life after perc and why bifacial pv will enter the us...
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Life after PERC and why bifacial PV will enter the US market quickly?
Dr. Radovan Kopecek and Dr. Joris Libal
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
abstractPV (Photovoltaics) is becoming the cheapest energy source world wide- now in some parts even
dethroning coal energy as the most cost effective option. At the beginning of 2017, with a total installed
capacity of about 300GWp and lowest electricity prices between 2-3US$ct/kWh, PV has become visible
worldwide. End 2017 close to 100 GWp module installations have been added- EDF/Masdar delivered
the lowest bid ever of 1.78USct/kWh in Saudi Arabia with advanced bifacial module technology and
tracking. A new era of PV started- moving away from long time dominating Al-BSF solar cell.
PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) technology is becoming faster than anybody would have
expected Nr. 1 technology in terms of production capacity. In 2018, with 75GWp capacity, PERC will
have more than 50% of the market share. However, not only that in some cases PERC modules are
degrading due to a novel degradation (LeTID) but also the reachable efficiencies are expected to come
to their limits. Then advanced n-type technologies will take over.
ISC Konstanz is, since its foundation 12 years ago, working on advanced n-type bifacial solar cell
concepts- mainly on nPERT (BiSoN) and IBC (ZEBRA). In this presentation we will show what will be
the next generation of solar cells after PERC took over the market. “Standard” 6 inch screen printed
nPERT and nIBC technologies are reaching efficiencies of 22% and 23% respectively. In order to reduce
costs and increase voltages new Al-metallisation technologies are entering the market. However, if
efficiencies >24% are targeted, low cost passivated contacts are required. With such technologies the
theoretical limit of c-Si technologies will be reached in couple of years in mass production. In order to
overcome this limit of ca. 28%, new technologies will be added to the c-Si devices: e.g. Perowskites on
top of bifacial passivated contact nPERT solar cells. Efficiencies of >30% are expected with LCOEs in
bifacial tracked PV systems below 1USct/kWh.
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
bifiPV2018 in Denver September 10/11
- 170 visitors
- R&D, industry and
financing sectorNREL, SANDIA, ASU,… sunpower,
sunpreme, prism solar, Soltec,
8minutenergy, …Black&Veatch, …
- common conclusion is that
after HSAT bifacial PV is
the next „big thing“ for
US PV market
- However still several
issues has to be
improved- mostly
improvement of
bankable simulations of
increased energy yield
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
bifiPV2018 in Denver September 10/11
- 170 visitors
- R&D, industry and
financing sectorNREL, SANDIA, ASU,… sunpower,
sunpreme, prism solar, Soltec,
8minutenergy, …Black&Veatch, …
- common conclusion is that
after HSAT bifacial PV is
the next „big thing“ for US
PV market
- However still several
issues has to be
improved- mostly
bankable simulations of
increased energy yield
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 5
Bosch n-type technology
agenda
- ISC Konstanz
- PV until 2018
(life before PERC)
- PERC 2018
(life with PERC)
- What next?(life after PERC)
- Bifacial PV: the time has come
- Summary
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 6
ISC Konstanz Institute & technology transfer
2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
ISC Konstanz: who we are
7
International Solar Energy Research Center Konstanz
ISC Konstanz is a nonprofit organization based in Germany
and has been founded in 2005
its 50 scientists from over 20 different nations are focusing on
R&D on c-Si solar cells, modules and systems with academic and
industry partners in publicly funded as well as in bilateral projects
technology transfer of BiSoN (nPERT) and ZEBRA (IBC)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
ISC Konstanz: technology transfer
8
2015: BiSoN (nPERT) transfer to industrial line at
MegaCell (Italy), production capacity 85 MW/year, cell
efficiency max. 21% achieved
2016: BiSoN R&D with Asian company
21.5+% average cell efficiency achieved in pilot line
2017: BiSoN transfer to industrial line at adani (India)
started - production capacity: 100 MW/year
NEW: 2019: ZEBRA (IBC) transfers in EU and Asia
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bosch n-type technology
BiSoN (nPERT) and ZEBRA (IBC)
21.5+% 23.0+%very low COO due to BSG passivation and standard low cost processes
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 10
