lido 1 lido telecommunications essentials® part 3 next generation networks next generation networks

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LIDO Telecommunications Essentials®Part 3

Next Generation Networks

LIDO Telecommunications Essentials®Part 3



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The Broadband EvolutionThe Broadband Evolution

• ICT trends are making a profound impact on life as we know it.

• We're quickly becoming a world populated with things that think.

• A new generation of converged infrastructure required– bandwidth abundance– the use of intelligent optical networks– protocols that can guarantee performance in service levels– devices that can engage across a complete realm of voice, data,

video, rich media, and sensory media– all on a mobile basis when needed.

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Broadband DriversBroadband Drivers• Primary drivers toward broadband infrastructures include

– the increasing demand for information– the shifting traffic patterns

• Today's key competitive edge is two-fold: it includes both– intellectual property– the ability to develop and sustain relationships well

• To perform well in both of these aspects, you need– An ongoing stream of the latest information – Effective communications tools – A next generation infrastructure

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Broadband DriversBroadband Drivers

• Increasing demand for information

• Shifting traffic patterns

• Growing network usage

• Rapid technology advances

• Unleashing of bandwidth

• Applications evolution

• Convergence forces

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Communications Traffic TrendsCommunications Traffic Trends

• For a decade, the Internet demonstrated tremendous growth rates.

• The average traffic is expected to range from 2Tbps to 3Tbps by 2008.

• The most important factor in the rate of traffic growth going forward is likely to be the growth of broadband subscribers.

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Shifting Traffic PatternsShifting Traffic Patterns

• Shift to machine-to-machine communications. • Smart devices have communication capabilities.• Things that think and talk require network access

and capacity. • There will be thousands of such devices for each

human, not to mention an enormous array of intelligent sensors monitoring each and every move of the environment, of humans, and of animals.

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Communications Backbone TrendsCommunications Backbone Trends

• Growth and changes in traffic necessitate changes in the network backbone.

• Pre-1995 Internet, backbone traffic was growing at a compound rate of about 6% to 10% per year.

• Post-1995, traffic had been increasing at a compound annual rate of more than 100%, slowing for the first time in 2005.

• Today the average amount of traffic on the Internet exceeds 1Tbps.

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Communications Backbone Trends

Application Backbone Bandwidth(Terabits per

second)***

Online virtual reality 1,000 Tbps to 10,000 Tbps3-D holography 30,000 Tbps to 70,000 TbpsGrid Computing 50,000 Tbps to 200,000 TbpsWeb agents 50,000 Tbps to 200,000 Tbps

***1,000 Terabits per second = 1 Petabit per second

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Communications Bandwidth TrendsCommunications Bandwidth Trends

• Technology breakthroughs, particularly in optical systems, have had a profound impact on service providers and bandwidth cost.

• As a result of the current growth in bandwidth demand, additional capacity will be required. – The demand may be met by activating currently unlit

wavelengths and fiber pairs, rather than new constuction

• On the other hand, new generations of high-speed optical muxes, cross-connects and switches, will require new generations of fiber optic cable.

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• Tremendous growth is also occurring in the wireless realm. – Wireless capacity is increasing– The per-minute network costs are falling– Data is accounting for more and more of the wireless

traffic

• High-speed wireless communications will be the prevailing approach to Web access and between components as well.

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• What is the effect of broadband access on core network capacity requirements?

• Broadband access lines put incredible stress on the core network and will drive the demand for more bandwidth in the core.

• Upgrades have to occur in parallel in order to truly manifest the benefits of broadband networking end-to-end.

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The Broadband EconomyThe Broadband Economy

• Much of the economic growth of the late 1990s is attributed to productivity gains realized as a result of new communications and IT products.

• According to PriceWaterhouseCoopers, workers with broadband are 270% more productive than workers using dial-up.**

• The greater the productivity of a country, the stronger the economy.

** Source: “A National Imperative: Universal Availability of Broadband by 2010”, John Earnhardt, Cisco Government Affairs

http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ts_011502.html

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Communications Applications TrendsCommunications Applications Trends• Growth of new generations of business class services

• e-commerce, m-commerce• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)• Voice over IP, Fax over IP• “Fee Quality” Voice (versus “free quality”)• Voice/audio portals• Unified messaging• Multimedia collaboration• Streaming media• Content delivery• Applications hosting• Network caching• Managed wavelength services• Customer management

• IMPACT - Business class communications require guaranteed performance

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Communications Application TrendsCommunications Application Trends

• Transition from portables to wearables– watches with medical monitors & pagers– eyeglasses with embedded computer displays– belts & watches with embedded computers– rings with Universal Product Code (UPC) reader & display– badge based cellphones & pagers with Internet connections

and tiny teleconferencing cameras– RFID tags everywhere!– Implants with healthcare, financial, security applications

• IMPACT - requires broadband wireless infrastructure and personal area networks (PANs)

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Communications Application TrendsCommunications Application Trends• Evolution to new models of information processing &

communications– Ubiquitous, or pervasive computing– Human information processing model– Multimodal & multisensual information flows– Visualization – Telepresence– Augmentation, neural interfaces– Virtuality

• IMPACT - requires tremendous bandwidth, low latency, guaranteed performance and wireless access

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Industries Benefiting fromBroadband Applications

Industries Benefiting fromBroadband Applications

• Entertainment

• Education

• Healthcare

• Teleworking

• National Security

• and many many others……

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Broadband ApplicationsEntertainment

Broadband ApplicationsEntertainment

• Broadband introduces consumers to a range of new entertainment technologies, including– high-definition video over the Internet– CD-quality Internet radio – file sharing to enable swapping of home videos and

photographs – web-based delivery of movies and large software – sophisticated, realistic online games

• Broadband users are more likely than narrowband users to download music, listen to music online, watch video online, bank online, and trade stocks online.

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Broadband ApplicationsEducation

Broadband ApplicationsEducation

• Broadband applied to education enables – interactive multimedia learning– rich-media content delivery– on-line testing– sophisticated learning tools– wireless campuses– location and income independent education

• Result is that high-quality education can be brought to those in need, including those living in rural or remote locations, disadvantaged communities, and developing countries.

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Broadband ApplicationsHealthcare

Broadband ApplicationsHealthcare

• Broadband in healthcare has tremendous value• enabling leading doctors to treat patients in the

most remote regions of the country• helping to reduce costs and provide better services

to even the most rural and remote locations• allowing wireless networks to support online

reporting and diagnostics, integrated with billing• providing emergency services• extend regular health care to homebound patients

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Broadband ApplicationsTeleworking

Broadband ApplicationsTeleworking

• Key applications include– fast data access– enhanced communications– videoconferencing to remote locations

• Work more productively from remote locations• Benefits include

– reducing traffic congestion, and affecting the investment needed in reengineering the transportation grid

– alleviating pollution– reducing dependence on foreign oil– improving quality of life– generating potentially enormous cost-savings to our society

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Broadband ApplicationsNational Security

Broadband ApplicationsNational Security

• Broadband is vital to providing an effective national security system – Supports real-time interagency coordination, monitoring

and mobilization – It is more resilient and reliable in the event of disruption.

