limitations & exceptions for libraries, archives & museums denise nicholson copyright...
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Limitations & Exceptions Limitations & Exceptions for Libraries, Archives & for Libraries, Archives &
MuseumsMuseums
Denise NicholsonDenise Nicholson
Copyright Services LibrarianCopyright Services Librarian
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
African-Arab Regional Seminar African-Arab Regional Seminar
"Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Related Rights: "Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Related Rights:
Addressing the Needs of Affected Constituencies”Addressing the Needs of Affected Constituencies”
Cairo, Egypt – 2 November 2009Cairo, Egypt – 2 November 2009
• Access to information/knowledge – a basic human right - Access to information/knowledge – a basic human right - essential for human survival and development. essential for human survival and development.
• “Freedom, prosperity and the development of society depend on education, as well as on unrestricted access to knowledge, thought, unrestricted access to knowledge, thought, culture and information.” (IFLA/FAIFE)culture and information.” (IFLA/FAIFE)
• ““Knowledge is not a commodity, and can never be one. Knowledge is Knowledge is not a commodity, and can never be one. Knowledge is the distillation of human endeavour, and it is the most profound the distillation of human endeavour, and it is the most profound collective good that there is". (A.Erwin, collective good that there is". (A.Erwin, former Minister of Trade & former Minister of Trade & Industry, South Africa)Industry, South Africa)
• ““Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”. (Nelson Mandela) the world”. (Nelson Mandela)
International copyright trendsInternational copyright trends
Create new rights
Strengthen protection and enforcement
Shrink the public domain
Restrict access to knowledge
Erode information-users’ rights
Promoting balance & access Promoting balance & access
International Copyright Treaties
Adelphi Charter - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Charter
Gower’s Report on IP - www.ipo.gov.uk/policy/policy.../policy-issues-gowers.htm
CopySouth Dossier – www.copysouth.org
WSIS Declaration of Principles - http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/dop.html
UK Commission on IPR - www.iprcommission.org
http://www.africaguide.com/afmap.htm
A
F
R
I
C
A
Copyright in AfricaCopyright in Africa
Copyright vs. collective ownershipCopyright vs. collective ownership
Few African countries have adopted L & E’sFew African countries have adopted L & E’s
African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project – African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project –
www.aca2K.org
The stricter the copyright law, the more non-compliance.The stricter the copyright law, the more non-compliance.
Lack of resources & unaffordability of learning materialLack of resources & unaffordability of learning material
Infringing activities are facilitating access – not copyright!Infringing activities are facilitating access – not copyright!
Copyright – Copyright – a barrier to educationa barrier to education
Copyright – a barrier (cont’d)Copyright – a barrier (cont’d)
Medical staffMedical staff
Rural teacherRural teacher
Literacy facilitatorLiteracy facilitator
Copyright – a barrier (cont’d)Copyright – a barrier (cont’d)
• Historical ArchiveHistorical Archive
• LibrariesLibraries
• Berlin Wall CommemorationBerlin Wall Commemoration
Access to knowledge and cultural treasuresAccess to knowledge and cultural treasures
Restricted!Restricted!
Current Copyright system -Current Copyright system -is it working in Africa? is it working in Africa?
Main beneficiaries - not authors, nor Africans Main beneficiaries - not authors, nor Africans
Scholarly authors have to assign copyrightScholarly authors have to assign copyright
Educational institutions pay over and overEducational institutions pay over and over
Bulk of royalties paid to foreign rights-ownersBulk of royalties paid to foreign rights-owners
Africans have to buy back their research at high cost!Africans have to buy back their research at high cost!
