lifestyle and environmental factors y associated with telomere

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Lifestyle and Environmental Factors Associated with Telomere Length an epidemiologic perspective Dale P. Sandler Epidemiology Branch National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences October 45, 2012

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Page 1: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Lifestyle and Environmental Factors yAssociated with Telomere Length

an epidemiologic perspective

Dale P. SandlerEpidemiology Branchp gy

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

National Academy of SciencesNational Academy of SciencesOctober 4‐5, 2012

Page 2: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Telomere LengthTelomere Length

Telomeres ‐ non‐coding repeatTelomeres  non coding repeat sequences of DNA; cap and protect chromosomes 

– Telomeres shorten with cell division and DNA damageC iti ll h t t l– Critically short telomeres can lead to

• Cellular senescence• Genomic instability

– Implications for disease risk

Page 3: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Telomeres as a Biomarker f l h difor Human Health Studies

Alfred Stieglitz –Georgia O’Keeffe – Hands, 1919

…illustrating the power of th f t t ththe fragment to express the whole.

Page 4: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Telomere LengthTelomere Length

Telomere length determined by multiple factors– Shorten with age (~25 bp/year) 

• Age‐related differences in rate of shortening• Shortening accelerated by oxidative stress and inflammation • Not a steady decline across the lifespan

– Telomerase‐related lengthening (compensation mechanisms)

Biological processes leading to telomere shortening are relevant mechanisms linking environmental exposures to diseasedisease

Telomeres an intermediary between exposures and disease?

Page 5: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

General Biomarker or Causal Intermediate?General Biomarker or Causal Intermediate?

EnvironmentLifestyleStress

Telomere Length Changes

Health Effects

Changes

T l

EnvironmentLifestyle

Telomere Length Changes

Stress

Health Effects

Page 6: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Environment and Telomere Length Evidence in Twins

Twin studies can quantify genetic and environmentalTwin studies can quantify genetic and environmental contributions to disease or other outcomes

– Telomere length studied in 686 male US WWII and Korean Telomere length studied in 686 male US WWII and KoreanWar veteran monozygotic and dizygotic twins (mean age 77.5) including 181 MZ and 125 DZ complete pairs

– TL correlated in pairs, but no difference between MZ and DZ twins (N Huda, et al., Aging Cell 2007)

l l h l l f d h dTelomere length later in life due to shared environment rather than heritable effects 

Page 7: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Environmental Factors d l hand Telomere Length 

Most research focused on lifestyle factorsMost research focused on lifestyle factors– Shorter telomeres

• Smoking • Obesity and abdominal fatness• Alcohol

– Longer telomeresLonger telomeres • Greater physical activity• Multivitamin use• Dietary omega‐6 and omega‐3 fatty acids• Cereal fiber• Serum vitamin D levels

Page 8: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Alcohol and Telomere LengthAlcohol and Telomere Length

• Leukocyte telomeres ymeasured in random sample of older men (mean age 76) in The(mean age 76) in The Helsinki Businessmen Study (n=499)

• Alcohol at midlife associated with shorter telomeres; no associationtelomeres; no association with current drinking

• Lasting effects

TE Strandberg, et, al. Eur J Epidemiol 2012 (early epub)

Page 9: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Environmental Factors and Telomere LengthEnvironmental Factors and Telomere Length

Few studies of environmental toxicants– Shorter telomeres 

• Traffic‐related air pollutants• Lead levels in Chinese battery workers• Lead levels in Chinese battery workers• N‐nitrosamines in Swedish rubber workers• PAH exposure in Polish coke‐oven workers• Some agricultural pesticides• Some agricultural pesticides

– Longer telomeres • Arsenic in drinking water

A i i d i h i d l i– Arsenic associated with increased telomerase expression• Acute exposure to metal‐rich PM in steel workers • PCBs and other organochlorines

Page 10: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Studies of Air Pollution and Telomere LengthStudies of Air Pollution and Telomere Length

Small studies; differing resultsSmall studies; differing results– Due to sample size, differences in exposures or exposure duration, other differences?

Exposure  Subjects Location TL

1‐year exposure levels to black carbon

165 never‐smoking men in the Normative Aging St d

Boston, US1 Short 

Study

Long‐term traffic pollution 77 traffic officers57 office workers

Milan, Italy2  Short  

3 day exposure to 63 steel workers Brescia Italy3 Long3‐day exposure to ambient PM

63 steel workers Brescia, Italy3 Long 

Long‐term PM  60 truck drivers 60 indoor office workers

Beijing, China4 Long (2‐day exposure) Short (14‐day exposure)

1.  McCracken, EHP 2010;  2.  Hoxha, Environ Health 20093.  Dioni,  EHP 2011;  4.  Hou, Environ Int 2012 

Page 11: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Telomere Length in the Sister StudyTelomere Length in the Sister Study

Sister Study – prospective study of 50,884 sisters ofSister Study  prospective study of 50,884 sisters of women who have had breast cancer

– Recruited 2004 – 2009– US and Puerto Rico– Age 35‐74– Never had breast cancer– 16% minority

