limiting factor 1
TRANSCRIPT
Limiting
Factor
Decision
Presenter: Amzad Hossain
2
Basic
Where there is a factor of production that is limited in
some way by:
• Scarce raw materials.
• Shortage of skilled labour.
• Limited machine capacity.
• Finance (see capital rationing in FM).
Aim: Maximize the contribution per unit of limiting factor
Slide 3
Is there just
one
constraint?
Determine
optimum
production
using
contribution /
limiting factor
Determine
optimum
production
using linear
programming
Yes
No
Limiting factor analysis
Slide 4
Slack – maximum availability of a resource
has not been used.
Surplus – more output has been made than
the minimum requirement.
Examined 6/10 Key terms
Slide 5
Shadow price
The additional contribution from having
1 more unit of scarce resource
This is the maximum extra you would
pay for 1 more unit
Key term
6
• Contribution per unit of sale.
• Contribution per unit of scarce resource.
• Rank in order of 2 - highest first.
• Use up the resource in order of the ranking.
Steps for problem solution
Slide 7
Formulate the model
a) Define variables
b) Formulate objective function
c) Formulate constraints
Solve the Problem
d) Plot constraints on a graph
e) Identify feasible space
f) Plot slope of objective function and slide to optimal point
g) Calculate value of objective function
Examined
6/08 Graphical linear programming
8
Assumption
9
Example: Neal Ltd - Q
Neal Ltd produces two products using the same machinery. The hours
available on this machine are limited to 5000. Information regarding the
two products is
detailed below:
Products (per unit data) M N
Selling price (£) 40 30
Variable cost (£) 16 15
Fixed cost (£) 10 8
Profit (£) 14 7
Machine hours 8 3
Bud. sales (units) 600 500
Required: Calculate the maximum profit that may be earned.
10
Example: Neal Ltd - Q
Using the previous example, Neal Ltd is now able to buy in the
products at the following costs:
Products (per unit data) M N
Purchase price(£) 24 21
Required: What is the revised production schedule and the
maximum profit earned?
11
Example: Neal Ltd solution
Step 1: Calculate the extent of Limiting factor (shortage)
Product M 600 units x 8 hours/unit = 4,800 hours
Product N 500 units x 3 hours/unit = 1,500 hours
Total hours required = 6,300 hours
Hours available = 5,000 hours
Shortage = 1,300 hours
i.e. hours at present are not sufficient to fulfill demand for
both products so we will have to develop the optimal
production plan using 5,000 hours which maximizes the
profit.
12
Example: Neal Ltd solution
Step 2: Calculate contribution per unit M N
24 15
Step 3: Calculate contribution per hour 3/hour 5/hour
Ranking 2 1
Step 4:
Develop optimal (most profitable) production plan using 5,000 hours
Product 1 (N) 500 units x 3 hours per unit = 1,500 hours
Leaving 3,500 remaining hours to be allocated to product 2 (M)
3,500 hours / 8 per unit = 437 units
13
Example: Neal Ltd solution
Step 5: Total contribution from M and N
M (437 unit x 24 per unit) 10,488
N (500 units x 15 per unit) 7,500
Total contribution 17,988
Less: fixed cost 10,000*
Total profit 7,988
*Fixed cost (M =10 x 600 + N = 8 x 500)
14
Example Neal Ltd solution
M N
Variable cost to make 16 15
External purchase price 24 21
Make Make
Based on the above comparison both products should be made
internally, but due to limited plant capacity only 437 units can be
produced as per 6 (a), therefore in order to fulfill the demand of
M, remaining 163 units will have to be bought in.
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Example Neal Ltd solution
Revised Contribution
M on first 437 units x 24 per unit = 10,488
on the purchased units (163 units x 16 per unit) = 2,608
N (as per previous working) = 7,500
Total contribution 20,596
Less: fixed cost 10,000
Revised Profit 10,596
16
Example
XYZ company makes two products, standard
and deluxe. Relevant data are as follows:
Availability
Standard Deluxe per month
Profit per unit $15 $20
Labour hours per unit 5 10 4,000
Kgs of material per unit 10 5 4,250
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Solution
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Solution cont…
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Solution cont…
Cost volume profit
(CVP) analysis
Slide 21
You will have already encountered CVP
(or breakeven) analysis in your earlier
studies.
The F5 syllabus sees calculations such
as the C/S ratio and margin of safety
applied to multi-product situations.
