liming effect on changes of soil properties of wheat field a case of barind area in bangladesh

8/10/2019 Liming Effect on Changes of Soil Properties of Wheat Field a Case of Barind Area in Bangladesh

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Online Journal of BioSciences and Informatics, Vol: 1, Issue 1, 2014Data Informatics

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Research Article ISSN 2320-2912-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIMING EFFECT ON CHANGES OF SOIL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT FIELD: A CASE OFBARIND AREA IN BANGLADESH

MD. KAMARUZZAMAN1, MD.NURUL ISLAM2, *MD. NOOR-E-ALAM SIDDIQUE, BIKASHCHANDRA SARKER3, MD. JAHIDUL ISLAM4and SIKDAR MOHAMMAD MARNES RASEL5

1Principal Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Regional Office, Rajshahi.2Senior Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Regional Office, Rajshahi.*Md. Noor-E-Alam Siddique, Senior Scientific Officer, Soil Resources Development Institute(SRDI), Ministry of Agriculture, District Office, Pabna-6600, Bangladesh.3,4Professor, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohhammad Danesh Science andTechnology University, Dinajpur.

5Sikdar Mohammad Marnes Rasel, Senior Scientific Officer, Soil Resources DevelopmentInstitute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT

The initial soil was silty loam having pH 4.90, Organic matter 1.92%, total N 0.12%,

available P 4.00 g g-1, K 0.040 meq 100 g-1, available Ca 1.50 meq 100 g-1, Mg 0.98 meq

100 g-1and S 12.00 g g-1. There were six lime treatments viz.T1: Control, T2 : 0.5 t lime

ha-1, T3 : 1.0 t lime ha -1, T4 : 1.5 t lime ha-1, T5 : 2.0 t lime ha -1, and T6 : 2.5 t lime ha -1.

Dolochun was used as the liming material. The design of the experiment was

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD )with three replications. Every plot received

140.0 kg N, 25.0 kg P, 106.0 kg K, 3.06 kg S, 3.6 kg Zn and 0.6 kg B ha -1from urea, TSP,

MoP, gypsum, zinc sulphate (monohydrate) and boric acid, respectively. The post

harvest soils were analyzed for pH, OM, available P, Ca, Mg and K. The application of

different rates of lime to soil progressively increased pH, OM and availability of P and

gradually decreased K, Ca and Mg in soils at 30 DAL. Liming significantly increased at

30 DAL pH, OM but K, P, Ca, Mg decreased from 60 DAL up to 120 DAL. Available K, P,

Ca and Mg were significantly increased due to application of lime which was mainly

associated with increased wheat yields.

Key Words: Soil, Barind Tract, Wheat, Lime, Plant Nutrients Availability, Grain Yield

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]


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INTRODUCTION

Nutrient availability in soil

depends on the pH value of soils. On the

basis of pH, soil are classified as alkaline,neutral and acidic having pH range 6.6 to

7.4. (Hausenbuiller, 1972). Most of the

plant nutrients are highly available in

neutral soil having pH 6.6 to 7.4. But soil

acidity is a major growth -limiting factor

for plants in many parts of the world

(Adams, 1980).

The soils of North-West part of

Bangladesh are light textured, low in OM

and strongly acidic to moderately acidic in

nature, pH ranges from 4.5 to 5.5 (FRG,

2005). The status of available P, Ca and Mg

of these soils are low. The sandy soil has

low cation exchange capacity. These soils

have high content of aluminum, iron and

manganese and deficiencies of nitrogen,

calcium, magnesium, potassium,

phosphors and boron are common.

Aluminum toxicity is responsible for the

poor yield of crops in acid soils.

Among the cereal crops, wheat is next to

rice in Bangladesh. Although, rice is the

staple food of Bangladesh but its total

production is not sufficient enough to feed

her population. Wheat can be a good

supplement of rice and it can play a vital

role to feed her population. From thenutritional point of view, wheat is

preferable to rice for its higher protein

content. In Bangladesh about 3.58 lac

hectare of land is covered by wheat

producing 9.95 lac metric ton with an

average yield of 2.78 t ha-1during the year

2011-2012 (BBS, 2012). The cultivation of

wheat needs only one or two

supplementary irrigation while a boro rice

crop needs about 15-20 irrigation during

the growth period. It is a future challenge

for Bangladesh to better exploit the

potential of the production of wheat crop

to meet the countrys grain food

requirement without endangering the

environment.