Page 12: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Sister Study Design

Page 13: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Sister Study DataLifetime Influences on Women’s Health

Page 14: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Telomere Length in the Sister StudyTelomere Length in the Sister Study

Motivated by reports of psychological stress related y p p y gtelomere shortening (e.g. E Epel, PNAS 2004) – DoD grant, C ParksCross‐sectional study using baseline Sister Study dataCross sectional study using baseline Sister Study data 

– Questionnaire data on self‐perceived stress and other factors– Measured height and weight

Stress hormone levels in urine– Stress hormone levels in urine– Leukocyte telomere length

Sample of early participants (N=647)– Exclusions:  Current shift work, recent surgery/chemotherapy, 

missing data, breast cancer within 12 months of enrollment– Enriched for higher perceived stress, nonwhite race, smoking

Page 15: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Telomere Length in the Sister StudyTelomere Length in the Sister Study

Telomere length assay – quantitative PCR*Telomere length assay  quantitative PCR– DNA from leukocytes (frozen whole blood)– Ratio of relative amplification of telomere sequence (t) to p q ( )a single copy (s) gene

– QC – duplicates (8.7% CV, adj. for plate)

Average t/s ratio values normally distributed; mean = 1.32 (SD 0.25)Transformed (some results) into base pairs (1 t/s ratio unit=4270 bp); mean = 5,618 (SD 1,069)

*RM Cawthon, Nucl Acids Res 2002

Page 16: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Stress and Telomere LengthStress and Telomere Length

All Higher women norepinepherine

None PT FT OTParks, et al., OEM 2011

0-2 >2 0 1-2 3-5 6-7 8+Stress Score

Parks, et al. CEBP 2009 0            1            2           3

DeRoo, et al. AJE 2010 (abstract)

Page 17: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Obesity and Telomere LengthObesity and Telomere Length

nml nml nml overwt+nml overwt obese overwt+

<25 25-<30 30+ <25 25-<30 30+

BMI now BMI 30-39

Kim, et al., CEBP 2009

Page 18: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Multivitamins and Telomere LengthMultivitamins and Telomere Length

MultivitaminsMultivitamins

0 <3 4-6 daily

Days per weekXu, et al., Am J Clin Nutrition 2009

Page 19: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Other AssociationsOther Associations 

Shorter telomeres– Increasing age (‐27 bp year)– Current smoking– Lower education– Lower education– Self‐reported poor health– Cardiovascular or metabolic disease

d h l l hFactors not associated with telomere length– Clinical depression– Average sleep durationAverage sleep duration– Regular exercise– Use of HRT

Page 20: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Telomere Length and Breast CancerTelomere Length and Breast Cancer

Case‐cohort study y– 385 incident cancers and random 

sample (n=770) of cohort enrolled by June 2007

Quartile of Relative TL HR 95% CI≥1 42 1 0 Referentby u e 00

No association of telomere length and breast cancer

≥1.42 1.0 Referent1.18-<1.42 0.9 (0.6-1.3)1.0 - <1.18 1.1 (0.8-1.6)

Associations between rTL and 5 (of 33) SNPs in genes involved in 

<1.0 0.9 (0.6-1.4)

Kim, et al., Cancer Causes Control  2011

DNA histone methylationEpigenetic regulation of telomere length?telomere length?

Kim, et al., PLoS One 2011

Page 21: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

LimitationsLimitations

• Small sample sizes p• Inconsistent or unconfirmed results – possibly due to different study designs or population factors

• Limited data on reproducibility and validity of assays, inter‐laboratory differences

– Good reproducibility, but inter‐assay CV higher for qPCR (Aviv p y, y g q (2011)

– TL from single time point fairly represents average of multiple measurements over 12 months (Kim 2011)l ff i C i h i l li d f l– Plate effects in qPCR assay require technical replicates and careful 

balancing of case and control samples (Kim 2011)

Page 22: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

LimitationsLimitations

Most research cross‐sectionalMost research cross sectional– Telomere length and rate of attrition vary across the 

lifespan – Heritable differences in telomere length may affect rate of 

changeSingle measure at one time point may misclassify telomere– Single measure at one time‐point may misclassify telomere characteristics

Need longitudinal studies

Page 23: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Can a single image capture h l i f i di id l?the complexity of an individual?

Nicholas NixonThe Brown Sisters 1975

Page 24: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Can a single image capture h l i f i di id l?the complexity of an individual?

Nicholas NixonThe Brown Sisters 2011The Brown Sisters 2011

Page 25: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

Can a single image capture h l i f i di id l?the complexity of an individual?

Nicholas NixonNicholas NixonThe Brown Sisters1975‐2011

Page 26: Lifestyle and Environmental Factors y Associated with Telomere

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Sister Study Telomere CollaboratorsSister Study Telomere Collaborators– Honglei ChenLisa DeRoo– Lisa DeRoo

– Sangmi KimCh i ti P k– Christine Parks

– Jack TaylorCl i W i b– Clarice Weinberg

– Qun Xu