Basic CVP analysis
22
The C/S ratio
23
The Margin of Safety
24
Break-even analysis
Slide 25
Remember! To carry out this analysis, a constant product
sales mix must be assumed.
STEPS – Calculating breakeven point for multiple products
1) Calculate the contribution per unit
2) Calculate the contribution per mix
3) Calculate the breakeven point in number of mixes
4) Calculate the breakeven point in units and revenue
Multi-product breakeven
J Co produces and sells two products M & N.
The M sells for $7 per unit and has a
Total variable cost of $3 per unit.
The N sells for $15 per unit and has a total variable
cost of $5 per unit.
For every five units of M sold, one unit of N
will be sold.
Fixed costs total $30,000.
Calculate breakeven revenue?
26
Example
27
Example
Slide 28
IB Co. makes two products, the Y and the Z. Details for
one unit of each are:
Y Z
Sales price ($) 10 12
Variable cost ($) 6 9
For every two units of Y sold, three units of Z will be sold.
Fixed costs are $340,000
What is the breakeven point?
Example
Slide 29
1) Calculate the contribution per unit
2) Calculate the contribution per mix
3) Calculate the breakeven point in number of mixes
4) Calculate the breakeven point in units and revenue
1. Y = $4, Z = $3
2. ($4 x 2) + ($3 x 3) = $17
3. Fixed costs/Cont. per mix = $340,000/$17
= 20,000 mixes
4. Y = 20,000 x 2 units
= 40,000 units ($400,000 in revenue)
Z = 20,000 x 3 units
= 60,000 units ($720,000 in revenue)
Example cont…..
Slide 30
Breakeven point in terms of sales revenue:
Fixed costs / average C/S ratio
STEPS – Breakeven using C/S ratio
1)Calculate the revenue per mix
2)Calculate the contribution per mix
3)Calculate the average C/S ratio
4)Calculate the total breakeven point
5)Calculate the revenue ratio of mix
6)Calculate the breakeven sales
Contribution to sales (C/S) ratio –multiple products
Slide 31
Using the earlier IB Co. example:
1. Selling prices - Y = $10, Z = $12
Revenue per mix = ($10 x 2) + ($12 x 3) = $56
2. Contribution per mix (see calc in last e.g.) = $17
3. Average C/S ratio = $17/$56 x 100% = 30.35714%
4. Total breakeven revenue = Fixed costs / C/S ratio =
$340,000 / 0.3035714 = $1,120,000 (nearest $1)
5. Revenue ratio per mix = ($10 x 2):($12 x 3) = 20:36 = 5:9
6. Breakeven sales: Y = $1,120,000 x 5/14 = $400,000
Z = $1,120,000 x 9/14 = $720,000
Calculation of breakeven using C/S ratio
Slide 32
Approach 1
Approach 2
1) Calculate the contribution per mix
2) Calculate the required number of mixes
3) Calculate the required number of units and sales revenue of each product.
1) Calculate the average C/S ratio
2) Calculate the required total revenue.
Contribution to achieve a target profit (p) is fixed
costs plus p.
Target profits – multiple products
Slide 33
Steps:
• Calculate the breakeven point in revenue
• Calculate the margin of safety
Example:
Budgeted sales are $70,000 and breakeven sales are $60,000.
Margin of safety = Budgeted sales – Breakeven sales
Margin of safety = $70,000 – $60,000
Margin of safety = $10,000 (or 14% of budgeted sales).
Calculating margin of safety
Slide 34
Assumption: Sales proportions are fixed
units
$ Revenue
Total costs Breakeven
point
Variable costs
Margin of
safety Fixed costs
Breakeven chart
Slide 35
Example of a P/V chart
Revenue$
’000
Profit
$’000 0
20
12
6
14 41 65 50
Breakeven
point
Fixed costs
Product 1
Product 2
Product 3
Multi-product P/V chart
Slide 36
P/V chart - What does it
highlight?
Sensitivity analysis
Overall company breakeven point
Which products should be expanded/discontinued
The effect of changes in selling price and sales revenue on breakeven and profit.
Average profit earned from sales of products in the mix
How will a result alter if estimates of variable values or assumptions change?
Highlights risks an existing cost structure poses.
Variable cost/price changes – alter the slope of the P/V graph.
Fixed costs change point of intersection, but do not alter the slope.
P/V charts - analysis
37
Limitations/Assumptions of CVP
• Costs behaviour is assumed to be linear
• Revenue is assumed to be linear
• Volume Produced = Volume Sold
• Ignores inflation
• Assumes a constant sales mix