Bosch n-type technologyISC´s roadmap for screen printed
6” Si solar cells 2018
>20%
>21%
>22% stable >22% stable
>23.5% stable
BiSoN
ZEBRA
MoSoN
PELICAN19.5%
21.5% 21.5%
23.0%
21.0%
laser
SiO2/SiNx
(or Al2O3/SiNx)
B-diffusion
(B-passivation)
n-type waferp+ Ag(Al) paste
fast laser
SiNx
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 11
Bosch n-type technology
n-type low cost c-Si solar cells 2018
21.8%21.5% 22.5%
BiSoN MoSoN ZEBRA
21.5%+ 22%+ 23%+
Voc= 670mV Voc= 690mV Voc= 685mV
Bifi: 90+% Bifi: 70+% Bifi: 80+%
Implemented in industry almost ready for industry ready for transfer to industry
Instead of AlOx,all these n-type technologies use BSG- (boron silicate glass),formed during LP-BBr3 diffusion, as low-cost passivation layer
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 12
Prof. Dr. Ernst Bucher
ISC Konstanz: sponsors and members
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 13
ISC partners/customers
universities/institutes
machine builders component suppliers
cells/modules and systems
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
ISC team
14
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
ISC Konstanz: international team
15
20 nations: almost every 2nd employee is from abroad
50 people involved in R&D of c-Si PVGermany (30),
Romania (3),
Italy (2),
Algeria (1),
Austria (1),
Cameroon (1),
Chile (1),
China (1)
Czech Republic (1),
Hungary (1),
India (3),
Kazakhstan (1),
Poland (1),
Peru (1)
Switzerland (1),
Taiwan (1),
Turkey (2),
Ukraine (1),
Venezuela (1)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
ISC departments/groups
16
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 17
MegaCell
40MW/a BiSoN in Q2 2015 >>> 80MW/a BiSoN in Q4 2015
2015: 21% BiSoN cell at MegaCell
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
AtaMo 2018
BiSoN 2015
BiSoN 2017
All technology transfers of ISC Konstanz
ZEBRA 2018
BiSoN 2017
BiSoN/ZEBRA 2019
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
2017/2018
BiSoN technology transfer
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
BiSoN technology transfer
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
2018-2019
ZEBRA technology transfer
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
monofacial ZEBRA (IBC) module
315+Wp
no LID
no LeTID
no PID
If bifacial:
400+Wpe
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 23
Bifacial ZEBRA module at SNEC
HHSD (SPIC) the largest renewable energy electricity provider in China
is interested in bifacial ZEBRA (with HSAT)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 24
ZEBRA for BIPV and PIPV
Severa
l colla
bora
tions w
ith U
S c
om
panie
s
and u
niv
ers
itie
s
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
ISC Konstanz and Chile
- 2007: Prof. Bucher traveled Chile to promote renewables
- 2008: First PhD Student from Chile at ISC Konstanz (in total 5 PhD
students from Chile) More to come.
- 2012: ISC Konstanz starts bifacial workshops (this year in US)
- 2012: ISC Konstanz visited Chile (SERC)
- 2013: SolarChilD project starts (BMBF): development of AtaMo
- 2014: bifacial workshop in Chile (Antofagasta)
- 2015: First discussions about AtaMoS-TeC with CORFO and SERC
- 2016: Proposal to CORFO to fund AtaMoS-TeC
- 2017: Open tender from CORFO
- 2018: AtaMoS-TeC starts
>> many countries are showing interest for XMoS-TeC (Peru, Ethiopia,
Burkina Faso, Nigeria…)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
ISC Konstanz and Chile
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
AtaMoS-TeC
AtaMoS-TeC: bifacial technology center
12MioUS$ (CORFO) + 5MioUS$ (Industry) for 5 years
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
development cooperation 2018
28
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Development- and Education-cooperation
Module DonationsEducation ISC´s PV-Projects
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 30
development cooperation
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
development cooperation: GhanSol
31
Nyakrom
school
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 32
PV cell technologies until 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
100GWp installed in 2017
ca. 50% in China
Accumulated PV systems end 2017 at 400GWp
>> 1TW installed in 2022
PERC in production with 30GWp approaching 22%
Expected: 60-70GWp in 2018
(but: LeTID could be a challenge)
Module prices at 30-40USct/Wp (now even below 30USct/Wp)
Lowest bid from EDF/Masdar in Saudi Arabia of
1.79USct/kWh (bifacial HSAT)
Important numbers for PV 2017/2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
First they ignore you then they laugh at you
then they fight you and then you win.
