lighting evolution - azite the carbon filament incandescent lamp. a history of light sources 1932 -...
TRANSCRIPT
Lighting Evolution
Chris McLaughlin –Western Regional Manager Utility/DOT Market
On behalf of Becky Rainer –Program Manager, Industry & Government Affairs
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A History of Light Sources ~400,000 BCE - Fire is discovered. ~3000 BCE - Oil lamps are open bowls with a spout
to hold the wick. ~400 - The candle is invented. 1809 - Sir Humphrey Davey demonstrates electrical
discharge lighting to the Royal Institution in London, using an open-air arc between two carbon rods. The result is a very intense, and very pure white light. Unfortunately, as the arc runs, carbon boils off and the rods wear away: constant attention must be paid to readjusting the arc, feeding more carbon in.
1841 - Frederick DeMoleyns patented incandescent lamp using filaments of platinum and carbon, protected by a vacuum.
1880 - Thomas Edison receives U.S. patent #223,898 for the carbon filament incandescent lamp.
A History of Light Sources 1932 - Low pressure sodium lamps are first used commercially. 1934 - The high-pressure mercury lamp is introduced. 1938 - First commercial sale of the fluorescent lamp 1957 - The quartz halogen lamp (A.K.A. tungsten halogen lamp) is
invented. In conventional tungsten lamps, the filament metal slowly evaporates and condenses on the glass envelope, leaving a black stain. In this case, the halogen removes the deposited tungsten and puts it back on the filament.
1962 - First light emitting diode (LED) 1966 - Commercial introduction of the high pressure sodium lamp 1969 - A new form of metal halide lamp, the HMI lamp (mercury medium
arc iodides) is introduced. The H stands for mercury (atomic symbol "Hg"), M is for Metals and the I is for halogen components (iodide, bromide). It provides a daylight type spectrum.
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So What’s NextWhat is Driving the Change
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INFLUENCES
International Dark Sky Society
Energy Legislation
United States Department of Energy
Stimulus Funding
Desire “to be green”
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International Dark Sky
Founded in 1988 as a non-profit organization for educational and scientific purposes
Operates on donations, membership fees and governmental grants
Membership has grown to over 12,000
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Exterior Lighting Concerns
Sky Glow / Light Pollution Light Trespass Glare Safety and Security Photobiology/Effects on People, Plants & Animals Energy Efficiency
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MLO
Lighting Designers, City Officials, Engineers, Citizen Groups and Other
Promote consistency in Lighting Ordinances Reduce Light Pollution and Sky Glow Reduce Glare Lower excessive light levels (not exceed IES
recommended levels)
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LEGISLATION
EISA legislation - Incandescent Standard
EISA Legislation – Metal Halide Ballast
Outdoor Lighting
Metal Halide Lamp Rulemaking
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What is the opportunity – facts Lighting consumes 19% of all electricity in the world Approximately 2/3 of all lighting currently installed is based on older,
less energy efficient technology developed before 1970 There is an ongoing revolution in lighting technology. Switching the
older lighting to the latest technology brings huge savings in energy costs
Our current changeover rate to new lighting technologies is simply too slow: e.g. for street lighting the changeover rate is 3% per year, for office lighting 7%
Key issues
• Rising energy prices
• Global climate change
• Security of energy supply
• Economic growth
Value proposition = Energy efficient lighting
INFLUENTIAL PLAYERS
CONGRESS – makes environment, energy, security laws– DOE: given rulemaking power by Congress– EPA: environmental and Energy Star
STATES – can legislate anything not in violation of federal laws
NGO – Non-Governmental Organizations Alliance to Save EnergyJustice GreenIALD
Standards Update
EPACT 2005 – Energy Policy Act
Energy Independence and Security Act 2007
Energy Efficiency Improvement Act 2010 ????
EPACT 2005
Mercury Vapor HID Elimination Effective 1-1-2008Product manufactured in the USAAny import products Lamps may still be purchased –but no fixtures may be manufactured or imported.
EISA – INCANDESCENT PHASE OUT
EISA mandates that incandescent lamps shall be 30% more efficient
January 1, 2012 100W will no longer be available
January 1, 201375W will no longer be available
January 1, 2014 60W & 40W will no longer be available
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INCANDESCENT OPTIONS
Halogen - > 28% more efficient
Compact Fluorescent - 75% more efficient
LED - > 75% more efficient
The important thing will be to select your product based on lumen output – not wattage
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Energy Independence & Security Act
Ruling affects HID Metal Halide Ballast
Effective Date - 01-01-2009
Legislation will be reviewed in 2012 for effectiveness
Energy Conservation Standards Rulemaking
DOE to undertake a determination to see if energy conservation standards for high intensity discharge (HID) lamps (including metal halide lamps) would be technologically feasible and economically justified, and would result in significant energy savings. (42 U.S.C 6317(a)(1)) DOE must complete the HID determination by June 2010.