• Supports teleworking, allowing communications and

work to continue from remote locations in event of disruptions

• Vital to battlefield logistics, data tracking, and equipment maintenance

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Broadband ApplicationsAdditional Sectors

Broadband ApplicationsAdditional Sectors

• Retail– Inventory, promotional, warehousing

• Field services– Inventory, diagnostics, repair, maintenance

• Transportation– Navigation, logistics, cargo management, virtual trips

• Mining– Remote telemetry, remote drilling

• Oil– Exploration, drilling, mapping

• The list is limited only by the imagination

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The Human is a Multimedia Information Processing System

Visualization improves physical andintuitive understanding.

More than 50% of a human's braincells are devoted to processing visualinformation. The mind operates on sensations,physical cues, to interpret and create information for its own use.

AuditoryVisualOlfactoryTactileKinetic

Digital rich-media willincreasingly depend on multimedia.

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Per User Bandwidth Requirements for New Services

Per User Bandwidth Requirements for New Services

• Email/Web (not optimum support) 56 Kbps• Web is always-on utility, crude hosted apps, 15

sec video email 500 Kbps• Hosted apps/reasonable videophone 5 Mbps• Massive multiplayer/multimedia communities 10 Mbps• Scalable NTSC/PAL-quality video 100 Mbps• Digital video-on-demand 1 Gbps• Innovation 10 Gbps

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Multimedia Networking RequirementsMultimedia Networking Requirements

• Digital video and digital audio require – Minimal, predictable delays in packet transmission– Tight control over losses– Proper bandwidth allocation

• Conventional shared-bandwidth, connectionless packet networks do not support these requirements.

• As more people simultaneously access files from a server, bandwidth becomes a significant issue.– Correct timing, synchronization, and video picture quality are

compromised if the bandwidth is not sufficient.

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Evolution of Digital TVEvolution of Digital TV

• One of the fascinating areas driving and motivating the need for broadband access is television.

• Despite major advances in computing, video, and communications technologies, TV continued to rely on standards that are more than 60 years old.

• These standards include – National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), used in North

America and Japan– Phase Alternation Line (PAL), used throughout the majority of

the world– Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM), used in

France and French territories.

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Digital TV AdvantagesDigital TV Advantages• Digital TV (DTV) offers numerous advantages over the old

analog TV signal.– It is nearly immune to interference and degradation. – It has the ability to display over 16,000, 000 colors – It can transmit more data and more types of data in the same

amount of bandwidth

• With HDTV and digital sound combined, the end user benefits from – a better picture– better sound– additional digital data– a more engaging experience

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Multimedia and DTV DriversMultimedia and DTV Drivers

• The television industry, content, entertainment, and application worlds, will be increasingly important to how the local loop develops.

• This is driving the need for – more bandwidth to the home– more bandwidth in the home

• It is also driving the need to deliver programming and content on a mobile basis. – This is yet another argument for fixed mobile

convergence (FMC).

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Video Applications & BandwidthVideo Applications & Bandwidth

• Digital television requirements– Digitized NTSC requires 166 Mbps– Digitized PAL requires 199 Mbps– HDTV requires 1.5 Gbps

• H.323 videoconferencing applications – require 384 Kbps to 1.544 Mbps.

• Streaming video requires– 3 Mbps for low quality– 5 Mbps for moderate– 7 Mbps for high quality

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Video Applications & BandwidthVideo Applications & Bandwidth

• Content is an important driver behind broadband access.

• It is an era of new revenue-generating services enabled by personal digital manipulation.

• We will need heaps more bandwidth bandwidth into and in our homes to feed the new generations of televisions.

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Television vs Video DefinitionTelevision vs Video Definition

• Television has been associated with the concept of delivery of someone else's programming on someone else's timetable, whether by broadcast, terrestrial or satellite, or cable networks.

• Video has been associated with the ability to record, edit, or view programming on demand, according to your own timetable and needs.

• Multimedia promises to expand the role of video-enabled communications, ultimately effecting a telecultural shift.

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Digital Video MeasurementsDigital Video Measurements

• Pixels = resolution– the more pixels per screen, the greater, or better,

the resolution • Frame rate = smoothness of motion

– The more frames per second, the smoother and more natural the movement

• Bits per Pixel = color depth– The more bits per pixel, the greater the range of

colors that can be displayed

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Video Compression BasicsVideo Compression Basics

• To make the most of bandwidth, compression must be applied to video. – to fit into the precious spectrum allocated to

television and wireless networks– to fit on most standard storage devices

• Moving Picture Experts Group (or MPEG) is in charge of developing standards for coded representation of digital audio and video.

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MPEG CompressionMPEG Compression• The MPEG compression algorithm reduces redundant

information in images.• MPEG compression is asymmetric.• Digital movies compressed using MPEG run faster and take up

less space.• Key MPEG standards include

– MPEG-1– MPEG-2– MPEG-4– MPEG 4 AVC– MPEG-7– MPEG-21

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MPEG 1MPEG 1

• MPEG-1 is a standard for storage and retrieval of moving pictures and audio on storage media.

• MPEG-1 is the standard on which such products as Video CD and MP3 are based.

• MPEG-1 addresses VHS-quality images with a– 1.5Mbps data transfer rate– 352 x 240 resolution (quarter screen)– 30 frames per second (30fps).

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MPEG-2MPEG-2• MPEG-2 is

– a widely implemented video compression scheme– supports both interlaced and progressive scan video

streams

• MPEG-2 on DVD and DVB– supports resolutions of 720x480 and 1280x720– at up to 30 fps– with full CD-quality audio.

• For MPEG-2 over ATSC– resolutions of 1920x1080 are also supported– at up to 60 fps

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MPEG-4MPEG-4

• MPEG-4, a standard for multimedia applications• MPEG-4 enables objects to be manipulated and

made interactive through Web-like hyperlinks and/or multimedia triggers.

• MPEG-4 is intended to expand the scope of audio/visual content to include– simultaneous use of both stored and real-time

components– distribution from and to multiple endpoints– the ability to reuse both content and processes

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MPEG-4 AVC/H.264MPEG-4 AVC/H.264

• MPEG-4 Advanced Video Compression (or AVC), also called Part 10 or ITU H.264, is a digital video codec standard noted for achieving very high data compression.

• AVC contains a number of new features that – allow it to compress video much more effectively than older

standards– make it applicable to a wide variety of network

environments

• Typically achieves the same quality as MPEG-2, but at half the bit rate or less.

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MPEG-7MPEG-7

• MPEG-7 is a multimedia content description standard for information searching.

• It is not an audio or video compression or encoding standard.

• It uses XML to store metadata and can be attached to timecodes in order to tag particular events, or, for example, to synchronize lyrics to a song.

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MPEG-21MPEG-21

• MPEG-21 provides a framework for the all-electronic creation, production, delivery, and trade of content.

• The basic architectural concept in MPEG-21 is the “digital item”.

• Digital items are structured digital objects, and are a combination of – resources (i.e., videos, audio tracks, images)– metadata (such as MPEG-7 descriptors)– structure (description of the relationship between

resources)

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MPEG SummaryMPEG Summary

• MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 and MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) primarily deal with content coding

• MPEG-7 deals with providing descriptions of multimedia content

• MPEG-21 provides a framework for the all-electronic creation, production, delivery, and trade of content.

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• Faster compression techniques using fractal geometry and artificial intelligence are being developed and could theoretically achieve compression ratios of 2,500:1.

