lic lab manual_beccec407r01
TRANSCRIPT
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 1/73
SHANMUGHA
ARTS, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH ACADEMY
(SASTRA University)
TIRUMALAISAMUDRAM
THANJAVUR – 613 401.
COURSE CODE : BECCEC 407 R01 / MCSCEC 407
COURSE NAME : LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
LABORATORY
BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SEMESTER: IV
2013 - 14
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 2/73
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Inverting and non- inverting and differential amplifier using op-amp
2. Applications of op-amp: Summer, Subtractor, integrator and differentiator
3. Inverting and non-inverting Zero crossing detector and Schmitt trigger using
op-amp
4. Precision half wave and full wave rectifier and clippers using op-amp
5. Wein bridge oscillator and RC phase shift oscillator using op-amp
6. Astable and Monostable multivibrator using op-amp
7. Triangular wave generation using
(i) minimum number of components
(ii) astable multivibrator and integrator
8. Second order low pass and high pass filter and notch filter for the given cutoff
frequency using op-amp
9. Astable and Monostable multivibrator using IC 555 timer
10. Design of PLL using discrete components
11. Construction of D/A and A/D converter using op-amp
(using standard 8-bit IC)
12. Voltage regulator using IC723 (load and line regulation)
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 3/73
Expt. No: 1 Dt:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER, NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER AND
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING OP-AMP
AIM:
i) To design an inverting amplifier using op-amp for a gain of -------------------
ii) To design a non-inverting amplifier using op-amp for a gain of -------------------
iii) To design a differential amplifier using op-amp for a gain of -------------------,V1= -
------- and V2= ---------
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
SPECIFICATIONS:
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 4/73
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Inverting amplifier
Non inverting amplifier:
Differential amplifier:
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 5/73
DESIGN:
Inverting amplifier
Given gain =V A , Let =2 R
⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞
⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ −=
1
2
R
R AV
=1 R
Non-Inverting amplifier
Given gain =V A , Let =2 R
⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ +=
1
21 R
R AV
=1 R
Differential amplifier
Given =V A , =1V , =2V
⎥
⎦
⎤⎢
⎣
⎡
+⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ ⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ ++⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ −=
34
4
1
22
1
21 1
R R
R
R
RV
R
RV V
O
If f R R R == 42 and R R R == 31
( )12
1
2 V V R
RV O −⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ =
Let =1 R
=2 R
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 6/73
MODEL GRAPH:
Inverting amplifier
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as shown in the diagram
2. Give the ac input signal Vin from the AFO
3. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO and calculate the practical gain using the
formulain
O
V V
V A =
4. Calculate the theoretical gain using the formula ⎟⎟ ⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎝
⎛
−= 1
2
R
R
AV for inverting
amplifier and ⎟⎟ ⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ +=
1
21 R
R AV for non-inverting amplifier
5. Compare the practical gain and the theoretical gain
6. Draw the input and output waveform in the graph for inverting and non-inverting
amplifier
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 7/73
TABULATION:
Inverting amplifier
Waveform
Numberof
divisions
in X axis
Numberof
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/divisionin V
Time/divisionin ms
Totalamplitude
in volts
Totaltime
in ms
Frequencyin Hz
Input
Output
Non inverting amplifier
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
Differential amplifier
Input 1
V1
Input 2
V2
Output
Vo (Theoretical)=(R f /R)[V1-V2]
Output
Vo (Practical)
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 8/73
RESULT & INFERENCE:
Post questions
1. List the ideal characteristics f op-amp
2. How the op-amp gets its name?
3. What circuit is used to check the working of the 741 op-amp?
4. Give the other name for differential amplifier?
5. State the basic assumptions of op-amp.
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 9/73
Expt. No: 2 Dt:
APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMP: SUMMER, SUBTRACTOR, INTEGRATOR
AND DIFFERENTIATOR
AIM:
i) To design a summer using op-amp for V1= ---------- and V2= ------------- to get an
output of Vo = -(V1+V2)
ii) To design a subtractor using op-amp for V1= ---------- and V2= ------------- to get an
output of Vo = V1-V2
iii) To construct an integrator and differentiator using op-amp for a gain of -------------
-
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Inverting summer
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 10/73
Non inverting summer Amplifier
Subtractor
Integrator
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 11/73
Differentiator
DESIGN: Summer (inverting)
Given =1V and =2V , Let = f R
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡⎟⎟ ⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ +⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −= 2
2
1
1
0 V R
RV
R
RV
f f
If f R R R ==
21 then ( )21 V V V o +−=
Summer (Non-inverting)
Given =1V and =2V , Let = f R
⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
⎟⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
+
+
⎟⎟ ⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ +=
21
2
2
1
1
0 111
R R
R
V
R
V
R
RV
f
If f R R R R === 21 ( )21 V V V o +=
Subtractor
Given =1
V and =2
V , Let = R
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡⎟⎟ ⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
+⎟⎟ ⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ += 2
1
21
43
4
1
20 1 V
R
RV
R R
R
R
RV
If R R R R R ==== 4321 then ( )21 V V V o −=
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 12/73
Integrator
Choose RC T π 2= where T is the time period of the input signal
Let =C Then = R
∫ −⎟ ⎠
⎞⎜⎝
⎛ −=2
0
)(0
1
π
dt V RC
V p pin
Differentiator
Select given frequency fa = 1/(2πRC), Assume C and find R( output)
MODEL GRAPH:
Integrator
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 13/73
Differentiator
PROCEDURE:
Summer and subtractor
1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as shown in the diagram
2. Give the dc input signal V1and V2 using the variable DC power supply
3. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO or multimeter
4. Calculate the theoretical Vo using the formula )(210 V V V +−= for summer and
210 V V V −= for subtractor
5. Compare the practical Vo and the theoretical Vo
6. Draw the input and output waveforms in the graph
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 14/73
Integrator and differentiator
1. Wire the circuit as shown in the diagram
2. Give the ac input signal Vin using AFO
3. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO
4. Draw the input and output waveforms in the graph
TABULATION:
Inverting summer
Input 1
V1
Input 2
V2
Output
Vo (Theoretical)=-(V1+V2)
Output
Vo (Practical)
Non Inverting Summer
Input 1
V1
Input 2
V2
Output
Vo (Theoretical)=(V1+V2)
Output
Vo (Practical)
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 15/73
Subtractor
Input 1
V1
Input 2
V2
Output
Vo (Theoretical)=V1-V2
Output
Vo (Practical)
Integrator
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude in
volts
Total
time in
ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 16/73
Differentiator
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude in
volts
Total
time in
ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
RESULT and INFERENCE:
Post questions
1. What is the difference between summer and summing amplifier?
2. How can you convert a differential amplifier to a subtractor?
3. What are the limitations of ordinary op-amp differentiator?
4. Give two differences between integrator and differentiator.
5. List a few applications of integrator and differentiator
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 17/73
Expt. No: 3 Dt:
INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR AND
SCHMITT TRIGGER USING OP-AMP
AIM:
i) To construct an inverting zero crossing detector using op-amp
ii) To construct a non-inverting zero crossing detector using op-amp
iii) To design a Schmitt trigger using op-amp for VUT= ------------- and VLT= --------
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Inverting zero crossing detector
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 18/73
Non inverting zero crossing detector
Schmitt trigger
DESIGN:
Schmitt trigger
Given =UT V , = LT V , Let =)( CC sat V V , Assume =2 R
( ) ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
++=
21
2
R R
RV V sat UT
( ) ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
+−=
21
2
R R
RV V sat LT
=1 R
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 19/73
GRAPH:
Inverting zero crossing detector
Non Inverting zero crossing detector
Schmitt trigger
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 20/73
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as shown in the diagram
2. Give the ac input signal Vin from the AFO
3. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO
4. Compare the practical VUT, VLT and the theoretical VUT, VLT for Schmitt trigger.
5. Draw the input and output waveform in the graph
TABULATION:
Inverting zero crossing detector
Wave
form
Numbe
r of
division
s in X
axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 21/73
Non inverting zero crossing detector
Wave
form
Numbe
r of
division
s in X
axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
Schmitt trigger
Wave
form
Number
of
divisionsin X axis
Number
of
divisionsin Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 22/73
RESULT and INFERENCE:
Post questions
1. What is a comparator?
2. What is the other name for zero crossing detector?
3. Define hysteresis.
4. What is the other name for Schmitt trigger? Why it is called so?
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 23/73
Expt. No: 4 Dt:
PRECISION HALF WAVE RECTIFIER, FULL WAVE RECTIFIER AND
CLIPPERS USING OP-AMP
AIM:
i) To construct a precision half wave rectifier using op-amp
ii) To construct a precision full wave rectifier using op-amp
iii) To construct a clipper circuit using op-amp to clip the given input
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Half wave rectifier
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 24/73
Full wave rectifier
Positive clipper
GRAPH: Half wave rectifier
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 25/73
Full wave rectifier
Positive clipper
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as shown in the diagram
2. Give the ac input signal Vi from the AFO
3. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO
4. Draw the input and output waveform in the graph
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 26/73
TABULATION:
Half wave rectifier
Wave
form
Number
of
divisionsin X axis
Number
of
divisionsin Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
Full wave rectifier
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 27/73
Clipper
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
RESULT and INFERENCE:
Post questions
1. What is the difference between ordinary rectifier and precision rectifier?
2. What is the function of rectifier?
3. Give two uses of rectifier and clipper.
4. How is clamper different from clipper?
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 28/73
Expt. No: 5 Dt:
WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR AND RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
USING
OP-AMP
AIM
i) To design a Wein bridge oscillator using op-amp for f o = -------------------
ii) To design a RC phase shift oscillator using op-amp for f o = -------------------
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PIN DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Wein bridge oscillator
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 29/73
RC phase shift oscillator
DESIGN:
Wein bridge oscillator
Given =o f , Let C C C == 21 and R R R == 21 ,
( )21212
1
C C R R f o
π = ,
122211
12
C RC RC R
C R
++= β 432 R R =
RC f
oπ 2
1= ,
3
1= β
= R
Let =4 R
=3 R
RC phase shift oscillator
Given =o f , Let C C C C === 321 , R R R R === 321
62
1
RC f o
π =
= R
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 30/73
GRAPH :
Wein bridge and RC phase shift oscillator
PROCEDURE: 1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as shown in the diagram
2. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO and calculate the practical frequency
of oscillation using the formula f o= 1/T for wein bridge and RC phase shiftoscillator
3. Calculate the theoretical frequency of oscillation using the formula
RC f o
π 2
1= for Wein bridge and
62
1
RC f o
π = for RC phase shift oscillator
4. Compare the practical frequency of oscillation and the theoretical frequency of
oscillation for both Wein bridge and RC phase shift oscillator
5. Draw the output waveform in the graph
TABULATION:
Wein bridge oscillator
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 31/73
RC phase shift oscillator
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Input
Output
RESULT and INFERENCE:
Post questions
1. What is an oscillator?
2. State Barkhausen criterion
3. Name two audio frequency oscillators.
4. What sort of feedback does RC phase shift and Wein bridge oscillator employ?
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 32/73
Expt. No: 6 Dt:
ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP-AMP
AIM:
i) To design an Astable multivibrator using op-amp for f o = -------------------
ii) To design a monostable multivibrator using op-amp for f o = -------------------
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Astable multivibrator
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 33/73
Monostable multivibrator
DESIGN:
Astable multivibrator
Given =o f , Let =C , Assume21 R R =
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ +=
2
212ln2
1
R
R R RC
f o
= R
Monostable multivibrator
Given =o f , Let =C ,
β −
⎟⎟ ⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ +
=1
1
ln sat
D
V
V
RC T ,23
3
R R
R
+= β
Assume 32 R R = , If Dsat V V ⟩⟩ then RC T 69.0= and
RC
f o
69.0
1= , hence = R
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 34/73
GRAPH:
Astable multivibrator
Monostable multivibrator
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as shown in the diagram
3. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO and calculate the practical frequency using
the formula f o=1/T
4. Calculate the theoretical frequency using the formula f o=
5. Compare the practical frequency and the theoretical frequency
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 35/73
6. Draw the output waveform in the graph
TABULATION:
Astable multivibrator
Waveform
Numberof
divisions
in X axis
Numberof
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/divisionin V
Time/divisionin ms
Totalamplitude
in volts
Totaltime
in ms
Frequencyin Hz
Output
voltage
Voltage
across the
capacitor
Monostable multivibrator
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Trigger
Input Tp
Output
voltage
Voltage
across the
capacitor
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 36/73
RESULT and INFERENCE:
Post questions
1. What is a multivibrator?
2. Give the difference between astable and monostable multivibrator.
3. List two applications of astable and monostable multivibrator.
4. How can you generate a variable amplitude signal from astable multivibrator?
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 37/73
Expt. No: 7 Dt:
TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR
AIM:
i) To design a triangular wave generator using op-amp for f o = ----------- and =)(0 PPV ----------without using astable multivibrator.
ii) To design a triangular wave generator using op-amp for f o = ------------------- using
astable multivibrator and integrator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Triangular wave generator using minimum number of components
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 38/73
Triangular wave generator using astable multivibrator and integrator
DESIGN:
Triangular wave generator using astable multivibrator and integrator
Square wave Generator:
⎟⎟ ⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ +=
1
122ln2
R
R RC RT f
, Assume 21 16.1 R R =
C RT f 2=
Given =0 f
Let =C and =1 R
= f R , =2 R
Integrator:
Take T C R ⟩⟩13
T C R 1013 =
Let =1C , =3 R
34 10 R R = Therefore =4 R
Triangular wave generator using minimum number of components
Given =0 f and =)(0 PPV , V V sat 12=
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 39/73
Let =1 R and =C
sat PP V R
RV
1
2)(0 2=
=2
R
1
234
R
CR RT = Therefore =3 R
MODEL GRAPH:
Triangular wave generator using astable multivibrator and integrator
Triangular wave generator using minimum number of components
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as shown in the diagram
2. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO and calculate the practical frequency using
the formula f o=1/T
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 40/73
3. Calculate the theoretical frequency fo = 1/T
5. Compare the practical frequency and the theoretical frequency
6. Draw the input and output waveform in the graph
TABULATION:
Triangular wave generator using astable multivibrator and integrator
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Output
VO1
VO2
Triangular wave generator using minimum number of components
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Volts/division
in V
Time/division
in ms
Total
amplitude
in volts
Total
time
in ms
Frequency
in Hz
Output
VO1
VO2
RESULT and INFERENCES:
Post questions
1. Give two differences between triangular waves and saw tooth wave.
2. How can you convert triangular wave to saw tooth wave?
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 41/73
Expt. No: 8 Dt:
SECOND ORDER LOW PASS FILTER, HIGH PASS FILTER AND NOTCH
FILTER
AIM:
i) To design a second order Butterworth low pass filter for a upper cut- off frequency
of -------------------
ii) To design a second order Butterworth high pass filter for a lower cut- off frequency
of -----------------
iii) To design a notch filter for a notch frequency of -------------------
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Low pass filter
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 42/73
High pass filter
Notch filter
Or
DESIGN:
Low pass filter
Given =0 f , Let =C
R R R == 21 and C C C == 21
RC f
π 2
10 =
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 43/73
= R
For 2=n 414.1=α 586.13 =−= α o A
3
41 R
R A
o +=
Let =4 R
=3 R
High pass filter
Given =0 f , Let =C
R R R == 21 and C C C == 21
RC f
π 2
10 =
= R
For 2=n 414.1=α 586.13 =−= α o A
3
41 R
R A
o +=
Let =4 R
=3 R
Notch filter
RC f
π 2
10 =
Let =C
= R
1 R and 2 R are for adjustment of gain
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 44/73
MODEL GRAPH:
Low pass filter
High pass filter
Notch filter
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the circuit as shown in the diagram
2. Give the ac input signal Vin from the AFO
3. Note the output signal Vo from the CRO for different frequencies and calculate the
practical gain in dB using the formula AV= 20 log (Vo/Vin)
4. Compare the practical gain and the theoretical gain
6. Draw the frequency response in the semi log graph for all the filters
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 45/73
TABULATION:
Low pass filter
Vin =
Frequency in Hz Output voltage
Vo in volts
Gain AV= Vo/Vin Gain in dB
20log(Vo/Vin)
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 46/73
High pass filter
Vin =
Frequency in Hz Output voltage
Vo in volts
Gain AV= Vo/Vin Gain in dB
20log(Vo/Vin)
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 47/73
Notch filter
Vin =
Frequency in Hz Output voltage
Vo in volts
Gain AV= Vo/Vin Gain in dB
20log(Vo/Vin)
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 48/73
RESULT and INFERENCE:
Post questions
1. What is the need for active filters?
2. Why Butterworth filters are widely used?
3. What is sallen key filter?
4. How can you get a response closer to ideal characteristics?
5. Give one application for notch filter.
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 49/73
Expt. No: 9 Dt:
ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555 Timer
AIM:
i) To design an astable multivibrator using IC 555 Timer for a = HIGH T -------- and= LOW T ---------
ii) To design a monostable multivibrator using IC 555 Timer for =ON T --------
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
Internal circuit of IC 555
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 50/73
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Astable multivibrator
Monostable multivibrator
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 51/73
DESIGN:
Astable multivibrator
Given = HIGH T and = LOW T
( )C R RT ba HIGH += 69.0 and C RT b LOW 69.0=
Let =C
=b R
=a R
Monostable multivibrator
111.1 C RT =
Let =1C
Therefore =1 R
MODEL GRAPH:
Astable multivibrator
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 52/73
Monostable multivibrator
PROCEDURE:
Astable multivibator
1. Wire the circuit as shown in the diagram
2. Note the output signal Vo and voltage across the capacitor VC from the CRO and
calculate the HIGH T and LOW T .
4. Calculate the theoretical HIGH T and LOW T using the formula ( )C R RT ba HIGH += 69.0
and C RT b LOW 69.0= .
5. Compare the practical HIGH T and LOW T and theoretical HIGH T and LOW T .
6. Draw the output waveform and voltage across the capacitor in the graph.
Monostable multivibator
1. Wire the circuit as shown in the diagram
2. Give the input trigger pulse and note the output signal Vo and voltage across the
capacitor VC from the CRO .Calculate the pulse width T .
4. Calculate the theoretical T using the formula111.1 C RT = .
5. Compare the practical T and theoretical T .
6. Draw the trigger input, output waveform and voltage across the capacitor in the
graph.
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 53/73
TABULATION:
Astable multivibrator
Wave
form
Number of
divisions in
X axis
Number of
divisions in
Y axis
Time/division
in ms
Volts/division
in V
Total
time in
ms
Total
amplitude in
volts
Output
Vo THIGH =
TLOW =
THIGH =
TLOW =
Vc
Monostable multivibrator
Wave
form
Number
of
divisions
in X axis
Number
of
divisions
in Y axis
Time/division
in ms
Volts/division
in V
Total
time in
ms
Total
amplitude in
volts
TriggerInput
Output
Voltage
across the
capacitor
VC
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 54/73
RESULT and INFERENCES:
Post questions
1. What is a multivibrator?
2. What is the function of reset pin in IC555?
3. Define duty cycle
4. Give two applications of astable multivibrator.
5. List two applications of monostable multivibrator.
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 55/73
Expt. No: 10 Dt:
DESIGN OF PLL USING DISCRETE COMPONENTS
AIM:
To design a PLL for calculating output frequency, lock range and capture range
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
Voltage Controlled Oscillator and IC741
Block diagram of PLL
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 56/73
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Digital phase detector
Low pass filter
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 57/73
Voltage controlled oscillator
PLL using IC 565
DESIGN:
Low pass filter
RC
f oπ 2
1= ;
Let R=3.6K Ω and C=0.01uf
VCO
T T
oC R
f 25.0
= ;
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 58/73
Let R T=12K Ω and CT=0.001uf
MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 59/73
RESULT and INFERENCES:
Post questions
1. Define PLL
2. Define lock range and capture range
3. What do you mean by pull in time?
4. List few application of PLL
5. What is the function of VCO?
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 60/73
Expt. No: 11 Dt:
D/A AND A/D CONVERTER USING OP-AMP
AIM:
i) To design a Digital to Analog Converter using op-amp.
