----

A Absolute pressure, 300-301 Ace Detersivo Marsiglia, 5 Acid value (AV), 381,399--401,448 Acne dererrems as additives, 148

Additive-base interaccions in soap cleansing

syscems, 135-139 Additives

and-acne compounds, 148 anci-i rriranrs, 148 antimicrobial compounds. 147

CTFA Cosmetic Handbook, 143 dermabrasive/exfoliaring agents, 144, 146 drug componentS, J46 emollienrs, 144-145 humectants/moisturizers, 144, 146

miscellaneous, 149-150 occlusive agents, 144, 147 OTe acrive ingredienrs. 146 secondary surfacrants, 148-149 syndel bars and, 170-171

Adverrising, 34. See also Marketing Alcoholic saponificarion color, 405 Alfa-Laval dryer, 268 Alkali-free cleansing bars. See Syndel bars

..Index

Animal sacrifices and soap origins. 3 Anionic surfac£ants, 154-158. See also

Surfactams

Annual Book ofASTM Stantidrds, 399 Anti-acne compounds as additives, 148 Anri-irritams as additives, 148 Anribacterial/ingredient/deodoran rlmois tu rizing

soaps (1994-2009) history

Dove (2001-2008), 56 Fa (2002-2008), 57 Ivory (2004-2008), 58-59 Ivory Moiscure Care (1997), 52 Lever 2000 (2000-2009), 55 Lifebuoy (2003-2008), 58 Lux (2000), 53-54 Oil of Olay (1994-2008), 49-50 Palmolive Bars (1999-2008), 50-51 Pears (2004-2008), 58 Safeguard (I 999-2008), 52

Antimicrobial compounds as addicives, 147 AOCS Official Test Methods, 399-400 APHA color scale, 448 Ariel, 21 Armour & Company (1867), 2\-22 Armour Soap Works, \1Alkyl polyglucosides (APG) and foaming, 168 Artow Borax Soap, 1614Alphaber--Pre(cy picwres and truism about Art in markering/advertising, 5-8, 28,34, 72children's friend Wool Soap", 15-16 Ash and glycerine, 394Amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades, bar Assay of glycerine, 394soap finishing and, 308-309 Atlanric and Pacific (1969)American Family brand, 21, 76-77

history. 46Amphor~ric surfacrants, 154-155, 160-161. See manufacrure of, 350also Surfacranrs

Acmospheric systems and semi-boiled soap Andrew Jergens Company (I 880), 22, 30 barch process of, 252-~253Angled bar soap scamping, 373

• 457 •

• L. Spitz

compared with pressurized system, 260 continuous process of, 254 semi-continuous process of, 253-254

Autoclaves and semi-boiled soap, 254-255 Automation of plants, 290-292

B Bar hardness, 427-430 Bar smear/slough, 170 Bar soap finishing

amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades and, 308-309

chiller sizing, 331 cooling units, 331 cutters, 323-326 direct noncontact transfers for canonerl

wrapper interface Binacchi direct product transfer (OPT)

system, 328 Aashstamping presses, 330 Mazwni LB direct transfer (OTS) system,

328,343-344 finishing line types/selection, 333-337 history, 61, 66 low-temperature glycol chillers, 331,333 mixers

amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades, 308-309

double-arm mixers with sigma blades, 309-310

mixer-kneaders, 309-310 mottled laundry soap manufacturing system,

374 packaging

ACMA 330 soap canoner with YT/YV infeeds, 340

ACMA 7250/7350 soap wrappers, 339 ACMA 770 soap canoner with TH non­

contact infeedltransfer, 340 ACMA 771 TH-non-contact soap infeed/

transfer, 339 ACMA rotary infeedltransfer systems, 338 ACMA TH-non-contact soap infeed/

transfer, 338 Binacchi systems, 343-344

CAM soap caroner infeed/transfer systems, 341

carton blank terminology, 345 canon styles, 346 definitions/conversion factors, 346 Ooboy IL3 three belt contact feeder, 342 Ooboy IL4 four belt contact feeder, 342 general information, 337 Guerze 1OOOHS horizontal Aow wrapper,

341 soap cartoners, 345 soap wrappers, 344 styles, 337

plodders extrusion group, 315-316 fiinishing line, 336-337 Mazwni LB multi refining plodder (MRP),

319,321 packaged water chillers, 331-332 refining/pelletizing group, 315-316 SAS Transavon Duplex Vacuum Plodder,

322-323 short-/long-LclO-ratio, 319 types, 314 worms, 317-320

presses Aashstamping presses, 327 soap shapes, 326

processing steps for, 303-308 roll mills, 311-313, 331-332 temperature control units, 332-333

Barometric condensers, 285 Barrat, Thomas J., 7-8 Bathing as religious/cleanliness activity, 2-3 Beauty soaps. See Purity/beauty/health soaps

(I 872-1947) Beecham Group, 6 BHT chromotographic analysis and, 413 Binacchi "CHBS" process, 244-245, 256-259 Binacchi "CSFA" process, 244-245 Binacchi "CSWE-3" system, 237-238, 241, 243 Binacchi direct product transfer (OPT) system,

328 Binacchi SOE dryer system, 281-282 Binders, syndet bars and, 169 Biofuels, 383, 393

458

B.J. Johnson Soap Company, 34 Bleachability, 382 Blumenschien, Mary Green, 36 Boiling. See Kettle saponification Borit, 2 Brooks, Benjamin, 31 Bubbles (Millais), 8 Buerger nomenclature for solid soap phases, 118,