• This would enable full-screen, NTSC-quality video to be delivered over LANs, the PSTN, and wireless networks.

• Until better compression schemes are developed, we have standardized on MPEG-2.

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• MPEG-2 is an industry standard for digital video for DVDs and some satellite television services.

• However, MPEG-2 does have some recognized disadvantages.

• One problem with MPEG-2 is that it is a lossy compression method.

• This means that a higher compression rate results in a poorer picture. – There's some loss in picture quality between a digital

video camera and what you see on your TV.

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Windows Media 9Windows Media 9

• Another important video compression technique is Windows Media 9 (or WM9).

• WM9 is based on the VC-1 video codec specification which provides for high-quality video for streaming and downloading.

• VC-1 decodes high-definition video– twice as fast as the H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC) standard– while offering two to three times better compression than

MPEG-2

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Video Bandwidth and Broadband Access

Video Bandwidth and Broadband Access

• A 1.5Mbps connection over DSL or cable modem cannot come close to carrying a 20Mbps DTV signal.

• Broadband access alternatives will shift over time.– we will need more fiber– we will need that fiber closer to the home– we will need much more sophisticated compression techniques

• We will also need new generations of wireless– a combination of intelligent spectrum use and highly effective

compression– support for the requisite variable QoS environment – strong security features

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Video Compression TrendsVideo Compression Trends

Current MPEG-2

2006

MPEG-4/VC-1

2007

MPEG-4/VC-1Enhancements

2009

MPEG-4/VC-1Improvements

Standard

Definition

2.5-3 Mbps

1.5-2 Mbps

<1.5 Mbps <1.0 Mbps

High

Definition

15-19 Mbps

10-12 Mbps

8-10 Mbps <7 Mbps

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Video Applications & DelayVideo Applications & Delay

• Bit errors can be fatal– missing video elements, synchronization problems,

or complete loss of picture• Delay can wreak havoc with video traffic

– delay, or latency, adds up with more switches and routers in the network

• While video can tolerate a small amount of delay, jitter causes distortion and unstable images.

• There should be as many priority queues as the network has QoS levels.

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Television – A Brief HistoryTelevision – A Brief History• In 1945, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission

(or FCC) allocated 13 basic VHF television channels– thus standardizing the frequencies and allocating a broadcast

bandwidth of 4.5MHz

• The NTSC was formed in 1948 to define a national standard for the broadcast signal itself.

• The standard for black-and-white television was set in 1953 and ratified by the EIA as the RS-170 specification.

• Full-time network color broadcasting was introduced in 1964, with an episode of Bonanza.

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National Television Standards Committee (NTSC)

National Television Standards Committee (NTSC)

• NTSC defines a 4:3 aspect ratio.

• An NTSC color picture with sound occupies 6MHz of frequency spectrum.

• To transmit this signal digitally without compression requires about 160Mbps.

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Phase Alternation Line (PAL)

• PAL defines a 4:3 aspect ratio.

• An PAL color picture with sound occupies 8MHz of frequency spectrum.

• To transmit this signal digitally without compression requires about 200Mbps.

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Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM)

• Also referred to as Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire

• SECAM defines a 4:3 aspect ratio.

• A SECAM color picture with sound occupies 8MHz of frequency spectrum.

• There are many variations of the SECAM standard as well.

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Digital Television (DTV)Digital Television (DTV)

• Digital TV (or DTV) represents the ongoing convergence of broadcasting and computing.

• DTV makes use of digital modulation and compression to broadcast audio, data, and video signals to TV sets.

• The difference between analog TV and DTV is profound in terms of picture quality as well as special screen effects, such as multiple-windowed pictures and interactive viewer options.

• The quality of DTV is almost six times better than what analog TV offers, delivering up to 1,080 lines of resolution and CD-quality sound.

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Digital TVDigital TV

The real promise of DTV lies inits huge capacity, and the abilityto deliver information equivalentto that held on dozens of CDs.

Television is a critical aspect ofconvergence – on all fronts. - devices - applications - fixed networks - wireless networks - service providers.

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DTV CharacteristicsDTV Characteristics• One main application of DTV is to carry more channels in

the same amount of bandwidth– either 6MHz or 8MHz, depending on the standard in use

• The other key application is to carry high-definition programming, known as HDTV.

• Many common analog broadcasting artifacts can be eliminated.

• However, digital signals can also suffer from artifacts. • While analog TV may produce an impaired picture it is still

viewable, whereas DTV may not work at all in the same situation.

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TV Aspect Ratios

4:3 Aspect Ratio 16:9 Aspect Ratio

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Resolution and PixelsResolution and Pixels

Besides a wider screen, an HDTV picture has more detail and crisper images.

TV images are made up of pixels, each of which is a tiny sample of video information.

Each pixel is composed of three close dots of color: red, green, and blue.

On a standard TV screen each pixel has a spectral range of about 16.8 million colors.

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Pixels and DTVPixels and DTV• HDTV uses smaller pixels.• HDTV has 4.5 pixels in the area taken up by a single

pixel on standard NTSC TVs. • The maximum resolution of an NTSC TV is a display that

is – 720 pixels wide by 486 active lines– total of 349,920 pixels.

• A high-end HDTV display is – 1,920 pixels wide by 1,080 active lines– Total of 2,073,600 pixels - six times more pixels than the older

NTSC resolution!

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DTV and AudioDTV and Audio

• DTV improves the visual experience and sound quality.

• HDTV broadcasts sound by using the dolby digital/AC-3 audio encoding system.

• It can include up to 5.1 channels of sound– 3 in front (left, center, and right)– 2 in back (left and right)– and a subwoofer bass for a sound you can feel (the .1

channel).

• Sound on DTV is CD quality.

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DTV and Service BundlesDTV and Service Bundles

• Service providers are increasingly interested in providing service bundles.

• Triple play is a strategy that involves the delivery of voice, data, and video.

• Quadruple play is a strategy that involves voice, data, video, and wireless or mobile.

• The possible implementations of DTV include terrestrial DTV, satellite DTV, cable DTV, and IPTV.

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Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT)Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT)• A number of countries are in the process of deploying digital

terrestrial television (DTT), which offers a number of advantages to various parties. – Governments

• Stand to make money as well as propel the country forward

– Broadcasters• Are enabled to fight growing competition from many sources

– Manufacturers• Benefit from new equipment sales

– Consumers• Look forward to exciting new programming

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DTV and Service ProvidersDTV and Service Providers

• In the satellite TV market, DTV is largely used to multiplex large numbers of channels, including pay TV, onto the available bandwidth.

• For cable TV providers, the main advantage is increased value and subsequently revenues.– Depending on the choices an operator makes in

hardware and software, features such as TV guides, program reminders, content censorship, interactive Web-style content viewing, gaming, voting, and on-demand services such as VOD can add significantly more value and ultimately revenues.

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DTV and Service ProvidersDTV and Service Providers• The Internet is starting to be adapted for use with DTV

deployments as part of the triple or quadruple play. – IPTV represents a big step forward as a new approach to

distributing television programming.

• Telcos of all sorts, far and wide, are helping to lead the way into the video space. – Combined with voice and data services, telco TV is expected to

become serious business.– Some analysts suggest that telcos' success will hinge on video,

which means there are many challenges ahead for telcos.