History, status and future of PV
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 35
Kopecek et al., PV international, issue 21, 2013 (updated for bifacial book)
History, status and future of PV
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
History and future of PV, PERC, bifi
2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027
0% 0% 0% 0% 0.1% 0.5% 1-2% 4% 6% 8%
First they ignore you then they laugh at you then they fight you and then you win.
PV against other energy sources (total installations)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
History and future of PV, PERC, bifi
2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027
0% 0% 0% 0% 0.1% 0.5% 1-2% 4% 6% 8%
First they ignore you then they laugh at you then they fight you and then you win.
PV against other energy sources (total installations)
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 50% 70% 100% 100%
First they ignore you then they laugh at you then they fight you and then you win.
PERC against Al-BSF (market share)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
History and future of PV, PERC, bifi
2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027
0% 0% 0% 0% 0.1% 0.5% 1-2% 4% 6% 8%
First they ignore you then they laugh at you then they fight you and then you win.
PV against other energy sources (total installations)
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 50% 70% 100% 100%
First they ignore you then they laugh at you then they fight you and then you win.
PERC against Al-BSF (market share)
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0.1% 0.3% 5% 10% 40%
Bifacial against monofacial (total installations)
First they ignore you then they laugh at you then they fight you and then you win.
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 39
0 100 200 300 400 500
Moduleprice per area [$/m2]
50
40
30
20
10
0
G1
G3sc-Si (n-type)
mc-Si (p-type)
CdTe
2009
Effi
cien
cy[%
]
sc-Si (p-type)
G2
Kopecek & Libal, PVTech,27 May 2015, 17 July 2015Limit for industrial c-Si solar cells reached in 2030: what next?
Technology forecast 2018-2030
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 40
0 100 200 300 400 500
Moduleprice per area [$/m2]
50
40
30
20
10
0
G1
G2
G3sc-Si (n-type)
mc-Si (p-type)CdTe
III-V MJ
20132009Ef
fici
ency
[%]
sc-Si (p-type)
Kopecek & Libal, PVTech,27 May 2015, 17 July 2015Limit for industrial c-Si solar cells reached in 2030: what next?
2017
2017
2017
Technology forecast 2018-2030
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 41
0 100 200 300 400 500
Moduleprice per area [$/m2]
50
40
30
20
10
0
G1
G2
G3sc-Si (n-type)
mc-Si (p-type)CdTe
III-V MJ
20132009Ef
fici
ency
[%]
sc-Si (p-type)
Kopecek & Libal, PVTech,27 May 2015, 17 July 2015Limit for industrial c-Si solar cells reached in 2030: what next?
20172017
BIFACIAL2017
Technology forecast 2018-2030
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 42
0 100 200 300 400 500
Moduleprice per area [$/m2]
50
40
30
20
10
0
G1
G2
G3sc-Si (n-type)
mc-Si (p-type)CdTe
III-V MJ
20132009Ef
fici
ency
[%]
sc-Si (p-type)
Kopecek & Libal, PVTech,27 May 2015, 17 July 2015Limit for industrial c-Si solar cells reached in 2030: what next?