194 Bulk of lye, 248 Bumetrizole as additive, 149 A Busy Day (Humphrey), 28 Buteth-3 as additive, 149

C Calculations

alkalinity/acidity adjustments, 444-447 caustic soda requirements, 437-438, 441 FA blend molecular weight adjustment,

442-443 FA blends, 441 FA neutralization products, 442 fat blend, 437 kettle saponification

finishing/fitting kettle, 219-220 fluctuating fat ratios, 217 kettle settling, 218-219 loading kettle, 214-217

primary soap making routes, 437 saponification products - quantities, 438-440 total fatty matter (TFM), 440

Calorimetry, 127-128 Camay (1926)

history, 38-39 Caress (1972-2009)

history, 47 ingredient label compositions of, 173

Casely, Robert E., 40 Cashmere Bouquet (1872), 24-26 Cast-melt process and transparency, 200 Cast transparent bars, 131 Cast transparentltranslucent bars, 170 Castill~, Spain and soap making, 3 Cataphil, ingredient label compositions of, 174 Cationic surfactants, 154-155. See also

Surfactants

Soap Manufacturing Technology.

Caustic soda characteristics/specifications/analysis of, 390 markets/prices and, 391 production/sources/users of, 388-390 requirement calculations, 437-438, 441 saponification and, 224 transport/storage/handling of, 392

Cavity Transfer Mixer, 198-199 Centrifugal pump metering system, 227-228 Centrifuged lye, 248 Certified colorants, 139, 142 Chardin, Jean Simeon, 78 Charles H. Geilfus & Company, 22 Chase, Helen, 39 Chelating agents, chromotographic analysis and,

412-413 Chemistry of soap structures. See also Physical

characteristics of soap raw materials AOCS Official Test Methods, 399-400 basic, 83-84 chromotographic analysis

BHT by capillary GC, 413 chelating agents by HPLC, 412-413 drivatized FA analysis by capillary GC, 412 drivatized FA analysis by HPLC, 411 FFA analysis by HPLC, 411-412 glycerine content by HPLC, 412 triclocarban/triclosan by HPLC, 412 triglyceride analysis by HPLC, 410

continuous saponification and, 228-230, 233-234

and effect of trans isomers on FA/soap properties, 402-403

FAs,437 glycerides and, 84-85 history, 223 iodine value (IV), 401-402 minor ingredients

anhydrous-soap content, 407 chlorides, 408-409 FFA/free alkalinity, 409 free-glycerine content, 408 moisture content, 407 triclocarbanltriclosan by UV absorbance,

409-411 molecular structure and, 115-116

459

• L. Spitz

mush/cracking formulation implications, 108-112 relationship, 93 structural implicarions, 103-108 structure weakness, 98-103

oleate:laurate eutecric mixrure and, 85-87 performance models

maero model, 87-89 molecular model, 89-92

saponification value (SV), 401 soap/water inreracrions, 92-93 srrucrure weakness

consequences, 98-103 crystal oriencation during plodding, 95-96,

112-l14 overall effeers, 97-98 pressure effeers during plodding, 94-95 strucrure fundamentals. 93-94 strucrure visualizarion in plodder. 96--97

syndet bars and, 162-167 titer and, 402 and tram isomer measurement. 403 transparent/rranslucenr soaps and. 191-195 triglyceride oil structure, 379-380 triglycerides, 437

Cherry Ripe (Millais), 8 Chevreul, Michel Eugene, 4 Chicago Family, 13 A Child, World (Millais), 8 Chill rollslflakers, 268 Chiller sizing, bar soap finishing and, 331 Chlorate and caustic soda, 390 Chloride and caustic soda, 390 Chromorographic analysis

BHT by capillary GC, 413 chelating agents by HPLC, 412-413 drivatized FA analysis by capillary GC, 412 drivatized FA analysis by HPLC, 411 FFA analysis by HPLC, 411-412 glycerine concenr by HPLC, 412 triclocarban/triclosan by HPLC, 412 triglyceride analysis by HPLC, 410

Clarette, 13 Cleansing bar formulation, synder bars and, 159 Cleansing grains Coast (1974-2008)

history, 48 manufacture of: 350

Coates, F. Graham, 36 Coconut oil (CNO), 84, 224, 378, 437,

451-453 Colbert, Jean Batiste, 4 Colgare & Company

Cashmere Bouquet (1872) of, 24-25 Colgare Palmolive Company (1806),17-21 Global Handwashing Day and, 33 history, 60

Colgate clock, 19-21 Colgate, William, 17 Color

alcoholic saponification color. 405 analysis by colorimeter, 404 analysis by H'unrer reAectance measurement,

413-414 analysis by phoromerric measurement, 404 color scale conversions, 405-406 commercially used scales, 448 direct bleach tesc and, 405 evaluation of raw marerials, 404 Farry marrer and, 381 Hunter reAectance measuremenr and,

413-414 refined/bleached,404-405 saponificarion color of FAs, 405 scale conversions of: 405-406 visual color comparisons, 413

Coloranrs caregories of, 139-141 certified, 139, 142 natural, 143 noncertifiable, 141-142 noncertified, 142