Research outputs are negatively affected Research outputs are negatively affected
International pressure International pressure on African countrieson African countries
Strict copyright rules and regulations Strict copyright rules and regulations
Developed countries ‘kicking away the ladder’Developed countries ‘kicking away the ladder’
African countries need time & space to developAfrican countries need time & space to develop
Pressure to sign International IP agreements and Bilateral Pressure to sign International IP agreements and Bilateral
Trade Agreements, e.g. FTAs, EPAs Trade Agreements, e.g. FTAs, EPAs
Copyright regimes should be tailored to address North-Copyright regimes should be tailored to address North-
South differencesSouth differences
WIPO Development AgendaWIPO Development Agenda
WIPO’s obligations re: Millennium Declaration WIPO’s obligations re: Millennium Declaration
45 Recommendations adopted for Development Agenda - 45 Recommendations adopted for Development Agenda - http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/recommendations.html
Recommendations 16,19,20, 21 & 22 especially relevant Recommendations 16,19,20, 21 & 22 especially relevant to access to knowledgeto access to knowledge
Appropriate Limitations and Exceptions Appropriate Limitations and Exceptions vitalvital for access to for access to knowledge & development.knowledge & development.
WIPO Studies on WIPO Studies on
Limitations and Exceptions Limitations and Exceptions Limitations & Exceptions of Copyright & Related Rights in the Limitations & Exceptions of Copyright & Related Rights in the
Digital Environment Digital Environment http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=16805
Automated Rights Management Systems and Copyright Limitations and Exceptions http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=59952
Limitations & Exceptions for the Visually-Impaired - Limitations & Exceptions for the Visually-Impaired - http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=75696
Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Libraries & Archives Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Libraries & Archives http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=109192
Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Education – final report Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Education – final report due before end of 2009due before end of 2009
15
WIPO SCCR/19/2009WIPO SCCR/19/2009
Draft Agenda - Draft Agenda - http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/sccr_19_1.pdf
Analytical Document on Limitations and Exceptions - Analytical Document on Limitations and Exceptions - www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/sccr_1www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/sccr_19_3.doc9_3.doc
Please support the international
library community at SCCR
(14-18 December 2009)
Libraries as Key StakeholdersLibraries as Key Stakeholders
Statement of Principles on “Statement of Principles on “Copyright Exceptions Copyright Exceptions and Limitations for Libraries and Archivesand Limitations for Libraries and Archives” – ” – EIFL/IFLA/LCA at WIPO SCCR May 2009 - EIFL/IFLA/LCA at WIPO SCCR May 2009 - www.ifla.org/files/clm/statements/statement-of-prwww.ifla.org/files/clm/statements/statement-of-principles-sccr20.pdfinciples-sccr20.pdf
eIFL Draft Law on Copyright with eIFL Draft Law on Copyright with Model Exceptions & LimitationsModel Exceptions & Limitations
SeeSee: : http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law
Free Uses: Free Uses: Reproduction for private purposes & research; Reproduction for private purposes & research; Temporary Reproduction; Quotation; Translations;Temporary Reproduction; Quotation; Translations; Educational Activities; Inter-Library Document Supply; Educational Activities; Inter-Library Document Supply; Communication to the public for educational & research purposes; Communication to the public for educational & research purposes; Archives, libraries, museums & galleries; Archives, libraries, museums & galleries; Reproduction, broadcasting & communication to the public for information Reproduction, broadcasting & communication to the public for information
purposes; purposes; Caricature, parody & pastiche; Caricature, parody & pastiche; Reproduction & adaptation of computer programs;Reproduction & adaptation of computer programs; Display of works; Display of works; Persons with disabilities; Persons with disabilities; Public/official documents Public/official documents
RecommendationsRecommendations