20172017
2017
Technology forecast 2018-2030
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 43
0 100 200 300 400 500
Moduleprice per area [$/m2]
50
40
30
20
10
0
G1
G2
G3sc-Si (n-type)
mc-Si (p-type)CdTe
III-V MJ
20132009Ef
fici
ency
[%]
sc-Si (p-type)
Kopecek & Libal, PVTech,27 May 2015, 17 July 2015Limit for industrial c-Si solar cells reached in 2030: what next?
20172017
G3NEW
2030 2017
Technology forecast 2018-2030
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 44
0 100 200 300 400 500
Moduleprice per area [$/m2]
50
40
30
20
10
0
G1
G2
G3sc-Si (n-type)
mc-Si (p-type)CdTe
III-V MJ
20132009Ef
fici
ency
[%]
sc-Si (p-type)
Kopecek & Libal, PVTech,27 May 2015, 17 July 2015Limit for industrial c-Si solar cells reached in 2030: what next?
20172017
G3NEW
2030 2017
BIFACIAL
Technology forecast 2018-2030
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 45
0 100 200 300 400 500
Moduleprice per area [$/m2]
50
40
30
20
10
0
G1
G2
G3sc-Si (n-type)
mc-Si (p-type)CdTe
III-V MJ
20132009Ef
fici
ency
[%]
sc-Si (p-type)
Kopecek & Libal, PVTech,27 May 2015, 17 July 2015Limit for industrial c-Si solar cells reached in 2030: what next?
20172017
G3NEW
2030
TANDEM
Up-down conversion/shifting
2017
Technology forecast 2018-2030
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 46
ITRPV forecast
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 47
ITRPV forecast
Al-BSF
HJT
IBC
Tandem
PERL
PERT
PERC
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 48
ITRPV forecast
Al-BSF
HJT
IBC
Tandem
PERL
PERT
PERC
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
PV TECH forecast
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
PV TECH forecast
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 51
PV cell TECH 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Lowest cost
High efficiency
Low cost
Highest efficiencyIBC mono
PERC mono
Al-BSF mono
Al-BSF mc
- mc-Si solar cells and modules are still most
cost effective (costs/Wp)
- advanced c-Si concepts have lowest LCOEs
in systems
COO vs LCOE
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 53
PV cell TECH 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 54
PERC
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bosch n-type technology
Al-BSF vs. PERC
20%
22%
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bosch n-type technology
Bifacial PERC
21.5%
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bosch n-type technology
monofacial PERC record cell in March 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bosch n-type technology
monofacial PERC record cell in May 2018
23.95%
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bosch n-type technology
monofacial PERC (real efficiencies)
- Averages in production: 21.5%-21.7%
- Efficiencies in R&D: 22+%
- JinKo´s largest 1.17GW PV installation in Abu
Dhabi with PERC at 2.42USct/kWh in 2019
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bosch n-type technology
monofacial PERC (real efficiencies)
- Averages in production: 21.5%-21.7%
- Efficiencies in R&D: 22+%
- JinKo´s largest 1.17GW PV installation in Abu
Dhabi with PERC at 2.42USct/kWh in 2019
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 61
What next?(life after PERC)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bosch n-type technology
nPERT vs. IBC
23%
22%
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Technologies to come after PERC
63
Short term (next 2 to 3 years)
nPERT B-diffusions (LPCVD BBr3, APCVD with BSG passivation, …)
Al contacting and selective emitter technology for nPERT and IBC
IBC with low cost processes for 23% - 24% efficiency
Medium term (next 3 to 5 years)
Further efficiency step (25%+) by passivated contacts for nPERT and IBC
Heterojunction : both sided contacted and back contact (IBC)
Long term (more than 5 years from now)
“peroPERT”
c-Si/perovskite tandem cells: perovskite cell on top of nPERT in order to
overcome the efficiency limitation of c-Si PV cells of 29.4%
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 64
Bosch n-type technology
n-type low cost c-Si solar cells 2018
21.8%21.5% 22.5%
BiSoN MoSoN ZEBRA
21.5%+ 22%+ 23%+
Voc= 670mV Voc= 690mV Voc= 685mV
Bifi: 90+% Bifi: 70+% Bifi: 80+%
Implemented in industry almost ready for industry ready for transfer to industry
Instead of AlOx,all these n-type technologies use BSG- (boron silicate glass),formed during LP-BBr3 diffusion, as low-cost passivation layer
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Factory layout mc-Si Al-BSF
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Factory layout Cz-Si PERC
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Factory layout Cz-Si nPERT (BiSoN)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Factory layout Cz-Si IBC (ZEBRA)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 69
Cz-Si wafer price history (pvinsights.com)
Current price gap between n-type and p-type: + 5%
+ 33%
+ 5%
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 70
2002
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
Sunpower
Sanyo
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 71
2004
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 72
2007
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 73
2010
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 74
2011
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
Sunpower
Panasonic
Yingli
LG elect.