The wheat yield in this country is low.

There are several reasons that can explain

the yield variation, which cover both biotic

and abiotic factors. Among the biotic

factors, unavailability of high yielding

varieties, incidence of diseases and pests

(Hossain et al., 1995) and abiotic factors

such as high temperature, moisture stress


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and nutrient deficiency (Jahiruddin et al.,

1992; Islam et al., 1999) are responsible for

lower productivity of wheat in the tropics

and sub-tropics. Among these factors, themost dominating factor that is a vital

barrier for crop productivity is problem

soil like acidic soil, saline soil etc. There

are different types of problem soils in

Bangladesh. These soils restrict the growth

of plants and make crop production

difficult and sometimes impossible.

Special management practices need to be

applied in such soils for economic crop

production. Acid soil in Bangladesh is one

of the problematic soils. The potential of

acid soil for crop production is limited due

to less availability of phosphorus and

toxicity of aluminum. For example, the

soils of Northwest part of Bangladesh are

light textured, low in organic matter and

strongly acidic to moderately acidic (pH

ranges from 4.5 to 5.5) in nature (BARC,

2005). The status of available P, Ca and Mg

of these soils are low. The sandy soil has

low cation exchange capacity. These soils

have high content of aluminum, iron, and

manganese, and deficiencies of nitrogen,

calcium, magnesium, potassium,

phosphorus and boron are common.

Aluminum toxicity is responsible for poor

yields in acid soils. There are some

reclamation processes for acid soils, forinstance liming that increases the

availability of P, Ca, Mg and Mo and

renders iron, and manganese insoluble

and harmless, increases fertilizer

effectiveness and decreases plant diseases

(Sahai, 1990). Thus, the crop plants may

have a better nutrition and the crop may

produce a good yield. Farmers in the

Northern part of Bangladesh are applying

a large amount of fertilizers for wheat

production but they do not get good

yields. Unless the soil pH is raised to

around neutrality, the availability of

nutrient elements will limit the growth of

plants.

Liming also promotes the decomposition

of organic matter by making condition

more favorable for the growth of

microorganisms. The bacteria that fixed

nitrogen from the air both non-

symbiotically and in the nodules of

legumes are specially stimulated by the

application of lime. The successful growth

of most soil microorganisms depends


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upon lime that satisfactory biological

activities cannot be expected if calcium

and magnesium levels are low. Infertility

of acid soil is a major limitation to cropproduction on highly weathered and

leached soil throughout the world and

research project deal with soil

management practices to sustain high

yield through fertilization and liming to

improve soil quality at a high level to

meet plant requirements. The specific

objective is to investigate the changes of

chemical properties of soil under different

levels of lime in wheat field.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

The experimental field is located at25o09' 58.0" N latitude and 88o28' 32.6" E

longitude at a height of 28.0 m above the

mean sea level. The experiment was

conducted at Mouza Tiloni, Village

Boikanthapur under Sapahar Upazila in

Naogaon District during the period from

October 2011 to April 2012.

Soil

Within total land surfaces of Bangladesh,

terrace constitutes about 8% namely The

Barind tract and The Madhupur Tract. The

Barind tract has mainly level, poorly

drained highland though it has a small

area of dissected hilly lands at the westernfringe and a small well drained highland

area at the eastern fringe. The

experimental field belongs to the AEZ No.

26, Barind Tract Soil. Amnura (Soil series

of Bangladesh) soils are developed in

deeply weathered Madhupur clay. The

soils are mixed yellowish brown and grey

to light grey silt loams to silty clay loams

grading into grey, mottled yellowish

brown, weathered Madhupur clay below

about 2 feet, a member of hyperthermic

Aeric Haplaquept under the order

Inceptisol having only few horizons,

developed under aquic moisture regime

and variable temperature conditions, Agro

ecological Appraisal of Bangladesh,

(UNDP and FAO, 1988). According to

BARC Fertilizer Recommendation Guide

(2005) general characteristics of the soil

and chemical characteristics of initial

composite soil sample (0-15 cm depth)

which were collected on October 2011 for

initial status and tested, are presented in

Table 1 and Table 2.