Afford African countries time & space to developAfford African countries time & space to develop
TRIPS-Plus is NOT the answer for Africa!TRIPS-Plus is NOT the answer for Africa! Review, liberalize and harmonize international and Review, liberalize and harmonize international and
national IP laws to national IP laws to facilitate, not restrict facilitate, not restrict accessaccess
Restore balance between rights-owners & usersRestore balance between rights-owners & users Support the Proposed WIPO Support the Proposed WIPO Treaty for Improved Treaty for Improved
Access for Blind, Visually Impaired and other Access for Blind, Visually Impaired and other Reading Disabled PersonsReading Disabled Persons
Consider alternative publishing options, e.g. Open AccessConsider alternative publishing options, e.g. Open Access
SolutionSolution
A A BalancedBalanced International FrameworkInternational Framework
that that enshrines enshrines ALL ALL Users’ RightsUsers’ Rights
Thank youThank you
Some Resources on L & EsSome Resources on L & Es Guideline Document on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions - Guideline Document on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions -
http://www.col.org/resources/knowServices/copyright/Pages/default.aspx/summary.htm
Copyright Limitations & Exceptions – Why they are important for access to Copyright Limitations & Exceptions – Why they are important for access to knowledge -knowledge - http://www.aca2k.org/index.php?option=com_idoblog&task=viewpost&id=79&Itemid=69
Exceptions and Limitations in copyright vital in South countries - Exceptions and Limitations in copyright vital in South countries - http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2008/twn.ipr.info.081102.htm
L & Es - L & Es - http://www.cptech.org/ip/copyright/le.html Copyright Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries - Copyright Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries -
http://www.aallnet.org/aallwash/LCAPosition110308.pdf Wits Copyright Portal -Wits Copyright Portal -
http://web.wits.ac.za/Library/ResearchResources/SubjectPortals/Copyright+and+Related+Issues.htm
Resources for African countriesResources for African countries
WIPO Development Agenda and related issuesWIPO Development Agenda and related issues Article 27(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human RightsArticle 27(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement on ObjectivesArticle 7 of the TRIPS Agreement on Objectives The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health (2001)The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health (2001) UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights Report (2002)UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights Report (2002) Geneva Declaration of Principles ( Paragraph 42) (2003)Geneva Declaration of Principles ( Paragraph 42) (2003) ICTSD/UNCTAD Policy Discussion Paper on IP and Development (2003) ICTSD/UNCTAD Policy Discussion Paper on IP and Development (2003)
and its Resource Book on TRIPS and Development (2005)and its Resource Book on TRIPS and Development (2005) World Summit on the Information Society (2003 and 2005)World Summit on the Information Society (2003 and 2005) Chile’s proposal on Exceptions and Limitations to WIPO’s Standing Chile’s proposal on Exceptions and Limitations to WIPO’s Standing
Committee on Copyright (2004)Committee on Copyright (2004) Commonwealth of Learning – Guidelines on copyright L & Es (2005)Commonwealth of Learning – Guidelines on copyright L & Es (2005) IFLA & eIFL position papers and their statements made at WIPOIFLA & eIFL position papers and their statements made at WIPO Access to Knowledge (A2K) Movement (Yale University)Access to Knowledge (A2K) Movement (Yale University) Gowers’ Review of Intellectual Property (UK) (2006)Gowers’ Review of Intellectual Property (UK) (2006) International Right to Read Campaign (WBU)International Right to Read Campaign (WBU) Proposed WBU Treaty for the Blind at WIPOProposed WBU Treaty for the Blind at WIPO
Useful Copyright HandbooksUseful Copyright Handbooks
eIFL Handbook on Copyright & Related Issues:eIFL Handbook on Copyright & Related Issues:
http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law
““Introducing Copyright – a plain language guide to Introducing Copyright – a plain language guide to copyright” (Commonwealth of Learning): copyright” (Commonwealth of Learning): http://www.col.org/resources/publications/monographs/Pages/Copyright.aspx
ACA2K ProjectACA2K Project
Research Findings & Resources Research Findings & Resources
See: See: www.aca2k.org
Tips for Developing CountriesTips for Developing Countries