Combo bars. See also Syndet bars ingtedient label composirions of; 173-175 surfactant advantage and, 153 surfactant composition in, 161

Computer-controlled plants, 290-292 Condensate temperarure, 300-301 Cone, Fairfax M., 41 Continuous saponification

commercially available systems, 241-243 continuous FA neutralization, 24l-243

460

C,

C,

o C, C, C, Cr

Cn Cn Cri Cn Cn

defined, 247 hiswry, 223 meceri ngldosing

crideal metered streams, 227 metering equipment, 227-228 raw marerials, 224, 227

neurralizarion, 240-241 equipmenr,243-245 reacdon, 243

overview or, 223-226 saponificadon

chemical reaction, 228-229 critical reaC[ion factors, 230 equipment, 230-232 rate of reacrion, 229-230

soap washing/exrracdon cooling and spent lye removal, 237-238 general information, 232 glycerine washing efficiency, 239-240 glycerine washing equipment. 237 limit lye concentration, 233-234 lye and neat soap separarion, 239-240 soap grain, 233, 235 soap phase chemistry/diagram, 233-234 washing and half spent lye removal,

237-239 Wigner's model, 235-236

Cooling [Ower systems soap drying systems, 289

Cooling units bar soap finishing and, 331

Copco,13 Coumercurrents. See Keule saponification Countway, D. L., 32 Coupons, in marketing/advertising, 19,76-77 Cracking

evaluation of, 422-423 influences on, 108-109, 112 mush relationship with, 93 slfuceucal implicadons and, 103-108 sr(ucrure weaknesses and. 98-103

Cream soaps, 150 Cries oflondon (Wheatley), 5-6 Crirical micelle concentrarion (CMC), 123-126 Crosfield, Joseph, 22 Crude soap, 248

Soap Manufacturing Technology.

Crurcher and semi-boiled soap, 252-254 Crystallization, 191-195. See also Chemistry or

soap structures CTFA Cosmetic Handbook, 143, 149-150 Curd phase, 118 Curd soap, 248 Cu rris Davis Company, 31 Currers

bar soap finishing and, 323-326

D Danforth, Philip, 21 Delta phase of molecular model, 92, 99-100 Densiry, defined, 293 Deodorant/skin care soaps (1948-1967). See

also Anribacterial/ingredienr/deodoranr/ moisturizing soaps (1994-2009); Freshness/ deodorant/skin care soaps (1968-1993)

history Dial (1948-2008), 40-41 Dove (1955), 44 Jergens (1951-2008), 41-42 Safeguard (1963-2008),44 Tone (1968), 45 Vel (1948-2008), 41 Zest (1952-2008), 42-43

Dermabrasive/exfoliating agents as addirives, 144,146

Derergenrs. See Laundry powder detergents Deupree, Richard R., 38 Dial, II, 22, 60 Dial (1948-2008),40-41 Die Frische Fa. See Fa (1968) Dierhylene glycol and glycerine, 394 Differential Scanning Calorimetry, 127-128 Direct nonconracr rransfers for cartoner/wrapper

interface bar soap finishing, 328, 330, 343-344

Discontinued soaps history

Colgate, 60 Dial, 60 Jergens, 60 Lever, 60 Proctor & Gamble, 60

Distilled raety acid (DFA) process, 377,452-454

461

• L. Spitz

Double-arm mixers with sigma blades, bar soap finishing and, 309-310

Dove (I 955),44 Dove (2001-2008), 56 Dove Beaucy Bar design, 162, 173, 176 Dove Nurrium (2000), 351 Drefr (I933), 63-64 Drug components a,!i additives, 146 Dcying sysrems. See Soap dcying sysrems Dual cydone fines recovery sysrem, 283-284 Durch Margarine Union, 23

E Economics. See Markedng Edicr of Colberr, 4 Elecrrolyres and soap producrion, 102, Ill,

205-207,247,250-251 EmolJienrs as addirives, 144-145 Eguipmem. See also Soap dcying sysrems

concinuous saponificacion, 230-232 glycerine washing equipmem, 226, 237

condnuous saponificadon and, 237 glycerine washing, 237 neurralizarion, 240-241

Erhylene propylene <liene monomer (EPDM), 279

Eubose, ingredient label compositions of, 175 European use of bar soaps, synder bars and,

183-185 Emeccic mixflrre, 85-87 Evaluarion methods

bar hardness, 427-430 fragrance, 425-426 lamer evaluarion, 417-420 mush, 422 rate of wear (ROW), 421-422 rheoJogiClI charac(erizarion, 430--433 skin mildness, 425 user panel, 426-427 wet bar feel, 424 wer cracking, 422-423

Expansion dryers, 268-269 Ex(raction

continuous saponification cooling and spem lye removal, 237-238 general information, 232

glycerine washing efficiency, 239-240 glycerine washing equipmenr, 237 limit lye concenrrarion. 233-234 lye and neat soap separation, 239-240 soap grain, 233, 235 soap phase chemisrcy/diagram, 233-234 washing and half spem lye removal,

237-239 Wigner's model, 235-236

ROC countercurrent exrracrion column, 237-239

Extrusion barsoap finishing and, 315-316 soap producrion and, 104-106,362-369 translucent ba~s and, 131

F Fa (1968), 45, 349 Fa (2002-2008), 57 Fairbank, Nathaniel Kellogg, 13 Faicy Soap, 13-15 Fatcy acids (FA)

calculations for blends, 441 chromorographic analysis and, 411-412 defined,448-449 farsloilslFA specifications, 451-453 saponification color of, 405 surfactam symhesis and, 156-158