BOSCH
Suniva
Silevo
Sunpreme
Later also
Misson
Solar
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 75
2013
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 76
2016
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 77
2017
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 78
2018
advantage weight
p- vs. n-type c-Si cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 79
COO, LCOE
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 80
Cell and module CoO (06/2018)
Assumption: vertically integrated cell & module manufacturer in Asia ( 1GW/year)
0.30 0.30 0.31 0.33
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 81
LCOE: assumptions
- monofacial energy yield: 1930 kWh/kWp/year (MENA)
- system lifetime: 25 years
- discount rate: 6%
- bifacial factor nPERT: 90%, bifacial factor PERC and ZEBRA: 75%
- system cost (including module cost as shown above):
- monofacial PERC fixed tilt: 0.71 USD/Wp
- monofacial PERC HSAT: 0.83 USD/Wp
- tracking gain: 16%
- combined gain (tracking + bifacial): 33% for PERT, 30% for PERC and
ZEBRA
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 82
LCOE: results
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 83
summary 1
- since mid 2016 (when mono c-Si wafer prices approached mc-Si) China is
pushing innovations into the market
- PERC is a success story and PERC+ is coming: in 2017 around
30 GW production capacity; end 2018 50 GW are expected
- new n-type players are entering the market: at the moment 10GW capacity
(mainly nPERT with a small part of IBC)
- CoO of nPERT is approaching PERC
(and n-type and p-type wafer prices almost reached parity)
- low cost IBC-cells (bifacial and monofacial) are ready to enter the market
- LCOE of bifacial PERC+ and nPERT systems can be around 20% lower
than for standard monofacial fixed tilt
- bifacial PERC+ and nPERT will become dominant cell technologies in the
near future; maybe also HJT will be more visible
BUT: WE HAVE TO BE CAREFULL BECAUSE OF LeTID
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV technology
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV systems: best reported
1.25 MWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV systems: best reported
19-20% bifacial
energy gain
1.25 MWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV systems: mostly shown
20+% bifacial
energy gain2.5 MWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV systems: largest fixed tilt
ca. 12% bifacial
energy gain
50 MWp
100 MWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV systems: largest rooftop
10 MWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV systems: largest tracked
71 MWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV systems: largest vertical
2 MWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial PV systems: largest vertical
2 MWp
10+% bifacial
energy gain
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial applications (from LinkedIn)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial applications (from LinkedIn)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial applications (from LinkedIn)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial applications (from LinkedIn)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Prognoses of bifacial market share
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial book
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial book
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial history
Bifacial book 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial history
Bifacial book 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial history
Bifacial book 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Why will bifacial win?
