Exposure = Intensity (aperture) X Time (shutter speed)

Exposure is a combination of the intensity (brightness) of Light that reaches the digital sensor of film (brightness is controlled by the size of the aperture) and the length of time The light strike that light sensitive surface (duration is controlled by the shutter speed). YOU ADJUST THE EXPOSURE OF YOUR PICTURES BY CHANGING THE SHUTTER SPEED, APERTURE, OR BOTH Remember 3 types of exposure?

Manual Shutter Priority Aperture Priority

Exposure meters average the tones in a scene,

Average tone = medium gray =18 percent gray

Remember! Automatic exposure can underexpose Or overexpose your subject. You may have to override it to get the Exposure you want.

Overriding automatic exposure by - go to manual mode - Exposure compensation dial - Backlit button (for backlit scenes)

cannon

If the light Level low Try metering A white surface Then +2 stop

Overcast day is a great day!

•  The Zone System

http://www.outdoorphotographer.com/how-to/shooting/the-digital-zone-system.html#.U8YuxKiZCAI

Tones and Bracketing Remember! For digital camera, Overexposure can lose significant Detail from highlight area that CANNOT be added later. But remember too dark area can add noise. For negative film, it is better to over Expose the film than under expose. For details in shadow, meter the shadow area then expose 2 stop Less.

BEST BET? Bracketing = produces Lighter and darker versions Of the same scene

Most people’s skin tone are rendered within 3 stop. Dark skin seem natural > middle gray or slightly darker (meter) Most light skin tone > 1 stop lighter than middle gray (meter +1) Very light skin > 2 stop lighter than middle gray (meter +2)

Note: Digital > Slight overexposure can lose detail from highlight That can’t be added later.

Negative film > Better to overexpose. If you want shadow dark but Still clearly visible then meter the shadow area and expose 2 stop Less than meter.

Change will effects ALL THE VALUES IN THE IMAGE.

BRACKET BRACKET!

In very contrast lighting, NO film or digital sensor can record color and details simultaneously in very light highlight and very dark shadow

Try exposing for the most important part of the scene, then bracket additional exposure.

It’s easier to get good exposures with color if lighting is soft or flat.

Image editing software can merge bracketed exposures.

http://photography.tutsplus.com/tutorials/understanding-using-ansel-adams-zone-system--photo-5607

Increasing the sensitivity of the camera's light sensor (ISO) introduces noise into the photo--random pixels of color.

In ordinary conditions, stick with the camera's lowest ISO level, since that'll give you the least digital noise. But when you notice that the camera is recommending a really slow shutter speed crank up the ISO. Just remember to drop it back down to the lower value when you're done. Tip: Your camera may have noise reduction!

ISO (International Organization Standardization) number Tells how sensitive a film or sensor is to light

The higher the ISO = the less light is required

But you pay the price:

Hiroshi Sugimoto

Tokohiro Sato (long exposure)

Tina Modotti

manuel alvarez bravo

CHANGES IN LIGHTING WILL CHANGE YOUR PICTURES

YUSUF KARSH

Light can affect the feeling of a photograph. Ex. Brilliant crisp hazy soft harsh smooth Practice by observing the light on your subject.

Direction of light > important because of shadow

When looking at light - direction of the light - direction of the shadow - Position of camera

Before you shoot, take a Moment to consider your Alternatives -should you move the subjects? - -should you move the camera? - -should you wait for the sun to move?

Front lighting comes from behind the camera toward the subject. The front of subject is evenly lit with minimal shadow visible.

Clear surface details but volume and textures are less pronounced. Ex. Flash

Garry Winogrand

Back lighting comes toward the camera from behind the subject. Can make translucent object glow, create rim lighting, bright outline.

Shadows are cast toward camera> prominent shadows > front of subject in shadow.

http://video.nytimes.com/

Side lighting comes toward the side of the subject and camera. Shadows are prominent, cast at the side of the subject.

Side lighting emphasize texture and volume. (early am.& late pm.)

Henry Wessel

Degree of diffusion > can range from contrast, hard edged, soft, diffuse. Usually refer to quality of light.

Direct light creates hard- edged, dark shadow. The smaller the light relative to subject or the farther away > the sharper & darker the shadow will be. (ex. Spotlight, the sun on clear day)

Diffused light scatters onto the subject from many directions. Ex. Overcast sky, tenting

Its shows little or no directionality. Light shadow, indistinct edges. Subject Surrounded by illumination.

Danny Lyon

Directional-diffused light combines qualities of direct and Diffused light. Shadow are visible but not too prominent.

Large window

Small window lets light into shadow

Lotte Jacobi

Or use floodlights & umbrella

Danny Lyon

Available light --Outdoors > you can’t control but learn to work with it.

Clear, sunny day creates bright highlights and dark, hard-edged shadows. (Look carefully, move around, or use fill light)

Pay attention!!

Light can bounce of concrete or other reflective surface onto

subject

On overcast day, at dusk, or in the shade, light will be diffused and soft.

Good & beautiful revealing light that illuminate all part of the scene.

Bill Burke

The light & shadow change as the time of day change.

Work early morning or late afternoon on a very sunny day.

Bill Gaskins

Available light --Indoors > Can be contrast or flat depend on the source of light. When shooting indoor, expose for the most important parts of the picture.

Shooting toward a bright window or lamp indoor creates contrasty light. The light is Directional with bright area fading off quickly into shadow. You can keep detail in Highlights or shadow but not in both. METER THE MOST IMPORTANT PART.

margaret bourke white

Diffused light indoors occurs when light comes from several different directions

Polly Brown

NOTE: Light indoors is often relatively dim If you want to use existing light & not add flash or other light Into a scene > use slow shutter speed and/or wider aperture. Focus carefully. High ISO setting (400) or fast film will help.