Ferguson nomenclature for solid soap phases, 118,194

Fewa (1932), 63 Fillers, syndet bars, 171 Flashsramping presses, 327, 330 Flex wash mildness resr, 178 Flower Sellm Group (Wheadey), 5-6 Foam volume, defined, 449-450 Foaming. See Lacher evaluadon Focardi, G., 7 Forearm controlled application (echnique (feAT), 425

Foreign particulate matter, 415 Formularion, 162-167,200. See also Chemisrry of soap suuctures

Fragrances, 89, 110-111, 143,425-426 Franklin, Benjamin, 5 Free alkalinicy, defined, 449

462

Fr

Fr Fr Fr

Fr,

G G: G: G: Go Gi TI

G G G I

G

G G G

Free farty acids (FFA) chromotographic analysis and, 411--412 defined, 449 molecular performance model and, 91-92 soap structure and. 89 superfatting and, 111, 129-130

Free glycerine, defined, 449 Fremy, Edmond, 61 Freshness/deodoranr/skin care soaps (1968-1993)

hiswry Atlantic and Pacific (1969), 46 Caress (1972-2009), 47 Coasr (1974-2008),48 Fa (1968), 45 Irish Spring (1972-2008), 46 Lever 2000 (1987), 49 Pure & Natural (1985-2008), 48

Frosch and Kligman roxicity ladder, 177

G Gain, 21 Gamble, James, 21 Gardner color scale, 448 Geilfus, Charles H., 22 Gibbs' Phase Rule, 125 The Gillerre Company

hisrory,21 Givaduan-Delawaana, Inc., 40 Global Handwa,hing Day, 33 Global Public-Private Partnership for

Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW), 33 Global use

of caustic soda, 391 of glycerine, 394-395 syndet bars and, 183-185 of rriglyceride fatry matter, 382-384

Glossary, 448--451 Glycerides, soap srructure and, 83-85 Glycerine

characteristics/specificadons/analysis of, 394 chromorographic analysis and, 412 defi=i,449 fats/oils/FA specificadons, 451--452 markers/prices and, 394-395 production/sources/users, 392-393 quanriry calculations, 439--440

Soap Manufacturing Technology.

semi-boiled soap production and, 249 ttansporr/srorage/handling of, 395-396

Glycerol and soap production, 102, 110 Gold Dust Twins, 13, 15 Gold Dust Washing/Scouring Powder, 13-15 Good New, Bible, 2 Grain, 233, 235, 247 Graining efficiency, 206 Gross, Henry, 31 Gross, Sydney, 31 Gump, William, 40

H Half spenr lye, 237-239, 248 Handcrafred attisan/specialty soaps, 60-61 Handcrafted Soap Makers Guild (HSMG), 352 Hardness of soap bar, 427--430 Harwotth, W. T., 22 Health soaps. See Purity/beauty/health soaps

(1872-1947) Healy, Tim, 76 Heat rransfer rate, 299-300 Heavy metals and glycerine, 394 Heavyhransirional metals and causdc soda, 390 Heckler & Company, 15 Hemoglobin denamradon (haemolysis) tesc for

mildness, 178 Henkel & Cie, 61 Herbal exttacts as additives, 149-150 Hexagonal liquid crystal phase, 120-122, 124 "Hints ro InrendingAdvettisers" (Smith), 71 Hi,toria Natura/i, (Pliny the Elder), 3 Hiswry of soaps/detergenrs

animal sacrifices and, 3 antibacterial/ingredienddeodorancl

moisturizing soaps (1994-2009) Dove (2001-2008), 56 Fa (2002-2008), 57 Ivory (2004-2008), 58-59 Ivory Moisture Care (1997), 52 Lever 2000 (2000-2009), 55 Lifebuoy (2003-2008), 58 Lux (2000), 53-54 Oil ofOtay (1994-2008), 49-50 Palmolive Bars (1999-2008), 50-51 Pears (2004-2008), 58

463

• L. Spill

Safeguard (1999-2008), 52 bar soap caregories and, 24 colonial America and, 5 currenr brands

Andrew Jergens Company (1880), 22 Armour & Company (1867), 21-22 Colgare Palmolive Company (]806), 17-21 Lever Brothers Company (1884), 22-23 Pears (1789), 7-10 Procter & Gamble Company (1837), 21 Yardley (1770), 5-7

deodoranr/skin care soaps (1948-1967) Dial (1948-2008), 40-41 Dove (1955), 44 Jergens (1951-2008), 41-42 Safeguard (1963-2008), 44 Tone (1968), 45 Vel (1948-2008), 41 Zesr (1952-2008), 42-43

discominued soaps Colgate, 60 Dial, 60 Jergens, 60 Lever, 60 Proctor & Gamble, 60

firs[ industrial production, 4

freshness/deodoram/skin care soaps (1968-1993)