ii) To design a Analog to Digital Converter using op-amp
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
IC741
IC0808
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 61/73
LM747
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Digital to Analog Converter
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 62/73
Analog to Digital converter
Internal diagram of IC0808
Pin details for IC 0808
S.No Pin name function
1. IN0-IN7 Inputs
2. SC Start of Conversion
3. EOC End Of Conversion
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 63/73
4. D0-D7 Outputs
5. OE Output enable
6. Clock 10 KHz -1280KHz
7. VCC 5V
8. Vref(+) 5V
9. Vref(-) 0V
10. ALE Address Latch Enable
Logic for multiplexer channels of ADC 0808
Analog
channel
Address
A B C
IN0 0 0 0
IN1 0 0 1
IN2 0 1 0
IN3 0 1 1
IN4 1 0 0
IN5 1 0 1
IN6 1 1 0
IN7 1 1 1
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 64/73
Circuit for Vref
+12V
2.7k
6.9VZener
1k 1.3k 747
5k
5uf
Output
MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
D/A Converter
1. Give the connections as given in circuit diagram.
2. Put the switches in all possible 3-bit binary positions and note the correspondinganalog digital values.
3. Verify the output to satisfy the corresponding given input.
A/D Converter
1. Give the connections as given in circuit diagram.
2. Give the input to IN1 by selecting add A=0, add B=0, add C=0.
3. Give the clock signal having a frequency of 680KHz and other control signals for
the operation.The minimum start pulse width and ALE pulse width must be
100ns.
4. Take the output at D0-D7 (8 bit).
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 65/73
TABULATION:
Digital to analog converter
SNo Bit positions Corresponding voltage
Analog to digital converter
S.No Analog input Digital output
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 66/73
RESULT and INFERENCES:
Post questions:
1. What do you mean by resolution?
2. Define linearity
3. Name the essential parts of DAC.
4. Why successive approximation type is superior to all other types of circuits?
5. Define monotonicity.
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 67/73
Expt. No: 12 Dt:
VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING IC 723
AIM:
i) To design a high current, low voltage and high voltage linear variable dc regulated power supply and test its line and load regulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Low Voltage Regulator
430
1k
0.52N3055Unr egul at ed
DC PowerSuppl y 12 11
6
5
R1
R2
V+ VcVo
CL
CS
I NV
COMPV-
NI
Vr ef
0. 1
UF
TI P122
100pF
Rsc
10
23
4
137
Load
A+ -
V
+
-
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 68/73
High Voltage Regulator :
DESIGN:
Low voltage regulator
Output voltage → VO
Reference voltage→ Vref
Rprotect → Minimum Resistance to protect the output from short
circuit.
Given : Vo=5V, Vref = 7.15 V
To calculate R1, R2 ,R3 and Rsc.
Vo = Vref ( R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) )
5 / 7.15 = ( R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) )
( R1 + R2 ) 0.699= R2
0.699R1 = 0.301 R2 , R1 = 0.4306 R2
Select R2 = 1 K R1 = 1 K Ω * 0.4306 = 430Ω
R1 = 430 R3 = R1 * R2 / ( R1 + R2) , R3 = 430.6 *1000 /(430.6+1000 )
R3 = 300 Rsc = Vsense / Ilimit = 0.5 /1A = 0.5Ω , Rsc = 0.5
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 69/73
High voltage regulator
Given : Vo=12V, Vref = 7.15 V
To calculate R1, R2 ,R3 and Rsc.