See: www.aca2k.org (click on Blog)
International A2K initiativesInternational A2K initiatives
IFLA – (1700 member organizations/150 countries) – IFLA – (1700 member organizations/150 countries) – www.ifla.org
eIFL.net - (member organizations in 50 developing/in-eIFL.net - (member organizations in 50 developing/in-transition countries) - transition countries) - www.eifl.net
EBLIDA (150 European library/archive associations, etc.)- EBLIDA (150 European library/archive associations, etc.)- www.eblida.org
Commonwealth of Learning – (53 Commonwealth countries)- Commonwealth of Learning – (53 Commonwealth countries)- www.col.org
Consumers International – Consumers International – www.consumersinternational.org
International A2K initiatives International A2K initiatives (cont’d)(cont’d)
Transatlantic Consumers’ Dialogue (TACD) – Transatlantic Consumers’ Dialogue (TACD) – www.tacd.org
Knowledge Ecology International - Knowledge Ecology International - www.keionline.org Consumer Project on Technology (CPTech) - Consumer Project on Technology (CPTech) -
www.cptech.org A2K Global Social Movement (Yale University, USA)- A2K Global Social Movement (Yale University, USA)-
http://research.yale.edu/isp/ Copy South (Kent Law School, UK – Copy South (Kent Law School, UK –
www.copysouth.org
Regional A2K initiativesRegional A2K initiatives African Copyright & Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project - African Copyright & Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project -
www.aca2k.org Access to Learning Materials for Southern Africa Project –Access to Learning Materials for Southern Africa Project –
www.access.og.za (2005) (website now closed)(2005) (website now closed) African Access to Knowledge Alliance – Ugandan Chapter, 2005 - African Access to Knowledge Alliance – Ugandan Chapter, 2005 -
Continental Organization, 2007 (currently in partnership with ACA2K) Continental Organization, 2007 (currently in partnership with ACA2K) http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Copyright_Alliance_article.pdf
Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) – Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) – www.osisa.org African Digital Commons - www.commons-sense.orgAfrican Digital Commons - www.commons-sense.org Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA) – Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA) –
www.sarua.orgwww.sarua.org Publishing and Alternative Licensing Model of Africa (PALM) - Publishing and Alternative Licensing Model of Africa (PALM) -
http://www.idrc.ca/acacia/ev-117012-201-1-DO_TOPIC.htmlhttp://www.idrc.ca/acacia/ev-117012-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html SADC-Centre for Distance Education - www.sardec.org.bwSADC-Centre for Distance Education - www.sardec.org.bw
South African A2K initiativesSouth African A2K initiatives Creative Creative Commons/Commons/iCommonsiCommons (South Africa) - (South Africa) - icommons.orgicommons.org Wits Link Centre - Wits Link Centre - http://link.wits.ac.za/http://link.wits.ac.za/ Library Association of SA (LIASA)/FAIFE – www.liasa.orgLibrary Association of SA (LIASA)/FAIFE – www.liasa.org Shuttleworth Foundation – www.shuttleworthfoundation.orgShuttleworth Foundation – www.shuttleworthfoundation.org African Virtual Open Initiatives and Resources (AVOIR) - African Virtual Open Initiatives and Resources (AVOIR) -
http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/ Sivulile Open Access Project - Sivulile Open Access Project - http://www.sivulile.org/http://www.sivulile.org/ CSIR research Space - CSIR research Space - http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/ Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa) - Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa) -
http://www.hsrc.ac.zahttp://www.hsrc.ac.za
OA institutional repositories in tertiary institutionsOA institutional repositories in tertiary institutions
SA National A2K initiativesSA National A2K initiatives
SA Government – adopted Open Source policy - SA Government – adopted Open Source policy - www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=94490id=94490
The National Research Foundation (NRF) – advocacy The National Research Foundation (NRF) – advocacy role re: OA National Electronic Theses & Dissertations role re: OA National Electronic Theses & Dissertations Repository - www.nrf.ac.zaRepository - www.nrf.ac.za
Academy of Science of South Africa - SCIELO-South Academy of Science of South Africa - SCIELO-South Africa OA publishing project - www.assaf.co.zaAfrica OA publishing project - www.assaf.co.za