Arlanric and Pacific (1969), 46 Caress (1972-2009), 47 Coast (1974-2008), 48 Fa (1968), 45 Irish Spring (1972-2008), 46 Lever 2000 (1987), 49 Pure & Narural (1985-2008), 48

handcrafted acrisan/specialty soaps, 60-61, 60-61

handcrafled arrisn/specialry soaps, 60-61, 60-61

laundry powder delergenrs barsoaps, 61,66 Oren (1933), 63-64, 63--G4 Fewa (1932), 63 liquid detergenrs, 69-70 Peesil (1907), 61-62, 61-62 powder detergenrs, 68

soap powders, 61, 67 Tide (1946), 64-65,64-65 unil dosing produc[s, 69

laundry washing products, 61 markeling

coupons, 76-77 Ivory stamp club, 76 magazines, 71-72 premiums, 75 product booklers, 75-76 radio and soap operas, 72-74 selling of soap, 71 slogans/jingles, 77-78 soap poslers, 75 soap sculpting, 76 relevision ilnd soap operas, 74 trade/trading cards, 74 rrolly car signs, 75

Mounr Sapo and, 223 obsolete brands

J. S. Kirk & Company (Chicago 1859), 10-13

N. K. Fairbank Company (Chicago 1865), 13-15

Olher companies, 17 Swift & Company (Chicago 1892), 15-16

plagues and Romans, 3 purity/beaury/health soaps (1872-1947)

Camay (1926). 38-39 Cashmere Bouquer (1872), 24-26 Ivory (1879), 26-30 Jergens (1893), 30 Jergens (1947-2005), 39 Lifebuoy (1887), 31-33 Lux (1925), 36-38 Palmolive (1898), 34-36 Woodbury (1897), 33 Woodbury (1899), 36

soap making in Marseilles, France, 3-5 Sumerian references to soap (2500 BCE), 1-2 lransparem/rranslucem soaps and, 191

Hollow disc rype filtration pumps, 274 Hopkins, Samucl, 5 HOl-air cabinel dryers. 267 HOl-air spray rowers, 267 Hudson, R. S., 22

464

(C

(C

(C

I­

I I

II II

II

I,

Humeccants/moismrizers as addidves, 144, 146 Humphrey, Maude, 28 Humer opaciry mea.suremem, 415 Humer refle([ance measuremem, 413-414

I /fn Forever Blowing Bubbles (Kenbrovin &

Kellerre), 78-79 IndireCl cooling wacer syscem (lCS), 286 Ingredienc soaps. See Ancibacteriallingredienrl

deodorant/moisturizing soaps (1994-2009) International Maritime Organiz.ation (IMO),

384 Invened-funnel method of (acher evaluation,

419-420 Iodine value (IV), 84, 110,381

calculation in 80120 tallow/coconut oil blend, 437

defined, 450 fats/oils/FA specifications, 451-452 soap analysis and, 401-402

Itish Spring (1972-2008) history, 46 manufacture of, 350

Isorropicsoap solution, 123-128 Ivorecce, 13 Ivory (I 879), 26--30 Ivory (2004-2008), 58-59 Ivory Moisture Care (1997), 52 Ivory scamp c1uh, 76

J J. S. Kirk & Company (Chicago 1859),10-13,

2], 76--77 Jergens, 60 Jergens (1893), 30 Jergens (1947·2005), 39 Jergens (1951·2008), 41-42 Jergens, Andrew, 22, 33, 36 John H. Woodbury Dermatolo!,;icallnstitute, 33 John Hopkins University School of Public

Health, ?3 Johnson, Burderre, 34 journal a/Chromatography, 399 journal a/Liquid Chromatography, 399

Soap Manufacturing Technology •

.Journal ofthe Amnican Oil Chemists' Society, 399 Jovan,6

K Kappa phase of molecular model, 90, 92, 98-100

cransparent/translucenr soaps and, 196 Kellerte, John William, 78-79 Kenbrovin, Jaan, 78-79 Kectle saponificacion

ketcle soap boiling countercurrent/full boil, 206--207,

213-214 finishing/fitting kenle, 212-213 finishing/fitting ketrle (mathemarics),

219-220 Auccu3ting fat racios (mathemadcs), 217 graining/brine addition, 209-210 kertle settling (mathematics), 218-219 kettle washing, 211-212 loading kettle, 207-208 loading kettle (mathematics), 214-217 Iyeless, 207 oil finish, 207 semi boiled, 207 seuling/spent lye removal, 210-211 seulinglwash lye removal, 212 variations, 213

phase diagram theory and, 205-207 secondary water considerarions of, 213 rerminology/properties ot; 203-205

Kenle soap boiling. See Kettle saponil1cation Kimball, Alonso, 36 Kirk, J, S., 11 Kirk's brands. See j, S, Kirk & Company

(Chicago 1859) Knighr, John, 22 Krafft temperarure, 86, 125-126

L Lamellar liquid crystal phase, 119-122 Lanasan, ingredienr label composicions of, 175 Larem heat of vaporh.arion, defined, 294 Lather evaluarion, 417-420,449-450

lathering, of syndet bars, 168

465

el. Spitz

Laundry powder detetgenrs history

bar soaps, 61, 66 Dtefi: (1933), 63--<54 Fewa (1932),63 liquid detetgenrs, 69-70 Petsil (1907), 61-62 powder detetgenrs, 68 soap powders, 61, 67 Tide (1946), 64--<55 unit dosing products, 69

Laundry soap dryers feed pumps for, 276-278 filtration pumps/filters fot, 274, 276-277 heat exchangers for, 279-280 processing steps for, 272-275

