life in the universe - university of north floridan00006757/astronomylectures/ecp4e/last...
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Life in the Universe
• The only place we know life exists is here on Earth
• One of humanity’s Big Questions is whether it exists elsewhere
• We can get some clues by considering life’s history here on Earth
• When we do, we can get an idea how likely life “as we know it” is
• We should keep in mind that life as we know it may not be the only kind possible
• But it is the kind that we will be best able to recognize, if it does exist…
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When did life arise on Earth?
What do these events tell us about the possibility
that life exists elsewhere in the universe?
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When did life arise on Earth?
• The first evidence of life
appears ~150 million years
after it became possible
• It is not fossil evidence, but
trace chemical evidence
• The evidence is in the ratio of
carbon-12 to carbon-13
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Carbon isotope evidence for life
• In >3.8-billion-year-old
rocks like these in
Greenland there is a higher
than normal ratio of 12C:13C
• Living things incorporate 12C more easily than 13C
• So the higher ratio is taken
as indirect evidence for life
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When did life arise on Earth?
• The oldest fossils of living things
date to ~3.5 billion years ago.
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Earliest Fossils
• The oldest fossils of living things
date to ~3.5 billion years ago.
• Fossil stromatolite in 3.5-billion-
year-old rock
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Earliest Fossils
• The oldest fossils of living things
date to ~3.5 billion years ago.
• Fossil stromatolite in 3.5-billion-
year-old rock
• This is a living stromatolite
• Stromatolites are layered structures
formed by colonies of bacteria
• They still exist today, typically in
extreme environments like hyper-
salty lakes and lagoons
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Earliest Fossils
• The oldest fossils of living things
date to ~3.5 billion years ago.
• Fossil stromatolite in 3.5-billion-
year-old rock
• This is a living stromatolite
• Stromatolites are layered structures
formed by colonies of bacteria
• They still exist today, typically in
extreme environments like hyper-
salty lakes and lagoons
• Here are some in a lagoon in
Australia
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When did life arise on Earth?
• So fossil evidence shows that life
certainly existed on Earth by 500
million years after conditions
would permit it to survive
• And chemical evidence suggests
it probably existed much earlier
• But how did it come to be?
• We don’t know
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• We do know that all “life as we know
it” has an inside and an outside
• These are separated by a lipid
membrane (along with a cell wall in
plants)
• Vesicles made of lipids are easy to
make in the laboratory
How did life arise on Earth?
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How did life arise on Earth?
• Life as we know it also has a nucleic acid genome
containing instructions for building the organism
• And we know that all of that was accomplished here on
Earth surprisingly quickly
• So we believe that given similar conditions elsewhere, life
will also arise
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Necessities for Life As We Know It
• Nutrient source
• Energy (starlight, chemicals, heat)
• Liquid water (hardest to come by)…
• And can only exist if planet is in “habitable zone”
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Habitable Planets
Definition:
A habitable world contains the basic necessities for life as
we know it, including liquid water.
• It does not necessarily have life.
• There still needs to be sufficient time for life to evolve
• And certain other requirements as well
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Constraints on star systems:
1. Old enough to allow time for origin and evolution (rules
out high-mass stars — 1%)
2. Need to have stable orbits (might rule out
binary/multiple star systems — 50%)
3. Size of habitable zone: region in which a planet of the
right size could have liquid water on its surface
Even so… billions of stars in the Milky Way seem
at least to offer the possibility of habitable worlds.
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The Bottom Line
• We don’t yet know how important or
negligible these concerns are.
• The general feeling among most scientists is
that microbial life is likely to be common
• But how common intelligent, technological
life like us humans is, is unknown
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• If there are other civilizations as advanced as ours….
• What would they be like?
• What would the “people” look like?
• How would they think?
• Presumably they would have similar science to ours…
• What would their art be like?
• What would their philosophy be like?
• What would their religion be like?
Exocivilizations