Bifacial book 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Possible cell technologies
Bifacial book 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain for fixed tilt
Bifacial book 2018
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>15%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
Module
Ground
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>15%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
80 cm
BG: 7±3%
Module
Ground
Construction: fixed tilt
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>15%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
80 cm
BG: 10±3%
Module
Ground
Construction: fixed tilt
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>15%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
80 cm
BG: 15±3%
Module
Ground
Construction: fixed tilt
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>15%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
80 cm
BG: 25±3%
Module
Ground
Construction: fixed tilt
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>15%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
80 cm
BG: 5±3%
Module
Ground
Construction: HSAT
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>15%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
80 cm
BG: 8±3%
Module
Ground
Construction: HSAT
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>20%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
80 cm
BG: 10±3%
Module
Ground
Construction: HSAT
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial gain
HJT: b>92
PERT: b>90
PERC: b>80
IBC: b>70
Dark soil: a>10%
Grass: a>15%
Sand: a>30%
White roof: a>70%
1 sun 1 sun
80 cm
BG: 20±3%
Module
Ground
Construction: HSAT
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
Bifacial modules
115
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
116
Bifacial module technologies
Junction box
Backsheet Glass
Encapsula
nt
FrameComponents
72 Solar cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 117
Bifacial module technologies
Standard moduleF
ront sid
e
Rear
sid
e
72 Solar cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 118
Bifacial module technologies
Standard moduleF
ront sid
e
Rear
sid
e
Encapsulant
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 119
Bifacial module technologies
Standard moduleF
ront sid
e
Rear
sid
e
Backsheet
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 120
Bifacial module technologies
Standard moduleF
ront sid
e
Rear
sid
e
Glass
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 121
Bifacial module technologies
Standard moduleF
ront sid
e
Rear
sid
e
Frame
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 122
Bifacial module technologies
Standard moduleF
ront sid
e
Rear
sid
e
Junction box
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 123
Bifacial module technologies
Bifacial module first generationF
ront sid
e
Rear
sid
e
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 124
Bifacial module technologies
Bifacial module frameless
Rear
sid
e
Fro
nt sid
e
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 125
Bifacial module technologies
Rear
sid
e
Fro
nt sid
e
Bifacial module frameless, shallow junction box
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 126
Bifacial module technologies
Rear
sid
e
Fro
nt sid
e
Bifacial module frameless, shallow junction box and half cells
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 127
Bifacial module technologies
Bifacial module: properties - frameless
(or with frame)
- double glass
(or transparent backsheet)
- shallow junction box
(or more boxes)
- Polyolefin
(or EVA)
- n-type solar cells
(or p-type)
- 5 BB solar cells
(or multi BB, or shingling)
- half cells
(or full cells)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 128
Bifacial module technologies
Bifacial module: properties - frameless
(or with frame)
- double glass
(or transparent backsheet)
- shallow junction box
(or more boxes)
- Polyolefin
(or EVA)
- n-type solar cells
(or p-type)
- 5 BB solar cells
(or multi BB, or shingling)
- half cells
(or full cells)
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 129
Bifacial module technologies: standard
R. Kopecek et al., PVI37,
September 2017
Possible measurements
Standards: to come in
January 2019
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
electricity costs from PV (utility scale)
25 ct/kWh
3.5ct/kWh3ct/kWh
8 ct/kWh
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
13 ct/kWh
5 ct/kWh4ct/kWh
for 1500-2000 kWh/kWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
electricity costs from PV (utility scale)
25 ct/kWh
3.5ct/kWh3ct/kWh
8 ct/kWh
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
13 ct/kWh
5 ct/kWh4ct/kWh
Bifacial tracking
for 1500-2000 kWh/kWp
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018
summary 2
132
- c-Si solar cells in future will be bifacial anyhow
- many companies are already producing bifacial cells:
PERC+, nPERT, HJT and soon IBC
- PERC will become Nr.1 technology in 2018/2019
- many modules in future will be double glass based anyhow
- the system kWh can be extremely increased by using bifacial
modules and/or simple tracking in addition
- in total >1GWp large bifacial systems are already installed
>> EVAUATION OF EXISTINING SIMULATION PROGRAMS
ARE NEEDED TO MAKE BIFACIALITY MORE BANKABLE
R. Kopecek, US DoE, September 13, 2018 133
Largest boom: HSAT bifacial systems
Just like HSAT few years back bifaciality will enter the
US PV market with a high impact from 2020 on
(after the financing sector gained more confidence)
Let us move together to costs below
1USct/kWh