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Table 1: Morphological and physicalcharacteristics of the soil

AEZ High Barind Tract(AEZ 26)

General Soil Type Deep Grey Terrace

soils and GreyValley soil

Parent material Madhupur clay

Drainage Imperfectly drained

Topography High land

Flood level Above flood level

Table 2: Physical characteristics of soil

Sand (%) 42

Silt (%) 32Clay (%) 26

Textural class Silt loam to Siltyclay loam

Crop

The test crop was wheat. Certified seeds

were collected from the Regional Wheat

Research Centre, BARI, Shampur,

Rajshahi. The variety used was Prodip.

Treatments

There were six different rates of lime

application in wheat as follows,

T1 : Control

T2 : 0.5 t lime ha-1





The liming material had 20% Ca and

10% Mg. The liming material was applied

to the soil on 07 November 2011.

Land preparation

Repeated ploughing with power tiller and

country plough was done on 07 November

2011 and the layout of the experiment was

done as per statistical design. Liming was

done and the liming material was

incorporated to soil by spading. Final landwas prepared on 27 November 2011.

Ploughing was followed by laddering in

order to break clods as well as level the

land. All weeds, stubbles and crop

residues were removed from the

experimental field.

Experimental design

The experiment was laid out in a

Randomized Complete Block Design. All

the treatments were replicated three times.

There were altogether 18 (6x3) unit plots,

each plot measuring 2. 5m x 4 m. Inter-

block and Inter-plot spacing were 0 .7/m

and 0.5/m respectively.


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Figure 1. Layout of the experimental plot.

Treatment

T1: Control, T2: 0.5 t lime ha-1,

T3: 1.0 t lime ha-1, T4: 1.5 t lime ha-1,

T5: 2.0 t lime ha-1, T6: 2.5 t lime ha-1

Fertilizer application

The total amount of urea, TSP,

MOP, gypsum, zinc sulphate

(monohydrate) and boric acid were

applied on the basis of Soil Test value

during final land preparation. Nitrogen

was applied @ 140 kg ha-1from urea, P @ 5

kg ha- 1 from TSP, K @ 106 kg ha -1 from

MOP, S @ 3.06 kg ha -1from gypsum, Zn @

3.6 kg ha-1 from zinc sulphate

(monohydrate) and B @ 0.6 kg ha-1

fromboric acid . Urea was applied in two splits,

2/3 was applied during final land

preparation and rest 1/3 was applied 20

days after sowing. The fertilizers were

incorporated to soil by spading one day

before sowing.

Sowing of seeds

Seeds were sown in 28 November

2011, the seed rate being 125 kg/ha.

Sowing was done continuously in 20 cm

apart lines covered by soil manually.

Intercultural operations

Intercultural operations were done

to ensure normal growth of the crop. The

following intercultural operations were

followed:

Irrigation

Three irrigations were applied, the

first irrigation after 18 days of sowing ,

second irrigation after 29 days of sowing

at crown root initiation stage and the third

after 62 days of sowing at heading stage.

Block-1 Block- Block-3

T4 T1 T50.5m 0.7m 0.7m

T1T6 T

4

T6 T3 T1

T2 T2 T3

T1 T4 T2

T5 T5 T6


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Weeding

Weeding was done twice during

the whole growing period, the one after 19

days of sowing and the other after 38days.

Insect and pest control

During maturation, four plots were

slightly infested by field rat and the pest

was controlled instantly by using

mechanical control measures and

application of zinc phosfide.Harvesting

The crop was harvested at maturity

after about four months of sowing (March

25, 2012). For data collection, ten plants

from each plot were sampled randomly.

The crop was cut at the ground level.

Threshing, cleaning and drying of grain

were done separately for every plot. Then

plot- wise weights of grain and straw were

recorded.

Data collection

Data were collected on the following yield

and yield components.

Plant height

The plant height was measured

from the ground level to top of the spike.

From each plot, height of 10 plants were

measured and averaged.

Number of tillers plant-1

Ten plants were selected from each

plot randomly. The number of effective

and non-effective tillers plant-1

wascounted and averaged.

Spike length

Length of spike of ten plants per plot was

recorded and averaged.

Grains spike-1

Ten spikes were selected and the filled and

unfilled grains spike-1

were recorded andaveraged.

Thousand grain weight

Thousand grains were randomly

selected from each plot and the weight of

grains was recorded after sun drying by

an electrical balance.

Grain yield

Grains from each unit plot were

dried and then weighed carefully. The

results were expressed as kg ha-1 on 14%

moisture basis.

Shoot and Root weight

Like grain yield, biomass and dry

weight of shoot and root for individual

plot were recorded and expressed as kg

ha-1.


