ligações metálicas bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (Δx ~0). metallic...

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Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons. Metallic nuclei sharre weakly bonded valence electrons, which form an "electron gas". Metals have many more empty orbits than electrons available to fill them. For example, Fe requires 5 electrons to fill its outermost 3d shell. Metallically bonded solids share the following properties: low to moderate hardness, malleability and ductility (weak delocalized bonds); very good thermal and electrical conductivity (free electrons in

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Page 1: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Ligações Metálicas

Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons. Metallic nuclei sharre weakly bonded valence electrons, which form an "electron gas". Metals have many more empty orbits than electrons available to fill them. For example, Fe requires 5 electrons to fill its outermost 3d shell. Metallically bonded solids share the following properties: low to moderate hardness, malleability and ductility (weak delocalized bonds); very good thermal and electrical conductivity (free electrons in cloud); and form crystals with high symmetry (nuclei pack well).

Page 2: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons
Page 3: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Efeito de um Campo

Page 4: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Corrente

dQI

dt

Page 5: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Corrente, velocidade de arraste e densidade de corrente.

dAv dt volume percorridoparticulas

nVolume

ddQ qnAv dt

d

dQI qnAv

dt d

IJ qnv

A

Page 6: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Vetor densidade de CorrenteCorrente não tem sinal, repare que se a carga mudar de sentido, a velocidade também mudará. Mas, há o vetor densidade de corrente:

dJ nqv

Sempre apresenta o sentido do campo elétrico.

Page 7: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Resistividade

Em um material ôhmico:

E

J

Para um metal:

0 0(T) 1 T T

Page 8: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Resistência

E J

V E dL EL r r

A

I JdA JA L

V IA

Page 9: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Resistência

V RI

LR

A

0 0R(T) R 1 (T T )

Page 10: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons
Page 11: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Força Eletromotriz e Circuitos

abV IR

abV

Page 12: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Força Eletromotriz e Circuitos

abV Ir

Ir R

Page 13: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

0 Ir IR

Page 14: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Energia e Potência

ab abdW V dQ V Idt

ab

dWP V I

dt

Para um resistor:

ab

22

ab

VV IR P I R

R

Esta é a energia dissipada no resistor.

Page 15: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons
Page 16: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Bateria

2produzidaP I I r

2gastaparacarregarP I I r

Alternador

Page 17: Ligações Metálicas Bond between atoms with similar low electronegativities (ΔX ~0). Metallic bonding is essentially covalent bonding with delocalized electrons

Exercícios

26.43,26.44, 26.47, 26.48, 26.50, 26.52,26.61,26.62,26.64