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DTV and Service ProvidersDTV and Service Providers

• HDTV is the compelling device at retailers and the roadmap to the future, with IP driving it.

• Key issues need attention, including the integration of billing support systems and operational support systems.

• New compression technologies and a new generation of set-top boxes will make a big difference.

• The transformation is under way, but telcos must have the right software, content streams, and security provisions, and that will take a while.

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Mobile TVMobile TV• Mobile TV constitutes another new and fascinating approach to

distributing television programming and entertainment content. • Set-top boxes are not only becoming more intelligent, they will

also interact with other devices. • It is important to keep in mind that not everyone feels joyful

about watching TV on a tiny little screen. • Some feel the mobile phone is the most exciting software

platform in history.• As a result, the simple mobile phone is morphing into a

futuristic entertainment system and the most exciting new technology platform since the Internet.

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Digital TV StandardsDigital TV Standards

• Initially, an attempt was made to prevent the fragmentation of the global DTV market into different standards.

• However, as usually seems to be the case, the world could not reach agreement on one standard, and as a result, there are several major standards in existence today.

• These standards fall into two categories– fixed reception– mobile reception

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Digital Broadcasting StandardsDigital Broadcasting Standards• Fixed-reception digital broadcasting standards include

– The U.S. Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)– The European DVB-Terrestrial (DVB-T)– The Japanese Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting

(ISDB)– The Korean terrestrial Digital Media Broadcasting (T-

DMB)

• The most widely adopted standard worldwide is DVB-T, with most countries having adopted it.

• Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and South Korea have followed the U.S. in adopting ATSC.

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Digital Broadcasting StandardsDigital Broadcasting Standards

• Digital Multimedia Broadcasting-Terrestrial (or DMB-T) is the youngest major broadcast standard and provides the best reception quality for the power required.

• The DMB standard is derived from the Digital Audio Broadcast (or DAB) standard that enjoys wide use in Europe for radio broadcasts.

• DAB and DVB-T are the preferred Chinese standards.

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• T-DMB is currently used in Korea and Germany, and trials are underway in France, Indonesia, and Norway.

• A related Korean standard, S-DMB exists for satellite television services, allowing for TV reception over larger areas than can be served with T-DMB.

• One such format being proposed by NHK of Japan is Ultra High Definition Video (UHDV). UHDV provides a resolution that is 16 times greater than that of HDTV.

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• As far as mobile standards go, DVB-Handheld (DVB-H) is the selected standard in Europe, India, Australia, and southeast Asia.

• North America also uses DVB-H, as well as the MediaFlo standard proposed by Qualcomm.

• MediaFlo, used only in North America at this time, supports relatively fast channel switching and uses its own broadcast towers as well as available bandwidth in the cellular network.

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• Japan is adopting the ISDB-T Mobile Segment standard.

• Korea is embracing T-DMB. • China may follow DVB-H or something else, and for

the time being, it is unknown which standard South America and Africa will follow.

• The mobile broadcast market is nascent, and many developments are in store before a winner emerges in this arena.

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• As far as the broadband evolution goes, the importance of entertainment content and DTV is significant.

• One of the biggest issues in TV standards involves how DTV images are drawn to the screen.

• There are two perspectives– the broadcast TV world - interlacing– the computer environment – progressive scanning

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Interlacing TechniqueInterlacing Technique• Interlacing is a technique cameras use to take two snapshots

of a scene within a frame time. – During the first scan, the camera creates one field of video, containing

even-numbered lines– During the second scan, it creates another field of video, containing

the odd-numbered lines

• The fields are transmitted sequentially, and the receiver reassembles them.

• This technique makes for reduced flicker and therefore greater brightness on the TV receiver for the given frame rate (and bandwidth).

• Interlacing is rough on small text, but moving images look fine.

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Progressive ScanningProgressive Scanning

• Progressive scanning is a method for displaying, storing, or transmitting moving images in which the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence.

• There are a number of advantages associated with progressive scaning, such as a subjective perception of an increased vertical resolution.

• Additional benefits include the absence of flickering of narrow horizontal patterns, easier compression, and simpler video processing equipment.

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ATSC StandardsATSC Standards

• The ATSC, an international, nonprofit organization, develops voluntary standards for DTV.

• The ATSC's DTV standards include high-definition TV (or HDTV), enhanced-definition TV (or EDTV), standard definition TV (or SDTV), data broadcasting, multichannel surround-sound audio, direct-to-home satellite broadcast, and interactive television.

• The ATSC DTV standard has since been adopted by the governments of Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and South Korea.

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• The ATSC high-definition standard includes three basic formats: HDTV, EDTV, and SDTV.

• Digital TVs often have a 16:9 widescreen format and can display progressive-scan content.

• Each of these formats is defined by – the number of lines per video frame– the number of pixels per line– the aspect ratio,– the frame repetition rate– the frame structure (that is, interlaced scan or progressive

scan)

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• ATSC signals are designed to work on the same bandwidth as NTSC or PAL channels, that is 6 MHz for NTSC and 8 MHz for PAL.

• The video signals are compressed using MPEG-2. • The modulation technique varies, depending on the

transmission method. • In the case of terrestrial broadcasters, the technique

used is Vestigial Sideband 8 (or VSB 8). • Because cable TV operators usually have a higher

signal-to-noise ratio (or SNR), they can use 16-VSB or 256-QAM.

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• ATSC requires about half of the power for the same reception quality, in absence of errors, as the more widely used DVB-T standard, but it is more susceptible to errors.

• One recognized limitation with ATSC is that unlike DVB-T and ISDB-T, ATSC cannot be adapted to changes in propagation conditions.

• However, despite ATSC's fixed transmission mode, under normal conditions, it is still a very robust waveform.

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DVB StandardsDVB Standards• Digital Video Broadcasting (or DVB) is a suite of

internationally accepted, open standards for DTV maintained by the DVB Project.

• Formed in 1993, the DVB Project is responsible for designing global standards for the global delivery of DTV and data services.

• DVB standards are very similar to ATSC standards—including MPEG-2 video compression, packetized transport, and guidelines for a 1,920 x 1,080 HDTV format—but they provide for different audio compression and transmission schemes.

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DVB StandardsDVB Standards

• DVB embraces four main standards that define the physical and data link layers of a distribution system.– DVB-S and DVB-S2– DVB-C– DVB-T– DVB-H

• DVB-S is an open standard for digital video broadcast over satellites, defined by ETSI and ratified in 1994. – DVB-S supports only MPEG-2 encoded video streams.

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DVB StandardsDVB Standards• DVB-S2 is also an open standard for digital video

broadcast over satellites, defined by ETSI and ratified in 2005. – DVB-S2 has improved quality over DVB-S and allows for coded

video in H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC) or VC-1 bitstreams.

• DVB-C is an open standard for digital video transmission over cable that was defined by ETSI and ratified in 1994.

• DVB-T, an open standard defined by ETSI and ratified in 1997, is used as the de facto standard for terrestrial TV broadcasts in many nations.– It supports only MPEG-2 compression.

81LIDO

DVB StandardsDVB Standards

• The DVB-H standard is an adaptation of terrestrial DVB that is optimized for mobile handheld devices.

• These four distribution systems vary in their modulation schemes.