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Harvest Index

I. About 15 percent moisture in grain.

II. Grains in hard dough stage.

III. Yellowing of spikelets.

SOIL ANALYSIS

The initial soil sample was analyzed for

both physical and chemical properties

such as soil texture, pH, organic matter,

total N and available P, K, S, B, Zn, Ca, Mg

contents. The post harvest soils wereanalyzed for soil pH, available P, Ca and

Mg.

Collection and preparation of soil

samples

Before land preparation, soil samples were

collected randomly from 9 different spots

of the field from a depth of 0-15 cm. A

composite sample was prepared by

mixing the sub-samples and the weeds,

stubbles, stones, etc. were removed from

the soil. After harvest of wheat crop, the

soil samples were collected plot wise.

Then the soil samples were air-dried,

ground and sieved through a 2-mm (10-

mesh) sieve. The sieved soil was stored in

a clean plastic container for subsequent

mechanical and chemical analysis

Analysis of soil samples:

Mechanical analysis: Mechanical analysis

was done by hydrometer method

(Buoyoucos, 1927). The textural class wasdetermined following Marshalls

triangular coordinate using USDA system.

Soil pH: Soil pH was measured with the

help of a glass electrode pH meter, the

soil-water ratio being 1:2.5 as described by

(Jackson, 1962).

Organic matter content: Organic carbon

content of soil was determined following

wet oxidation method (Page et al., 1982).

The amount of organic matter was

calculated by multiplying the percent

organic carbon with the van Bemmelen

factor, 1.73 (Piper, 1950).

Total nitrogen: Total N content in soil was

determined by micro- Kjeldahl method.

The soil was digested with 30% H2O2,

conc. H2SO4 and catalyst mixture (K2O4:

CuSO4. 5H2O: Se = 10:1:0.1). Nitrogen in

the digest was determined by distillation

with 40% NaOH followed by titration of

the distillate trapped in H3BO3 with 0.01

N H2SO4.


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Available phosphorus: Available P

content was extracted from soil with 0.03

M NH4F 0.025 M HCl (Bray and Kurtz

method). The P in the extract was thendetermined by developing blue colour

with SnCl2 reduction of

phosphomolybdate complex and

measuring the colour by

spectrophotometer at 660 nm wavelength

(Page et al, 1982).

Available sulphur: Available S of soil

content was determined by extracting soil

sample with CaCl2 (0.15%) solution as

described by (Page et al, 1982). The S

content in the extract was determined

turbidimetrically and the turbid was

measured by spectrophotometer at 420 nm

wavelength.

Exchangeable potassium: Exchangeable K

content of soil was determined by

extraction with 1M NH4OAc, pH 7.0

solution followed by measurement of

extractable K by flame photometer

(Jackson, 1962).

Exchangeable calcium and magnesium:

Exchangeable Ca and Mg content of soil

was determined by extraction with 1M

NH4OAc, pH 7.0 solution followed by

measurement by atomic absorption

spectrometer (AAS).

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed statistically by F-

test to examine whether the treatment

effects were significant. The mean

comparisons of the treatments were

evaluated by DMRT (Ducan's Multiple

Range Test). The analysis of variance(ANOVA) for different parameters was

done by a computer package programme

"MSTATC.

Results and Discussion

Soil pH

A significant change was found on the

pH values of soil that were collected after

liming at different treatments and it was

increased steadily with the increased rates

of lime application (Figure 02). The pH

value of before liming were 5.3, 5.2, 5.3,

5.3, 5.4 and 5.3, which changed to 5.6, 5.5,

5.6, 5.5, 5.6 and 5.9 in treatment T1, T2, T3,

T4, T5 and T6, respectively, after 30 DAL.


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Chemical properties of post harvest soil

Table 1: Effects of liming on changes in soil properties of post harvest soils ofwheat field

These finding was also in agreement with the observation of (Rao et al., 1982). A

significant increase in pH was obtained with lime application and the better pH ranges

were observed with treatment T4 and T5. Similar observations were also reported by

(Basak, 2010; Halim, 2012) that pH of soil steeply increased during the first 30 days after

liming, then slightly increased and finally slightly decreased with time until the end of

120 days of experimentation.

