-tip pen

N 05 Mrs Marian ALONSO Fountain pen Fountain pen

N 06 Mr Jos VENZAL Ball point pen Fountain penN 07 Mrs Danielle PINZON Ball point pen Ink-pad

N 08 Mrs Lisa RAE Ball point pen Ink jet printer HPN 09 Mr Y. HIGASHIKAWA Ball point pen Ink-pad

N 10 Mr Jose BALBUENA Ink jet printer HP Fountain pen


44/45



APPENDIX 3 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Instrument: Writing instrument e.g. ballpoint, fountain pen.Equipment: Spectral analysis equipment used for the research.

1/2: Writing instrument n1 is positioned over writing instrument n2

2/1: Writing instrument n 2 is positioned over writing instrument n1

EEM: Expert-Experimenter-Measurer.

CLI : Crossed line intersections.

+CLI: Positive crossed-line intersection i.e. when it is possible to identify the position of theinstruments.

- CLI: Negative crossed-line intersection i.e. when it is not possible to identify the position ofthe instruments.

T1 : Time one is the start date and time used for the first crossed line intersection of the

research experiment.

Tn:Time nis any other date and time used to carry out the crossed line intersections.

=T:Same time.

T : Different time interval.

CLI ()T1 : This corresponds to the first crossed-line intersection produced by two writinginstruments whereby instrument n 1 is positioned over instrument n 2.

CLI ()T5: This corresponds to the crossed-line intersection produced at the fifth time intervalby two writing instruments whereby instrument n 1 is positioned over instrument n 2.

Sector A: CLI done one day later.

Sector B:CLI done one week later.

Sector C:CLI done two weeks later.

Sector D:CLI done three weeks later.

SRCLI: Spectral reaction in crossed line intersections. It is used to describe the physicalcharacteristics in the crossed line intersections.


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This is confidential information and may not be used for other purposes.

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