• DVB-T and DVB-H use Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (or COFDM)

• DVB-S uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

• DVB-C uses QAM, especially 64-QAM.

82LIDO

DVB-MHPDVB-MHP

• The DVB Project has also designed an open middleware system for DTV, called the DVB-Multimedia Home Platform (or MHP).

• MHP enables the reception and execution of interactive, Java-based applications on a TV set, including applications such as e-mail, SMS, information services, shopping, and games.

• In the United States, CableLabs has specified its own middleware system called OpenCable Applications Platform (OCAP), which is based on MHP.

83LIDO

ISDB StandardsISDB Standards

• ISDB is the DTV and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) format that Japan has created to allow radio and television stations there to convert to digital.

• ISDB incorporates five standards– ISDB-S for digital satellite TV– ISDB-T and ISDB-Tsb for digital terrestrial TV– ISDB-C for digital cable TV– 2.6 GHz band for mobile broadcasting

• All these standards are based on MPEG-2 video and audio coding and are capable of HDTV.

84LIDO


• ARIB developed the ISDB-S standards to meet a number of requirements, including HDTV capability, interactive services, network access, and effective frequency utilization.

• ISDB-S allows 51Mbps to be transmitted through a single transponder, making it 1.5 times more efficient than DVB-S, which can only handle a bitstream of approximately 34Mbps.

• The ISDB-S system can carry two HDTV channels using one transponder, along with other independent audio and data.

85LIDO


• ISDB-T specifies OFDM transmission with one of four modulation schemes: QPSK, DQPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM. – With ISDB-T, an audio program and TV for both fixed and

mobile reception can be carried in the same multiplex. – ISDB-T can support HDTV on moving vehicles at over 100kph,

and it can be received on mobile phones moving at over 400kph.

• ISDB-Tsb refers to the terrestrial digital sound broadcasting specification and is the same technical specification as ISDB-T. – ISDB-Tsb can also be used for mobile reception.

86LIDO


• ISDB-C is the cable digital broadcasting specification.

• ISDB-C supports terrestrial digital broadcasting services over cable using the OFDM scheme with a 6MHz channel. – It employs 64-QAM modulation.

• The mobile broadcasting 2.6GHz band uses Code Division Multiplexing (or CDM).

87LIDO

DMB StandardsDMB Standards

• Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (or DMB) is a new concept in multimedia mobile broadcasting service, converging broadcasting and telecommunications.

• It is a digital transmission system for sending data, radio, and TV to mobile devices such as mobile phones.

• DMB is likely to change the way broadcast media is consumed, creating a new cultural trend.

• The move to DMB started in Korea.

88LIDO

DMB StandardsDMB Standards

• DMB is designed to broadcast TV and video to mobile devices, and in conjunction with existing DAB services, also both audio and data.

• DMB can be integrated wherever there is already a DAB infrastructure.

• The Korean domestic Satellite-DMB (or S-DMB) system, which operates via satellite facilities, is an ITU-T standard.

• With S-DMB, signals transmitted by a satellite directly can be received by subscribers on most areas on the ground.

89LIDO

S-DMB StandardsS-DMB Standards

SatelliteDMB Center

ProgramProvider

Gap FillerBase Stations

Ku-band12.214 GHz to 12.239 GHz

Ku-band13.824 GHz to 13.883 GHz

Vehicular Device

DMB-SReceiver

MobilePhone

w/DMB-SReceiver

S-band2.630 to 2.665 GHz

90LIDO

DMB ObjectivesDMB Objectives

• The DMB industry is focusing on core technologies that are essential for next-generation broadcasting, such as intelligent broadcasting, telecom, and broadcasting convergent services and interactive DMB services.

• DMB will not only provide high-definition services but also intelligent, personalized, realistic, and paid services in addition to those converged with telecommunications.

91LIDO

The Broadband InfrastructureThe Broadband Infrastructure

• Data traffic is equal to or surpassing voice as the most mission-critical aspect of the network.

• The undeniable appeal of interactive multimedia signals the need for a convergent infrastructure that offers minimum latencies.

• More human users, more machine users, and more broadband access are all contributing to the additional traffic.

• Established carriers and new startups are deploying huge amounts of fiber-optic cable and broadband wireless systems.

92LIDO

The Broadband InfrastructureThe Broadband Infrastructure

• This new era of abundant capacity stimulates development and growth of bandwidth-hungry applications and demands service qualities that can allow control of parameters such as delay, jitter, loss ratio, and throughput.

• Bandwidth-intensive applications are much more cost-effective when the network provides just-in-time bandwidth management options.

• Next-generation networks will provide competitive rates due to lower construction outlays and operating costs.

93LIDO

Broadband Service RequirementsBroadband Service Requirements• High speed, high bandwidth – measured in Tbps• Bandwidth on demand• Bandwidth reservation• Isochronous support – timebounded information• Agnostic platforms – multiprotocol, multipurpose• Unicasting – streams from a single origination point

directly to a destination point• Multicasting – streams from a single origination

point to multiple destination points• Variable Quality of Service parameters• Guaranteed service levels

94LIDO

Broadband Service RequirementsBroadband Service Requirements• A number of developments have been key to allowing us to

deliver on this set of requirements.• One important area is photonics and optical networking.

– Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)– Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Dense Wavelength

Division Multiplexing (DWDM), and Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)

– new generations of high-performance fiber– reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs)– optical cross-connects– optical switches and routers– optical probes and network management devices

95LIDO

Broadband Service RequirementsBroadband Service Requirements

• A number of broadband access technologies, both wireline and wireless, have been developed to facilitate next-generation networking.

• The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), multiservice core, edge, and access platforms, multiservice provisioning platforms (MSPPs), and the MPLS architecture, are all vital aspects of the next generation network.

96LIDO

Next Generation NetworksNext Generation Networks

• A next-generation network is – a high-speed packet- or cell-based network– that is capable of transporting and routing a

multitude of services– including voice, data, video, and multimedia

• It is a common platform for applications and services that is accessible to the customer across the entire network as well as outside the network.

97LIDO


• NGNs are designed for multimedia communications, which implies• broadband• low latencies• quality of service guarantees

• Worldwide infrastructure consists of• fast packet switching• optical networking• multiservice core, intelligent edge• next generation telephony• video & multimedia elements• broadband access technologies• wireless broadband technologies

98LIDO


• Next-generation networks stand to change how carriers provision applications and services and how customers access them.

• End-user service delivery from a single platform provides many benefits– It decreases time to market– It simplifies the process of moves, adds, and changes– It provides a unique connection point for service

provisioning and billing.

99LIDO


• Next-generation networks must be able to support the most up-to-date transport and switching standards.

• They must also support advanced traffic management, including– full configuration– provisioning– network monitoring– fault management capabilities

• In a next-generation network, it is important to be able to prioritize traffic and to provide dynamic bandwidth allocation for voice, data, and video services.

100LIDO

NGNs and ConvergenceNGNs and Convergence

• One of the central themes in next-generation networks is the notion of convergence.

• Convergence is actually occurring in a number of different areas.

• The concept behind convergence varies depending on whether you're a service provider, an equipment manufacturer, or an applications developer.

• In the end they all focus on one thing: bringing together voice, data, and video to be happily married at the network level, at the systems level, at the applications level, and at the device level.