Figure 2: Soil pH status before liming and at different days after liming


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Soil Organic Matter

The average soil organic matter content in initial soil and before liming was slightly

lower than soils collected after adding organic matter in the experimental field as per as

necessary on the basis of crop requirement (Table 1 and figure 2). After adding organicmatter to experiment field the status of OM was found to change significantly and

increased up to 60 days, but at 90th, day it was decreased due to application of liming.

The status of OM was increased with the advancement of the time, where the highest

value of OM 2.25 and 1.89 at 30 DAL in respectively T4 and T1 treatments, but at 120

DAL the status was found identical. This was possibly due to the liming affect which

increased pH of the initial acidic soil, as a result the microbial activities of the soil

increased. Possibly due to increased microbial activities soil organic matter wasdecreased. But the effect of liming may vary with time and environment condition such

as soil temperature and moisture as reported by Kreutzer (1995). Similar observations

were also reported by (Basak, 2010; Halim, 2012).

Figure 3: Soil OM status before liming and at different days after liming


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Available Phosphorus

The application of different rates of lime

increased the P availability of soils days

after liming up to harvest of wheat (Figure4). The initial value of available

phosphorus in the soil was 4.0 g g-1 soil

and days after lime up to the post harvest

soils had the values of 120th DAL 32.97,

37.40, 51.20, 44.33 and 43.97g g-1 soils in

T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 respectively. A

significant effect was found to the changeof available P. The status of available P on

soils was positively correlated with the

rates of lime application. Lime application

increased the soil pH which helped the

release of fixed P from the oxides and

hydroxides of Fe and Al thus increased the

P availability in soil.

In general soil pH should be maintained

6.0 to 7.5 to maximize plant available

phosphorus. Possibly the higher

concentration of P was due to the

application of phosphate fertilizer in acidic

soil over time because P is not mobile. This

result agreed with the report of (Samia,

2007).

They found that phosphours is not mobile

in the soil and can result in high

concentrations over time. Samia (2007)observed that the status of available P on

soils was positively correlated with the

rates of lime application. This result

agreed with (Basak, 2010) to find out the

pH of initial soil and soil before liming

was below 6.0. But the pH of soils after

liming were higher than 6.01, Where Bray

and Kurtz method was used for P

determination, with ammonium fluoride

(NH4F) as extracting solution.

The pH of soils that were collected after

liming was greater than 6.0 where Olsens

method were used for P determination

with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution

as extracting solution. Ammonium

fluoride extract more P even bound and

fixed phosphorus form soil compared with

sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. So,

in lower pH the availability of P was

slightly high than higher pH in the study

area.


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Figure 4: Soil P status before liming and at different days after liming.

Available Calcium

Available calcium in the sample that was

collected days after liming increased

steadily with increase rates of lime

application, but it decreased in treatment

T5 and T6. The available Ca of the soil

before liming was 2.22, 2.72, 2.6, 2.34 and

2.47 meq 100g soil-1 respectively. After

30th DAL that became 1.78, 2.05, 2.26, 2.46,

2.21 and 2.05 with T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and

T6 treatments respectively. The result was

found that the decreasing trend after 30th

DAL was found upto 120DAL (Table 1

and Figure 6). The liming material used as

Dolochun [Dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2], which

on dissolution released a large amount of

Ca and thus the available Ca increased in

soil after liming. The status of available Ca

on soils was positively correlated with the

rate of lime application, because

application of lime increased the soil pH,

which increased available Ca in soil. The

co-efficient of variation was 6.37% and

that of LSD was 0.019 at 1% level of

significant. Which means a significant

increased of Ca (2.46 meq 100g soil -1) was

obtained with lime application and the

better concentration of Ca was observed

2.46 in respect of treatment T4. This result

agreed to report of (Garica, 1975) that the

pH of acid soils increases due to liming,

and adsorption is higher with higher rate

of lime application and calcium

deficiencies are ameliorated.


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Figure 5: Soil Ca status before liming and at different days after liming

Available Magnesium

Magnesium availability in soil samples

collected during experiment was increased

just after liming at 30th DAL, but it was

gradually decreased with different rate of

lime application up to 120th DAL. The

content of available Mg in soil of sample

collected before liming was 0.52, 0.56,

0.55, 0.69, 0.59 and 0.56 meq 100g soil-1

which changed after 30th DAL to 0.09,

1.24, 1.54, 1.56, 1.61 and 1.55 meq 100g

soil-1 in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6

treatment respectively (Table 1 and Figure

7). The liming material used as Dolochun

[Dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2], which on

dissolution released a large amount of Mg

that increased the pH of soils. The co-

efficient of variation was 9.16 and LSD

was 0.327. Which means a significant

increase of Mg was obtained with lime

application and the highest lime rate was

more effective than lower rate. The highest

value was found 1.61 in respect of

treatment T5. This finding was also in

consonance with the finding of Garcia

(1975). Similar observations were also

reported by (Miller, 2000).