Laundry tablets. See Unit dosing producrs Laundry wa.shing product:';

history of, 61 Lava Chemical Resolvent Soap, 21 Leglanc, Nicholas, 4 Levenhulme, Lord, 22 Levet, 10, 15,60 Lever 2000 (1987), 49 Levet 2000 (2000-2009), 55,174 Levet Brothers Company (1884), 22-23, 73 Lever, William Hesketh, 22-23 Lifebuoy (1887), 31-33 Lifebuoy (2003·2008), 58 Light and transpatency of soap, 191-192 Limit lye concenrtation (LLC), 247 Liquid crystalline soap, 118-119, 118-124 Liquid deretgenrs, 69-70 Lobe pumps, 277-278 COreal Cosmetics, 6 Lovibond color scale, 448 Lux (I925), 36-38 Lux (2000), 53-54, 73-74 Lye. See Spenr lye; Washing lye Lyocropic phases ofliquid crystatline soap,

118-124

M Macro model of soap structure, 87-89 Magazines in marketing/advertising, 11, 25-26,

29,33,35-36,71-72

Matbleized soaps, 351, 353-359, 362-363, 366-367

Matketing caustic soda and, 391 glycerine and, 394--395 hisrory of soaps/detergen[s

,((,5-8,28,34,72 coupons, 19, 76-77 Ivory stamp club, 76 magazines, 11,25-26, 29, 33, 35-36, 71-72

movie s[ars, 37-38 premiums, 75 product booklers, 75-76 radio and soap opetas, 72-74 selling of ~oap, 71 slogans/jingles, 5, 9, 33, 38, 77-78. See also

specific soap brands, i.e. Dial soap posters, 75 soap sculpting, 76 relevision and soap operas, 74 trade/trading catds, 74 trolly carsigns, 12,75

mildness and global trends, 181-185 Palmolive soap and, 34 and selling of soap, 71 triglycecide fatry matrer and, 382-384

Marseilles, Ftance and soap making, 3-5, 51 Mascot, 13 Material balances, 294-298 Mathematics. See Calculations Maxine Elliott Complexion Soap, 16 Maybelline Company, 6 Mazwni

Mazzoni LB diteCt transfer (DTS) system, 328,343-344

Mazwni LB multitefining plodder (MRP), 319,321

Mazwni LB "SCNT" system, 230, 232, 237, 242-243,353

Mazzoni LB SCf-SSCf process, 243--244, 256-259

McElroy, Neil Mosley, 38 Melting poinr

defined, 450 fats/oils/FA specifications, 451-452

466

~

I I ~

Metering/dosing and saponification crirical metered srreams and, 227 metering equipment and, 227-228 raw matetials and, 224, 227

Miag "Double Expansion Drying" system, 268 Micelles, 123-126 Mildness concept, 425

compatisons,180-183 global marketing ttends and, 181-185 red blood cell (RBC) test, 178-180 skin barrier destruction (SBD) test, 178, 180 soap chambet test (SCT), 176--177 syndet bars and, 171-178 syndet bars and the future, 186 in vivolin virro test, 177-178 Zein test, 178-179, 181-182

Miles, G., 417 Millais, John Everett, 8 Minerals and soap producrion. 89 Mixer-kneaders, bar soap finishing and, 308-310 Moisture conrent, defined, 450 Moisture. impurities, and unsaponifiables

(MIU), 381, 406--407 Moisturizing soaps. See Antibacrerial/ingredient/

deodorant/moisturizing soaps (1994-2009) Molecular model of soap structure, 89-92 Molecular srrucrure. See Chemistry of soap

structures Molecular weight adjustments of FA blends,

442-443 Mono screw pumps, 277-278 Mottled laundry bar soaps, 374 Movle stars, in markering/advertising. 37-38 Mucha, AJphonse, 22 Multicolored/mulricomponent soap producrion

handcrafted arrlsan soaps, 352 history/general information, 349-351 manufacruring systems/methods, 353 mottled laundry soap manufacturing system,

374 recycling methods and, 369-372 solid/liquid systems for, 353-358 solM/solid co-extrusion systems for, 362-369 solid/solid systems for marbleized soaps, 359,

362-363,366--367 solid/solid systems for speckled soaps, 361

Soap Manufacturing Technology.

solid/solid systems fot sttiped soaps, 362, 364-369

solid/solid systems fat two-tone soaps, 360, 362, 368-369

scamping oprions. 373 rypes of, 351-353

Mush annealing and, 102 bar moisrure conrene and, 102-103 defined, 98 as delta phase, 100 evaluarion of, 422 formulation implications, 108-112 liquid phase of, 99-100 mush/cracking relationship, 93 solid phase of, 98-99 structural implicarions, 103-108 strucrure weakness and. 98-103

Musk Oil, 5-6

N N. K. Fairbank Company (Chicago 1865), 10,

13-15 Narural coloran rs, 143 Neat soap, 239, 248, 251, 291 Neca (Israel), 183 Neutralization

calculations for FA products of, 442 continuous saponification

equipment, 243-245 reacrion, 243

defined, 247 neat soap and, 248 semi-boiled soap production and, 260-264

Nivea Milk Bar, 175 Non-ionic surfactants, 154-155, 16G-161. See

also Surfactams Non-occlusive moisturizers, syndet bars and, 172 Noncerrifiable colorams, 141-142 Noncerrified colorants, 142 Nut oils and soap production, 85, 88, 91,110

o Occlusive agents as additives, 144, 147, 172 Octagon products, 19

467

el. Spitz

Odor, 38], 425-426. See also Frangrances Official Methods and Recommended Practices ofthe American Oil Chemists'Society, 399