101LIDO

Convergence in TransportConvergence in Transport

• Convergence in transport refers to voice, data, and video traffic all sharing a common packet-based network, generally based on IP at present.

• From the standpoint of a service provider, convergence has to do with having one common infrastructure, rather than each technology requiring its own separate platform.

102LIDO

Convergence in SystemsConvergence in Systems

• To equipment manufacturers system convergence means creating systems that allow voice, data, and video traffic to all be commonly served through one device.

• In the context of next-generation network infrastructures, this most commonly refers to the use of softswitches, also known as call servers.

• From the standpoint of an enterprise network, this can also involve the use of IP PBXs at the customer premise or a service provider making IP centrex available to the enterprise.

103LIDO

Convergence in ApplicationsConvergence in Applications

• In the realm of applications, convergence refers to the integration of voice, data, and video at the desktop, mobile device, or in servers.

• Examples of this might include – integrated messaging– instant messaging– presence management– real-time rich media e-learning and training products,– multimedia sales presentations, and a variety of

interactive programs, such as video games

104LIDO

Convergence - The ArgumentConvergence - The Argument

• Cost reductions– The price of delivering a packet on the backbone

has been dropping 45-50% per year.– VoIP toll bypass saves money on international

calls.

• Improved user and ICT staff productivity

• Easier administration

105LIDO

Convergence - The ArgumentConvergence - The Argument

• The real value is in the applications– There are many synergies between converged

transport, IP telephony, and converged applications.

– As IM/presence merges with IP telephony, IP telephony becomes just another converged application.

– IM/presence applications which integrate voice, data and video require converged transport

106LIDO

Convergence and Regulatory IssuesConvergence and Regulatory Issues• A converged network, based on IP, has a powerful impact

on regulatory models.• Regulation has historically been different for voice,

broadcast, cable, etc.• Current regulations are based on service

– Offer telephone service, telephone regulations apply– Offer TV service, cable TV regulations apply

• IP breaks the vertical model traditionally used in regulation– How do you regulate with a converged network

• Introduces the consideration of a horizontal model– Regulations would be applied to layers

107LIDO

Converging Public InfrastructuresConverging Public Infrastructures

• The PSTN and the Internet are on the path to convergence.

• There has been a steady, albeit slow, migration to packet-based networks– There are many networks running converged voice, data

and video over a common WAN infrastructure.

• Meanwhile, new developments stand to alter the path of migration for all concerned.– The optical era

• A new generation of networks are emerging.

108LIDO

Converging Public InfrastructuresConverging Public Infrastructures

PSTN - Voice Internet - Data

High-speed Multimedia CommunicationsQuality of Service

ATM/MPLS IntServ/DiffServ/MPLS

IP + OpticalGMPLS

109LIDO

Traditional Service Provider EnvironmentTraditional Service Provider Environment• Voice is regulated, data is not.• Network optimized for voice.• Controlling latency is easy; providing bandwidth is

harder. Bandwidth is at a premium.• Dynamically sharing the same bandwidth for voice, data

and video requires some type of QoS.• All carriers (and some enterprises) desire measured use

for network chargeback.• Carriers need their own facilities to maintain control.• Traditional carriers’ view - transport is their business.

110LIDO

Traditional Enterprise Environment Traditional Enterprise Environment • Main goal of enterprise networks is to link sites.• Network staff is divorced from website developers.• The network is managed as a cost center.• The network architecture consists of separate voice and

data networks.• High availability in data networks is important, but it is

more important for voice.• Network optimization is supported by predictable traffic,

predictable service providers and predictable rates/tariffs.• Private networks are the preferred network infrastructure.

111LIDO

Contemporary Enterprise Environment Contemporary Enterprise Environment

• Extranet communications considered as important as the enterprise intranet.

• Networking staff works with website hosting/operation and e-commerce linkages.

• The objective of network management is to manage the network as an application-enabling infrastructure.

• Network architecture consists of converged voice/data applications and transport.

112LIDO

Contemporary Enterprise Environment Contemporary Enterprise Environment

• Data network availability is considered more important than voice.

• Network optimization is difficult due to unpredictable traffic, changing service providers and changing pricing.

• Public networks and outsourcing are the preferred network infrastructure.

113LIDO

Contemporary Service Provider Environment


• Regulatory changes required - in a converged network, voice, data and video are all just bits.

• Future revenues will not come from voice, voice will move to wireless, and may become “free”.

• The new network is optimized for IP traffic.• Providing bandwidth is easy, ensuring low latency is

not.• Optical bandwidth drives down the cost, and price,

of long-haul WAN transport.

114LIDO



• Lots of bandwidth beats the complexity of QoS-based service levels.

• Usage-based chargeback is replaced by multiple flat-rate service levels.

• The new environment consists of extensive wholesaling and reselling of other carrier facilities.

• New Service Providers don’t want to be just a transport business.

115LIDO

Network Commonality in Service Environments

Network Commonality in Service Environments

• Growing commonality between Service Provider and Enterprise network infrastructures

• Growing commonality between Service Provider hosting sites and Enterprise data centers

• Both taking advantage of dark fiber, wavelength services, and coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM)

• Both emphasize user service level management, accounting, and rapid deployment

• IP and Ethernet becoming more pervasive in both worlds

116LIDO

NGN OriginsNGN Origins• The vision of Next Generation Networks was born over 20

years ago within the Internet community.• The NGN we know today was defined by the emergence

and growth of packet switching networks, interconnected via gateways (routers).

• The original Internet vision assumed– connectionless datagram transport– best-effort packet delivery– separation of service creation from transport

• Today, service providers need infrastructures capable of supporting multimedia and real-time content services.

117LIDO

Migration to NGNsMigration to NGNs• The challenge today for telecom providers, both wireline and

wireless, involves– the seamless migration of the circuit-switched voice

services onto an IP-based backbone– while retaining all the traditional and important capabilities

of the PSTN• There is a need for

– an IP telephony infrastructure– access to the voice network features and capabilities

users have grown accustomed to– particularly those features required by law

118LIDO

NGN and Service ProvidersNGN and Service Providers

• In response to the new reality, carriers, with the participation of vendors and governments, are working with an ITU Study Group on developing their own interpretation of the Next Generation Network.

• The main purpose of these efforts is to ensure the integration and interoperability of IP networks with the PSTN and mobile networks.

• Almost all providers now recognize the main goal is to evolve their infrastructures to support multimedia and content delivery services.

119LIDO

NGN According to the ITUNGN According to the ITU

• The ITU definition of a Next Generation Network defines– a packet-based network– the ability to provide telecommunication services and make

use of multiple broadband, QOS-enabled transport technologies

– an environment where service-related functions are independent from underlying transport-related technologies.

• It supports generalized mobility, which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provisioning of services to users.

120LIDO

NGN According to the ITUNGN According to the ITU

• The ITU NGN looks to support much more than simple voice communications, and includes services such as – Presence and instant messaging– Push-to-talk– Voice mail– Video– Other multimedia applications

• Realtime and streaming modes

121LIDO

NGN and The PoliticsNGN and The Politics

• There are many industry observers that believe the ITU NGN effort is an attempt for the ITU to take back control of the Internet.

• There are equally strong views by carriers and governments that the Internet is not working well.