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Figure 6: Soil Mg status before liming and at different days after liming

Available Potassium

The application of different rate of lime

increased the K availability of soils at after

30th days after liming, but it decreased

gradually up to the 120th days after

liming. The result showed that numerical

different but level of lettering were

identical. The CV was 15.35 and that of

LSD was 0.0818 which was not significant

(Table 1 and Figure 8). But better

concentration of available K was obtained

with treatment T4 (1.5 t ha-1). Similar

observations were also reported by

(Jackson, 1962) and (Basak, 2010) that the

supply of exchangeable potassium in the

soil is often low in acid soils, due to the

formation of soluble K salt by soil acids

and their loss by leaching from the soil.

The availability of K begins to fall below a

pH of 6.0. This finding was also in

consonance with the finding of (Basak,

2010) found that liming acid soilspromotes and demotes potassium

availability to plant.


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Figure 7: Soil K status before liming and at different days after liming

Summary and conclusion

The experiment was laid out in a

randomized complete block design with

three replications. The size of the unit plot

was 2.5m x 4m. Soil of the experimental

field was sandy loam having initial pH 4.9,

organic matter 1.92%, total N 0.12%,

available P 4.0 g g-1, K 0.04 meq 100 g-1,

available Ca 3.5 meq 100 g-1, Mg 0.98 meq

100 g-1and S 12.00 g g-1. Post harvest soil

samples (120th DAL) were analyzed for

pH, OM, available P, K, Ca and Mg.

Soil pH of the post harvest soils in

different treatments of wheat increased

steadily with increase in rates of lime

application. The pH of the initial soil was

4.9 which increased to more than 6.0 due

to the application of more than 1.5 t lime

ha-1. The application of different rates of

lime increased the P, Ca and Mg

availability of the soils of different lime

treatments after harvest of wheat. The

available Mg of the initial soil was 0.98

meq 100 g-1 soil which increased to 1.61

meq 100 g-1due to application of 2.0 t lime

ha-1at 30 DAL. Similarly, the available Ca

of the initial soil was 1.5 meq 100 g-1 soil

which rose to 2.46 meq 100 g-1 soil due to

application of 1.5 t lime ha-1 at 30 DAL.

The results from this experiment showed

that liming is necessary for wheat

cultivation in the Amnura soil series of


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Sapahar Upazila of Naogaon District. The

application of lime to soil increased soil

pH, available P, Ca and Mg in soils which

had positive impact on yield componentsresulted in higher yield of wheat. The

application of 1.5 t lime ha-1 appears to be

optimum for wheat cultivation in the

study area. However, further research

may be carried out on the effects of lime

on yield bearing characteristics of wheat

for a sustainable food production.

Conflict of Interest:

There is no Conflict of Interest.


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REFERENCES

Adams, F. 1980. Soil acidity and Liming. Crop response to lime in the western United

States, Madison, Wisconsin USA.

BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council), 2005. Fertilizer Recommendation

Guide-2005. Soil Pub. No. 45. Farmgate, Dhaka.

Basak,V, 2010. Nutrient Dynamics and Chemical Properties of Acid soil under different

liming conditions in Mungbean field followed by Transplanted aman. MS Thesis Student

No. 0905046, HSTU, Dinajpur.

BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics), 2012. Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Bur. Stat. Ministry of Planning. Govt. of the People's Republic of

Bangladesh. Dhaka.

Buoyoucos, G. J. 1927. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of

soils. Agron. J. 54: 4661-4665.

FRG (Fertilizer Recommendation Guide, 2005), Bangladesh Agricultural Research

Council, Bangladesh.

Garica, F.V. 1975. Depth of liming on very acid soils. M. Sc. Thesis No. 842 AIT, Bangkok,

Thailand.

Halim, A. 2012. Comparative study of Nutrient Dynamics in Old Himalayan Piedmont

soil under different levels of lime and plant growth regulator-NAA. MS Thesis Student

No. 1005055,HSTU, Dinajpur.


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