Vo = Vref ( 1 + (R1 / R2) )
12 / 7.15 = 1+ (R1 / R2)
(12 / 7.15) - 1 = (R1 / R2)
(R1 / R2) = 0.678
Select R2 = 1 K R1 = 1 K Ω * 0.678 = 678Ω
R1= 678 Rsc = Vsense / Ilimit = 0.5 /1A = 0.5Ω
Rsc = 0.5
MODEL GRAPH: Line Regulation : Load Regulation :
Input Voltage Vs Output Voltage : Output Current Vs Output Voltage
PROCEDURE: Low voltage regulator :
Line Regulation :
1. Give the circuit connection as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 1.1.
2. Set the load Resistance to give load current of 0.25A.
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 70/73
3. Vary the input voltage from 7V to 18V and note down the corresponding
output voltages.
4. Similarly set the load current ( IL ) to 0.5A & 0.9A and make two more sets of
measurements.
Load Regulation :
1. Set the input voltage to 10V.
2. Vary the load resistance in equal steps from 350Ω to 5Ω and note down the
corresponding output voltage and load current.
3.Similarly set the input voltage ( Vin ) to 14V & 18V and make two more sets of
measurements.
4.Plot the line regulation by taking Input Voltage (Vin) along X-axis and Output
Voltage (VL) along Y-axis for various load currents.
5.Plot the load regulation by taking load current (IL) along X-axis and Output
Voltage (VL) along Y-axis for various input voltages.
6.Calculate its % Voltage Regulation using the formula.
Hign voltage regulator :
Line Regulation :
1.Give the circuit connection as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 1.2.
2.Set the load Resistance to give load current IL of 0.25A.
3.Vary the input voltage from 7V to 18V and note down the corresponding output
voltages.
4.Similarly set the load current ( IL ) to 0.5A & 0.9A and make two more sets of
measurements.
Load Regulation :
1. Set the input voltage to 10V.
2. Vary the load resistance in equal steps from 350Ω to 15Ω and note down the
corresponding output voltage and load current.
3.Similarly set the input voltage ( Vin ) to 14V & 18V and make two more sets of
measurements.
4. Plot the line regulation by taking Input Voltage (Vin) along X-axis and Output
Voltage (VL) along Y-axis for various load currents.
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 71/73
5. Plot the load regulation by taking load current (IL) along X-axis and Output
Voltage (VL) along Y-axis for various input voltages.
6. Calculate its % Voltage Regulation using the formula.
TABULATION:
Low voltage regulator :
Line Regulation :
S.No. Load Resistance R L1 = Load Resistance R L2 = Load Resistance R L3 =
Input
Voltage
Vin(Volts)
Output
Voltage
VL(Volts)
Input
Voltage
Vin(Volts)
Output
Voltage
VL (Volts)
Input
Voltage
Vin(Volts)
Output
Voltage
VL (Volts)
Load Regulation :
S.No. Input Voltage Vin1 = Input Voltage Vin2 = Input Voltage Vin3 =
Output
Current
IL ( A )
Output
Voltage
VL (Volts)
Output
Current
IL ( A )
Output
Voltage
VL (Volts)
Output
Current
IL ( A )
Output
Voltage
VL (Volts)
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 72/73
High voltage regulator :
Line Regulation :
S.No. Load Resistance R L1 = Load Resistance R L2 = Load Resistance R L3 =
Input
Voltage
Vin(Volts)
Output
Voltage
VL(Volts)
Input
Voltage
Vin(Volts)
Output
Voltage
VL (Volts)
Input
Voltage
Vin(Volts)
Output
Voltage
VL(Volts)
Load Regulation :
S.No. Input Voltage Vin1 = Input Voltage Vin2 = Input Voltage Vin3 =
Output
Current
IL ( A )
Output
Voltage
VL(Volts)
Output
Current
IL ( A )
Output
Voltage
VL(Volts)
Output
Current
IL ( A )
Output
Voltage
VL(Volts)
8/13/2019 Lic Lab Manual_beccec407r01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lic-lab-manualbeccec407r01 73/73
Calculation of % Voltage Regulation :
% Voltage Regulation = ( Vdc ( NL ) - Vdc ( FL ) ) / Vdc ( FL )
Vdc ( NL ) = D.C. output voltage on no load
Vdc ( FL ) = D.C. output voltage on full load
RESULT and INFERENCES:
Post questions:
1. What is the function of voltage regulator?
2. Define line and load regulation
3 What is drop out voltage?