Schedule
Framework Document 2009 Hearing on Document 01/26/2010 Comments on Hearing 01/29/2010 Preliminary Analysis August 2010 Final Rule 01/01/2012 Effective Date 01/01/2015
Scope
Expand the coverage of the energy legislation to metal halide ballast in wattages less than 150 Watt
Reporting has shown that approximately 30 percent of the available metal halide ballast are less than 150 Watt.
Scope
Expand the coverage of the energy legislation to metal halide ballast in wattages greater than 500 Watts
Reporting has shown that approximately 13 percent of the available metal halide ballast are greater than 500 Watts.
Scope
Expand the coverage of the energy legislation to metal halide ballast
Fixtures with regulated lag ballast Fixtures that use electronic ballast to
operate at 480 volts.Fixtures that –
Are only rated for 150 Watt , rated for use in wet locations, and contain a ballast that is rated to operate at ambient temperatures above 50 degrees.
NEMA – Metal Halide Rulemaking
Expect requirement for lower wattage Metal Halide to have requirements between 88 – 92%. This could push to electronics on most products less than 200 Watt.
Requirement on the higher wattages could possibly be 92 – 94%. This will likely require a redesign of current HID Magnetic designs.
I believe this will drive the price of Metal Halide up at a time when LED product is becoming more affordable. This action could expedite the acceptance of Solid State Lighting
Metal Halide Lamp Rulemaking
Expect Final Rule to be set in 2013
Expect Effective date to be 2016
Focus will be on Probe Start Metal Halide Lamps - Likely in wattages from 150 – 500 W
Will also include Mercury Lamp Phase out in the event Legislation does not pass
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NEMA – FEDERAL OUTDOOR LIGHTING LEGISLATION
Efficiency Standards set for Luminaire Efficiency for pole mounted products.
Will Include all Outdoor Lighting Products, HID and SSL
Will be introduced as part of a larger Energy Bill
NEMA – FEDERAL OUTDOOR LIGHTING LEGISLATION
Products that are powered by a building will be required to meet ASHRAE 2010 standards, including controls
Products powered by the Utility will be an appliance standard that is measured in Target Lumens per Watt and possibly the use of controls.
As this is an Appliance Standard, approximately 15 % of current product could be obsoleted
California Outdoor Lighting
88% Ballast Efficiency with Integral control that lowers the lighting level by 40% after 30 minutes of no occupancy
OR Ballast Efficiency - 90% 150W – 250W
92% 251W – 500WOR 88% Ballast Efficiency in following wattages
150W – 160W200W – 215W290W - 335W336W - 500W (must be shipped with lamp that
produces 80 LPW)
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NEMA – ENERGY STAR
New Energy Star regulations for Outdoor Luminaires are set to go into effect in September 2012.
Three Huge IssuesExcessive testing required Timeline too shortRequirement to use Independent Lab
NEMA – ENERGY STAR
Nema is working with Energy Star to refine the requirements for Energy Star including an extension for qualification. This particular standard includes outdoor product for the first time, both HID and LED.