Oil bleaching, 385-388 Oil finish (OF) kettle, 211-213,219-220 Oil of Olay (1994-2008)

history, 21, 49-50 ingrediem label compositions of, 174 surfactams and, 164

Oils and soap ptoduction, 84-85, 115-116, 150. See also Soap phase structure/behavior

Oleate:laurare eutecric mixtllre, 85-87 Omega phase of molecular model, 90 One Soap for the Whole Family, 16 Operaring vacuum (absolute pressure), 300-301 OTe active ingrediems as additives, 146 Oxydol,21

p Palm kernel oil (PKO), 84-85, 224, 378, 383,

451-453 Palm oils (PO), 85, 378-379, 384, 451-453 Palmolive (1898), 34-36 Palmolive Bars (1999-2008), 50--51 Palmolive Building, 18-19 Parkson Atmospheric Dryer, 268 Pears (1789), 7-10, 200 Pears (2004-2008)

history, 58 Pears, Andrew. 7 Pears'Annuals,8 Pears' Shilling Cyclopaedia, 9 Peet Brorhers, 71 Penetration value, 450 Perfume and soap production, 89,110--11], 143 Persil (1907), 61-<52 pH

calculations for alkalinity/acidity adjustmenrs, 444-447

casr transparenr!uanslucenr bars and, 170 soaps afrer manufacturing and, 154 soaps during manufacruring and, 153

Phase diagram theory of kerde saponificarion, 205-207

Physical characteristics alcoholic saponification color, 405

color by colorimerer, 404 color by Hunter reflectance measuremenr,

413-414 color by photomerric measurement, 404 coJor evaluation of raw materials, 404 color, refinedlbleached, 404-405 color scale conversions, 405-406 direct bleach test, 405 FFA content, 405-406 foreign particulate matter. 415 insoluble impurities. 406 MIU content, 406-407 moistllre content, 406 saponification color ofFAs, 405 rranslucency by Humer opacity measurement,

415 unsaponifiable marrer, 407 visual color comparisons. 413

Physical characteristics of soap raw marerials. See Raw marerials for soap making

Pierce, Charles S., 34 Piggly Wiggly, 71 Pink Palace Museum of Arrs and industry

(Memphis),71 Plane automation, 290-292 Plasticizers/binders, synder bars, 169 Plate-and-frame heat exchangers (PAF), 279-280 Pliny the Elder, 3 Plodders

bar soap finishing extrusion group, 315-316 Mazzoni LB multirefining plodder (MRP),

319,321 packaged water chillers, 331-332 refining/pelletizing group, 315-316 SAS Transavon Duplex Vacuum Plodder,

322-323 short-/long-Le/D-ratio, 319 rypes, 314 worms, 317-320

Plodding and soap production crystal orientation during, 95-96 pressure effects during, 94-95 soap structures in plodder, 96-97

Polyalkylene glycol and bi nding, 169 Positive displacemenr metering system, 227-228

468

P P P P

p

p p p

F

Posters in markedng/advenising, 75 Powder detergems, his[Ory, 68 Premiums in markedng/adverrising, 75 Presses, bar soap finishing and, 326-327 Pressll rized sysrems and semi-boiled soap

combinarion (integrated) saponification! drying plants and, 256, 258-259

compared wirh atmospheric sysrem, 260 high shear mixer/reac(Or of, 255-256 semiconcenrrared saponificarion systems and,

256-257 sdrred vessel reacror (auroclave) of: 254-255

Pride Cleanser, 16 Pride Soap, 16 Pride Washing Powder, 15-16 Primary base, defi ned, 351 Processing of synder bats, 159-160 Procrer & Gamble Company

Ace Detersivo Marsiglia, 5 Gu,bal Handwashing Day and, 33 history, 6, II

discominued soaps, 60 Oxydol$ Own Ma Perkins, 73-74 The Songs ofthe City, 74

mildness and, 183 Proner & Gamble Company (1837), 21 Richardson-Vick and, 50 sllrfa.crams and, 164

Procter, Cooper, 38 Procter, Harley, 26-27 Procter, William, 21 Product booklets in marketing/advertising,

75-76 Production. See Chemisrry of soap srrucnnes;

Ploddi ng and soap production Pummo Glycerine Pumice Soap, 13 Pumps, 287. See also Laundry soap dryers Pure & Natural (I 985-2008)

history, 48 Puriry/beaury/health soaps (I 872-1947)

history Camay (1926), 38-39 CaVtmere Bouquet (1872), 24-26 Ivory (1879), 26-30 Jergens (1893), 30 Jergens (I 947-2005),39

Soap ManufacTUring Technology.