• This also suggests a highly controlled world, one many of us may not feel comfortable in.

• There are arguments for both sides of the issue.

122LIDO

NGN Service Provider BenefitsNGN Service Provider Benefits

• Benefits for carriers choosing to implement a NGN-based infrastructure include– Recovering control– QoS network features– Ability to provide preferential treatment to their

own multimedia services– Opportunity to create walled gardens– Reduction of competition

123LIDO

NGN - Key Infrastructure Elements

• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)• Three-tiered broadband architecture• Multiservice core and edge• Quality of Service• MPLS (multi-protocol label switching)

architecture

124LIDO


• From an architectural standpoint, the ITU’s NGN relies heavily on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) framework.– IMS was originally developed by 3GPP for

3G/UMTS networks– The 3GPP2 standards body is working on similar

standards for CDMA networks

• IMS has now been extended to cover wireline networks as well.

125LIDO

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

• IMS is a service infrastructure that relies on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to establish and maintain call control.

• IMS is an internationally recognized standard that defines a generic architecture for offering VoIP and other multimedia services in wireline and wireless applications.

• By adopting SIP as the signaling protocol, service providers have a standard that works well for both voice and data.

126LIDO

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

• IMS allows carriers to build a single and common IP service infrastructure that is independent of the access method.

• The IMS architecture offers a number of benefits– enhanced person-to-person communications

– improved interaction between media streams

– improved service mobility

– the ability of third-party developers and vendors to easily create and integrate new solutions through well-defined APIs and standards.

127LIDO

IMS ApplicationsIMS Applications

• IMS applications include– voice telephony– video telephony– multimedia streaming– HTTP and TCP/IP browsing– instant messaging– file sharing– Gaming– push-to-talk/push-to-media– presence-based services

128LIDO

IMS PrinciplesIMS Principles

• Four basic principles are associated with IMS– access independence– different network architectures– terminal and user mobility– extensive IP-based services.

• Gateways are used to accommodate older systems such as circuit-switched telephone networks and GSM cellular systems.

• IMS allows service providers and carriers to employ a variety of underlying network architectures.

129LIDO

IMS ProtocolsIMS Protocols

• IMS creates a telephony-oriented signaling network that overlays an underlying IP network.

• IMS utilizes Session Initiation Protocol (or SIP), with specific extensions for IMS.

• An IMS network comprises many SIP proxy servers that mediate all customer/user connections and access to network resources.

• The aim of SIP is to provide the same functionality as the traditional PSTN, but because of their end-to-end design, SIP networks are much more powerful and open to the implementation of new services.

130LIDO


• Although IMS is SIP based, it includes enhancements and exceptions to the SIP specification, particularly for registration, authentication, and session policy.

• IMS uses DIAMETER rather than RADIUS for authentication, taking advantage of DIAMETER's additional support for charging and billing functions, such as prepaid calling services.

• IMS also utilizes the Common Open Policy Services (COPS) protocol for mobile operators to enforce security and QoS policies across network elements.

131LIDO


• IMS initially required the use of IPv6, but given the number of transport networks using IPv4, this requirement has been relaxed.

• IMS terminal devices are centrally and tightly controlled.• IMS assumes that each user is associated with a home

network, and it supports the concept of roaming across other wired or wireless networks.

• IMS also includes a policy engine and an authentication, authorization, and accounting (or AAA) server for operator control and security.

132LIDO

IMS Layers IMS Layers

TransportLayer

ControlLayer

SessionLayer

Call Session Control Function

PSTN, Internet, IP,

Radio Networks

ApplicationServers

TransportNetwork

133LIDO

MGW

IMS ArchitectureIMS ArchitectureApplication Servers

SCIM

MRFC S-CSCF

I-CSCF

P-CSCFPDF

BGCF

MGCF

HSS, SLF

HLR

MRFP

MGW PSTNInternet

IP, MPLSRadio

Area Networks

Narrowband and Broadband Access

Transportand Access

Layer

ControlLayer

Applicationand Service

Layer

134LIDO

IMS StandardsIMS Standards• The base IMS functionality was first defined in the 3GPP

Release 5 (or R5) standards and was optimized for use by GSM UMTS wireless networks.

• The second phase of IMS standards development ended with the publication of 3GPP R6 standards. – R6 adds support for SIP forking and multiway conferencing and

the group management capabilities necessary for instant messaging and presence services.

– R6 also allows for interoperability between the IMS variant of SIP and the IETF SIP standard, and adds interworking with WLANs.

• 3GPP Release 7 (or R7) adds support for fixed networks.

135LIDO

NGN ArchitectureNGN Architecture• In today's environment

– time-division and statistical multiplexers gather customer traffic for additional circuit-based aggregation through a stable hierarchy of switching offices

– overlay networks, such as X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, and the Internet have created the need to internetwork services

– cable, DSL, fiber, and wireless access options brought their own high-density access aggregation devices into the picture

• In the core, SDH/SONET transport has been layered over DWDM, adding capacity and producing a variety of vendor-specific switching, routing, and management options.

136LIDO

SDH/SonetRing

Today’s Networks Dial Modem

DSLModem

RAC

RAC

DAC

PSTN

MUX

MUX ADM ADM

MUX

HFC Plant

Cable Modem DAC

CMTS

Core Switch

DSLAM

DAC

Ethernet/ATM/IP Switch

Private Line

Class 5 Switch

ATM / Frame Relay Switch

DAC

END OFFICE TANDEM EDGE NETWORK

Ed

ge

Tra

ns

po

rt

CORE

OC

- 1

92

DW

DM

Core Router

Router/Switch

137LIDO

Today’s NetworkToday’s Network

SDH/SonetRingADM ADM

Ed

ge

Tra

ns

po

rt

OC

- 19

2 DW

DM

Frame Relay

ATM

IP

Frame Relay Edge Switch

ATM Edge Switch

IP Edge Router

Core Switch

END OFFICE TANDEM EDGE NETWORK

CORE

Core Router

138LIDO

Today’s NetworksToday’s Networks

• By building overlay networks and separating access (edge) and transport (core) functions, carriers manage to add capacity and new services without disrupting existing services.

• The downside is that new services rarely use the same provisioning, management and troubleshooting systems as the old network.

• These operations and management costs can amount to as much as 50% of the carrier’s total cost to provide a service.

139LIDO

Three-Tiered Multiservice NetworkThree-Tiered Multiservice Network

• Access switches– Outer tier – delivers broadband to customer– Associated with single user access

• Edge switches– Second tier – protocol and data service integration

• concentrate traffic and prepare it for backbone• voice/data gateways (circuit--to-packet network integration)• provide policy-based services management

• Core switches– Inner tier – handles transmission of ATM, IP or MPLS

traffic.