NEMA – SOLID STATE LIGHTING
SSL-3 High Power White LED Binning for General IlluminationSSL-1 Electronic Drivers for LED
Devices, Arrays, or SystemsSSL-6 Replacements for Incandescent
LampsWhite Papers – LSD 44, 45, 49
www.nema.org29
Others
Florescent Ballast RulemakingEliminate 88% of current ballast
Energy Star for Outdoor Lighting
Various lamps RulemakingsPAR lamps, T12 – July 2012
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Legislative Timeline - Lighting
1/2009 1/2010 1/2011 1/2012 1/2013 1/2014 1/2015 1/2016 1/2017 1/2018 1/2019 1/2020 1/2021
1/2008 1/2022
Yellow - LampsBlue - BallastsRed - Luminaires
1/2013All luminaires dimmable;
exceptions for verylow wattage only
[California Title 24]
1/2014Effectivity of ballast
rulemakingon T8 and T12
4 & 8 ft lamps (TBD)[2000 DOE]
7/2008Min efficacy for
IRL, BR, ER and BPAR;OPAR eliminated
[EISA 2007]
7/2012PAR halogen lamps
eliminated;most T12 eliminated;
many basic T8 GSFL fail[2009 DOE]
1/2011Updated 90.1;Controls focus
1/2022MH luminaire
DOE rulemaking[EISA 2007]
7/2010T12 ES ballasts must beused in luminaires sold
[EPACT 2005]
1/2012GS incandescent
minimum efficaciesstart to take effect
[EISA 2007]
1/2009Probe start MH death;
Pulse start, electronic MHmin ballast efficiency and
labeling[EISA 2007]
1/2019MH Luminaires
DOE Rulemaking[EISA 2007]
1/2013Outdoor
Minimum TER;Controls;
Minimum PF, LLD[Fed Outdoor]
7/2009Minimum efficiencyfor ES T12 ballasts
[EPACT 2005]
1/2008HID Mercury
ballasts outlawed[EPACT 2005]
1/2016Mercury HID lamps
become unavailable;DOE Amendments
[Fed Outdoor]
1/2018 (Est)Phase 2 DOE Outdoor
Rulemaking[Fed Outdoor]
2021 (Est)Phase 3 DOE Outdoor
Rulemaking[Fed Outdoor]
1/2010150-500W MH luminairesReduced wattage lamp,
higher eff ballastsor controls
[CA Title 20]
1/2015Lower wattage lamp
and controls orelectronic ballast
[CA Title 20]
1/2015MH Luminaires
DOE Rulemaking[EISA 2007]
Solid Line - FederalDashed Line - State
ANSI C136
ANSI IS A COMMITTEE THAT SETS THE STANDARDS FOR STRET AND AREA LIGHTING. THE GROUP IS COMPRISED OF BOTH MANUFACTURES AND USERS. SOME OF THE MAJOR UTILITIES ARE SOUTHERN COMPANY, PROGRESS ENERGY, DUKE ENERGY, CITY OF LOS ANGELES, ETC
ANSI C136
C136.15 – Luminaire labeling for Solid State Lighting Products - Published
C136.37 – Solid State Lighting for Area and Roadway Fixtures – sent for Publication
C136.40 – Solar Lighting for Street and Area Lighting –Published
ANSI C136 - In Process
Luminaire Pole Vibration Guide Dimming Controls Interface LED Retrofits for CobraHead Style Luminaires LED Retrofits for Post Top Style Luminaires Standard for Pendant Mounted Luminaires Standard for Plasma Luminaires Standard for Exterior Finish on Luminaires C136.2 – Surge Rating being revisited.
Department of Energy
Caliper Program – Testing of “off the shelf” product Gateway Program - Actual Field testing of LED
Luminaires Municipal Solid State Lighting Consortium
Over 300 members from Utilities and Municipalities
Has Issued a Model Specification for Outdoor Lighting
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/consortium.html
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Took 125 years to use the first trillion barrels of oil
We will use the next trillion barrels in 30 years
Consumption 1000 barrels per second
With the consumption rate and wells maturing (peaked) we have 35 years of oil left
In the year 2015 we will be importing more coal than we export
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For the past 30 years, High Pressure Sodium has been The technology of choice for the vast majority of theNation’s more than 39 million streetlights. At the beginning of its adoption during the late 1970’s, HPS helped cut the nation’s energy consumption for Streetlights in half , and provided an affordable alternative to the environmentally insensitive MercuryVapor streetlight. Today we are at an even morepivotal point with LED streetlights.
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For the first time in history, with the introduction of solid-state technology, a singular light source appears to show maximum potential to fill the three main desires for lighting: Illumination Performance, Controllability, and Operational Efficiency. In many cases, LED streetlights have proven to be a significantly better light source in terms of expected maintenance cost, energy efficiency, and quality of light “
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/specification.html
Conclusions
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SOLID STATE LIGHTING IS THE FUTURE OF WHITE LIGHT SOURCES
EFFICIENCIES WILL CONTINUE IN A UPWARD TRENDTHE SYSTEM WILL BECOME MORE COST EFFECTIVE
STANDARDS WILL CONTINUE TO EVOLVE AS WE LEARN MORE
Conclusions
FEDERAL LEGISLATION WILL CONTINUE TO PROMOTE MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS
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CONTROLS WILL BECOME PART OF THE SYSTEM IN AN EFFORT TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTIONSOLID STATE LIGHTING IS NOT THE ANSWER TO ALL LIGHTING APPLICATIONS
