Topic:Liberalism

Presented by: Mohsin Liaqat

Introduction:

• Liberalism has profound impact on the shape of all modern industrial societies

• Core Beliefs of Liberalism; • Political freedom, Democracy, liberty of individual and

equality before law• Economic liberalism, Liberal institutionalism,

Globalization of world economy• Liberal talks about the limited role of the govet.power

E.g,no arbitrational, persecutional power• Liberal belief in scientific rationality, (reject

superstition)

After cold war:

• Fukuyama, believed that collapse of USSR, proved liberal democracy had no serious ideological competitor

• Liberal democracy and liberal capitalism is the end point of mankind’s ideological evolution and final form of human govet.

• End of cold war show the success of ideal state(liberal democratic state) and a economy(liberal capitalism )

• Apply the rule of the survival of the fittest• Liberal democracy has less chances of war, rejecting

the idea of realist that Intl.anarchic system push the states, struggle for power

Liberal institutionalism:

• Liberals support the concept of recognised legitimacy• The liberal democracies recognised one another

legitimacy(less desire to go for war)• Realist oppose this idea that without the overarching

authority (the rule of the recognised legitimecy is not applicable)

• States 1st periority is their security and survival when this(their security) is in danger they forget legitimacy rule

• Liberals defend themselves with the argument of(zone of peace)

War , Democracy and Free Trade

• Liberals believe that war can be eliminated by two actions

• 1st replacing aristocracy with democracy• 2nd replacing autarky(nationalism, self-

sufficiency) with free trade

Prospect for peace

• Liberalists define peace, “peace is the normal states of affairs”

• Kant’s word, “peace can b perpetual(permanent)”

Causes of war

• Liberalists give different causes of war• War is created by militriaistic and undemocratic

govet. For their own interests• War is done by “warrior class”, to increase power

and wealth through territorial conquest• War is done to preserve power by king• War gives excuses the govets. To raise

taxes,increase control over the citizen• Kant and Schumpeter, “war was the outcome of

minority rule”.

Suggestions to stop war

• War is a cancer for body politic, disease of war can be treated by two medicines

• 1st democracy(curb the power of elite which lead to war)

• 2nd Free Trade(overcome the artificial barriers b/w individuals and unite them into one community)

• Kant’s view, (war can be eliminated by establishing republic govet.)-Pacific federation

• Equality before law, free speech and civil liberty,respect for private property can stop war

Democratic peace theory

• According to this theory, “mutually acceptance of shared legitimacy of political rights save the liberal democratic states from war”.

• Legitimate shared common principles are,• 1st a commitment to rule of law• 2nd individuals rights and equality before law• 3rd representative govets. Having popular

consent of people

The spirit of commerce• Liberalists think that spirit of war and commerce are mutually

incompatible• Many wars fought by states to achieve their mercantilist goals• Carrs’s views, “aims of mercantilism were not to promote welfare of

community but to increase the power of state”.• Free trade best way to achieve national wealth, it breakdown the division

b/w states and unite individuals everywhere in one community.• Free trade break artificial commerce barriers and increase contact b/w

people and increase international.friendship• World conflicts are due to the barriers erected by states, these conflicts

can removed through free trade.• J.s.mills view, “free trade was a mean to end war”.• Leaders know now that benefits of free trade are more then the cost of

territorial conquest and colonial expansion

Interdependence and liberal institutionalism

• Main core belief of interdependence theory:• Free trade and removal of barriers to commerce• Conflicts can remove by creating common interest in

trade• Economic collaboration among members of same

geographical region e.g, Europe union.• States increased the scope of cooperation by the

development of Intl (liberal) institutions• Institutions means “sets of rules which govern state

behaviour in specific policy areas e.g law of the sea.

Continu:

• Liberals institutionalist give little importance to hegemonic player (which can enforce compliance with agreement).

Difference at point of comparative advantage

Liberal institutionalist

• Intl,relations need not to be Zero-sum-game

• As many states feels secure to maximize their interests regardless what other achieved

Neo-Realist and Neo-liberalist

• Waltz argue “states are concerned with relative gains”(who will gain more?)

• States not cooperate when they expect gain less than their rivals.

• States always concernd about the absolute gain

Economic interdependency

liberalist

• Economic interdependency is pacifying Intl.relations

Neo-realist

• Anarchic nature of Intl.system creat the feelings of insecurity among states ,so these feelings deviate states from cooperation ( economically)

Human Rights

• The concept of human rights is the not new thing in modern world, it found in history,E.g-ancient Babylon, early Buddhist and Hindu texts etc

• 1st properly describe charter about human rights is found in west E.g-Magna carta 1215,The Bill of rights 1689,

• Human rights are found in U.S.A declaration of independence 1776 e.g- all men are created equal, rights of life,liberty etc

• France declaration of the rights of man and the citizen in 1789,e.g-all men are born free and equal in their rights

Universal Human rights:

• Right of life and liberty• Human free from starvation• Justice • Human freedom• To protect these Human rights Intl.institutions are

developed,E.g-Universal declaration of human rights in 1948, ILO,ICJ

• At the issue of human rights few states are reluctant to give power the institutions which compel them to improve their ethical performance

• Marxists rejects the liberals idea importance of institutions as they said bourgeoise(upper class) violating the human rights of proletariates(lower class)

Economy and Terrorism

Liberalists

• 1st Talks about global political economy for zone of peace

• This sudden attack issue Creats intellectual dilemma for liberals for which they were not prepared

• 2nd Talks about free trade give no support to state intervention in economy

Realists

• 1st While sudden terrorists attacks(9/11) blockage the path of globalization

• 2nd There is no free trade without the agreed opinion of any state, state is still powerful than institutions

Liberalism and Globalization

Liberalists

• Talks about global liberal economy, based on free of state intervention policy

Realists

• Give importance to state intervention role (without it sovereignty factor damaged)

• Keynesian Formula, “state intervene in economy to smooth out the business cycle,provide a degree of social equity,security and maintain full employment”.

The Nature of Free Trade

liberalist

• No national barriers for traders to exchange their money and goods

• Free trade promote the most efficient use of resources,people and capital

• Reject protectionism

Realists

• Promote the protectionism, “trade under guardianship of state”, (which support states sovereignty)

Sovereignty and Foreign Investment

Liberalists

• For free trade F.I is inevitable

Realists

• F.I damage sovereignty of states E.g, foreign investor come with conditions(subsidies, security, protection etc)

Non-State Terrorism

liberalists

• Two prominent beliefs,• 1st liberal democracy is the

universal destination for the species

• 2nd that globalization is inexorable

Realists

• Current wave of militancy challenge the both liberal’s beliefs (that the whole world not want what liberal believe)

Conclusion:

Liberalists• Liberalism is an inside-out approach,

favor a world in which endogenous (internal cause or origin)determines the exogenous

• Global peaceful order is only possible through liberal democracy and liberal capitalism

• Free trade a guarantee to global peace• Liberal democracy expand zone of

peace• Globalization decreased the power of

nation-state• Trade and commerce are more

beneficial than the cost of Territorial conquest

Realists• Nation-state is more powerful

than anything else, despite the globalization of world

• States has the power to control weapons of war and their legitimate use

• Power to impose taxes on its citizens

• Only the states has the political allegiances of its citizens

• Nation-state has the power to bind the whole community to Intl.Law

END:::::

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