140LIDO

Multi Service Network

Access Node

Voice andISDN Network

Voice

PBX

LAN

IAD

EnterpriseNetwork

ISPNetwork

Router-based

IP network

Frame RelayNetwork

Satellite Network

MobileNetwork

IntelligentNetworkAIN, SS7

MultiserviceEdge

MultiserviceEdge

MultiserviceEdge

MultiserviceEdge

ATM /IP/MPLS Optical CoreBackbone

ATM

ATMSwitching

IPSwitching

ATMSwitching

MediaServer Farm

FTTx

HFC

DSL

Wireless

141LIDO

Complexities With Single Purpose Boxes

CircuitCircuitEmulationEmulation

IPIP

IPIP

IPIP

ATMATMVoiceVoice

SNASNA

VoiceVoiceOver IPOver IP

FrameFrameRelayRelay

Access ConcentratorAccess Concentrator

FRADFRAD

Access ConcentratorAccess Concentrator

Access RoutersAccess Routers

Frame Relay SwitchFrame Relay Switch

LANLANSwitchSwitch

ATMATMSwitchSwitch

ATMATM

ATMATM

142LIDO

Simplicity With Multi-Purpose Switches

IP

Circuit Emulation

Voice Over Frame Relay

ATM

Voice Over IP

Frame Relay

SNA

Voice Over ATM

WANWANEdgeEdge

SwitchSwitch

OC-3 to OC-48cOC-3 to OC-48c

143LIDO

Network Core Serves The EdgesIP

IP

FrameRelay

SNA

FrameRelay

SNA

IP

IP and ATM

144LIDO

Quality of ServiceQuality of Service• Ability to provide different levels of service to differently

characterized traffic or traffic flows• Basis for offering various classes of service to different segments

of end users• This allows the creation of different pricing tiers that correspond to

the QoS level• Needed to deploy voice or video services with data• QoS definitions include

– network bandwidth– user priority control– controlling packet/cell loss– controlling network traffic transit delay (end-to-end)– controlling network traffic delay variation (jitter)

145LIDO

What is MPLS?What is MPLS?

• MPLS is a general purpose tunneling mechanism– Can carry IP and non-IP payloads– Uses label switching to forward packets/cells thru the

network– Can operate over any data-link layer

• MPLS separates the control plane from the forwarding plane– Enables the IP control plane to run on devices that

cannot understand IP or recognize packet boundaries

146LIDO

What is MPLS?What is MPLS?

• “MP” means it is multiprotocol. – MPLS is an encapsulating protocol, it can

transport a multitude of other protocols.

• “LS” indicates that the protocols being transported are encapsulated with a label that is swapped at each hop.– The labels are of local significance only – they

must change as packets follow a path – hence the “switching” part of MPLS.

147LIDO

IP vs MPLS IP vs MPLS

• Since IP is a connectionless protocol, it cannot guarantee that network resources will be available.

• Additionally, IP sends all traffic between the same two points over the same route.

• Without explicit control over route assignments, the provider has no way to steer excess traffic over less busy routes.

• One key difference between MPLS and IP is that packets sent between two end points can take different paths, based on different MPLS labels.

148LIDO

How MPLS WorksHow MPLS Works

• MPLS is connection-oriented and makes use of Label Switched Paths (LSPs).

• MPLS tags or adds a label to IP packets so they can be steered over the Internet along predefined routes.

• MPLS also adds a label identifying the type of traffic, path and destination.

• This allows routers to assign explicit paths to various classes of traffic.

149LIDO

How MPLS Works

Label Switch Router (LSR)Node 1

Label Switch Router (LSR)Node 2

VCI = Virtual Channel IdentifierVPI = Virtual Path Identifier

MPLS Tunnel Label Switched Path (LSP)

H HL HL

IP Packet

Packet Header

MPLS Label (i.e. VCI/VPI)

Label Attachedand Packet Forwarded

Label Read and Packet Forwarded

VPN specific LSPVPN specific LSP

MPLS Tunnel LSP

150LIDO


Edge Label Switching Router

Ingress edge LSRreceives a packet, performs layer-3 value-added services,and labels the packets

LDP LDP LDP

LSPLSP LSP

LSP

Core LSR switches the packet using label swapping

Egress edge LSR removes the label

and delivers the packet

Edge Label Switching Router

LDP

LDP establishes label-to-destination network mappings

151LIDO


• MPLS can switch a frame from any kind of Layer 2 link to any other kind of Layer 2 link, without depending on any particular control protocol.

• MPLS supports several types of label formats. – On ATM hardware, it uses the well-defined Virtual

Channel Identifier (VCI) and Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) labels.

– On Frame Relay hardware, it uses a Data-Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) label.

– Elsewhere, MPLS uses a generic label, known as a shim, which sits between Layers 2 and 3.

152LIDO

MPLS Label StackingMPLS Label Stacking• Another powerful attribute of MPLS is Label Stacking.• Label stacking allows LSRs (label switched router) to

insert an additional label at the front of each labeled packet, creating an encapsulated tunnel that can be shared by multiple LSPs (label switched paths).

• At the end of the tunnel, another LSR pops the label stack, revealing the inner label.

• An optimization in which the next-to-last LSR peels off the outer label is known in IETF documents as “penultimate hop popping”.

153LIDO

MPLS StacksMPLS Stacks

LERLERTunnel LSP

MPLSBackbone

TunnelLSP

ATM/FR

Ethernet

IP/PPPATM/FR VLL

Ethernet VLL

IP VLL

Single tunnel LSP between edge routers carries many services

The PE routers map ports to MPLS labels to create Virtual Leased Lines

154LIDO

MPLS SummaryMPLS Summary

• MPLS adds two important elements to IP– Virtual circuits

• Referred to as a Label Switched Path (LSP)– Eliminates the need for encryption and a secure tunnel– Provides security similar to that found in Frame Relay

– Capacity reservation• Enables the support of Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

– Typical parameters include• Packet loss of < 1%• Round trip delay of < 55 to 70 msec

155LIDO


• Constraint-based routing is superior to IP, basing routing decisions on more than just a shortest path calculation.

• Best way for service providers to provision VPNs that meet customer service quality metrics.

• Permits ISPs to scale their networks and meet traffic engineering requirements without having to resort to ATM PVC overlay networks.

156LIDO


• MPLS adds QoS and Virtual Tunnels• MPLS provides a common control plane between

layer 2 and layer 3• MPLS can support multiple layer 2 protocols

– Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet

• MPLS provides layer 2 performance– It’s a compromise between connectionless layer 3 and

connection-oriented layer 2– Deterministic behavior

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• MPLS is the most effective way to integrate IP and ATM in the same backbone network.

• Reduces the processing overhead in IP routers, improving packet forwarding performance.

• Another way to provide QoS in network backbones, competing or complementary, with DiffServ, IntServ/RSVP, and ATM QoS.

• Solves N-squared route propagation problem in large backbones where routers have to be interconnected with a mesh of ATM or Frame Relay virtual circuits.

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MPLS SummaryMPLS Summary• Major efforts are under way to adapt the control plane of

MPLS to direct the routing of not just LSRs but an expanded universe of devices, including optical switches and other optical elements.

• The same routing system can control optical paths in the DWDM core, LSPs across the MPLS backbone, and paths involving any IP routers at the edge of the network.

• This is the realm of GMPLS. • Whether with MPLS or GMPLS, service providers can simplify

their operational procedures, deliver more versatile IP services, and, most importantly to customers, sign meaningful SLAs.

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LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® Next Generation Networks

LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® Next Generation Networks

Lili GoleniewskiThe LIDO Organization, Inc.www. telecomessentials.com

[email protected]

Skypes ID: lili.goleniewski

Telecom Essentials Learning Centerwww.telecomessentials.com

Copyright © 2007- The LIDO Organization, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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