Lifebuoy (I 887), 31-33 Lux (I 925), 36-38 Palmolive (I 898),34-36 soap campaigns, 32-33 Woodbury (I 897),33 Woodbury (I 899), 36

Q Quick Naphtha Chips, 16

R Rackham, A"hur, 25 Radio and soap operas in marketing/advertising,

72-74 Rate ofwe.r (ROW), 421-422 Raw materials for soap making

caustic soda characrerisrics/sped ficarions/analysis. 390 markers/ prices, 391 production/sources/users, 388-390 transporr/s(Orage/handling, 392

glycerine characterisrics/specifications/analysis, 394 markets/prices, 394-395 production/sources/users, 392-393 transporr/storage/handling, 395-396

physical characterisrics alcoholic saponification color. 405 color by colorimeter, 404 color by Hunrer reRectance measuremem,

413-414 color by phorometric measuremem, 404 color evaluadon of raw materials, 404 color, refined/bleached, 404-405 color scale conversions, 405-406 direcr bleach test, 405 FFA conrenr, 405-406 foreign particulate marter, 415 insoluble impurities. 406 MIU contenr. 407 moisture coment, 406 saponificarion color of FAs, 405 translucency by Hunter opacity

measuremenr, 415 unsaponifiable marrero 407

469

el. Spjtz

visual color comparisons, 413 triglyceride fatry matter

characteristics/specifications/analysis, 379-382

as largest constituent, 377 markets/prices. 382-384 oil bleaching. 385-388 sources/grades/users. 378-379 transport/storage/handling. 384-385

RDC countercurrent extraction column, 237-239

Recycling methods. multicolored/ multicomponent soap production and, 369-372

Red blood cell (RBC) test for mildness. 178-180 Refining/pelletizing group. bar soap finishing

and. 315-316 Religious influence on cleanliness/soap, 2-3 Rheological characterization. 430-433, 430-433 Richardson-Vick, 49-50 Rider. Ed. 26 Roll mills. bar soap finishing and, 311-313,

331-332 Ross, J.. 417 Ross-Miles foam test, 417

S Safeguard (1963-2008). 44 Safeguard (1999-2008), 52 Santa Claus, 13 Saponification, 438-439. See also Condnuous

saponification; Continuous saponification; Kettle saponification; Semi-boiled soap production

Saponification color of FAs, 405 Saponification value (SV), 381, 401, 450

calculation in 80/20 callow/coconut oil blend, 437

fats/oils/FA specifications. 451-452 SAS Transavon Duplex Vacuum Plodder.

322-323 Satina, 175 Saturared farry acids, soap structure and, 83-84 Saunders, Clarence, 71 Savon De Marseille, 4 Savona, Italy and soap making. 3

Sculpting in markering/advertising, 76 Sebamed, 175 Secondary base. defined, 351 Secondary surfactants as addi (ives. 148-149 SELA drying plants. 268-269 Sela GmbH--KVN Plant. 243 Semi-boiled soap producrion

atmospheric systems batch process. 252-253 compared with pre..~urized system, 260 continuous process, 254 semi-continuous process, 253-254

continuous saponification plant use main components, 260-261 neutralizer route - atmospheric system,

261-264 reactor route - pressurized system, 261-262

crutcher-mixer/reactor step, 252 definitions/calculations, 264-266 general informadon. 249-251 pressurized systems

combination (integrated) saponification/ drying plants. 256, 258-259

compared with atmospheric system, 260 high shear mixer/reacror, 255-256 semiconcemrated saponification systems,

256-257 stirred vessel reactor (autoclave). 254-255

Sensible heat, defined, 294 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 279-280 Short-/long-LdD-ratio, 319 Silver Dust. 13 Single cyclone fines recovery system, 284 Sinking Ivory promotion, 30 SITA Foam Tester RZOOO, 418 Skin barrier destrucdon (SBD) test for mildness.

178. 180 Skin care soaps. See Deodorant/skin care soaps

(1948-1967); Freshness/deodorant/skin care soaps (1968-1993)

Slogans/jingles in marketingladverdsing, 5, 9, 33. 38.77-78. See also ,pecific 'oap brand.<, i.e. Dial

Smith, Thomas, 71 Snow Boy Washing Powder, 16 Soap Bubble< (Chardin). 78 Soap calculations. See Calculations

470

Soap chamber test (SCT) for mildness. 176-177 Soap cleansing systems

additive-base inreracrions in. 135-139 additives

and-acne compounds. 148 anri-irrirams. 148 antimicrobial compounds. 147 CTFA COIm«;c Handbook. 143 dermabrasive/exfoliating agents, 144. 146 drug components. 146 emollients, 144-145 humectants/moisturizers, 144, 146 miscellaneous, 149-150 occlusive agents, 144, 147 OTC active ingredients. 146 secondary surfuctants. 148-149

colorams categories of. 139-141 certified, 139. 142 natural, 143 noncertifiable.141-142 noncertified. 142

fragrances, 143 overview, 135

Soap drying systems chill rolls/Rakers, 268 cooling (Ower systems, 289 definitionslterminology. 293-294, 296-297 expansion dryers, 268-269 heat transfer rate for, 299-300 . hot-air cabinet dryers, 267 hot-air spray cowers. 267 laundry soap dryers

feed pumps. 276-278 filtration pumps/filters. 274. 276-277 heat exchangers. 279-280 processing steps. 272-275

material balances. 294-295, 297-298 operating vacuum (absolute pressure)/

condensate temperature and, 300-301 plant aucomation. 290-292 soap fines recovery system. 283-284 solid/liquid additive systems. 290 s(~am consumption by, 288 and TFM/moiscure content of soaps, 300-301 coilet soap dryers. 268-272

Soap Manufacturing Technology.

vacuum chambers. 282-283 vacuum formarion systems

pumps, 287 steam jet ejecrors (boosters). 287

vacuum producing systems baromerric condensers. 285 indirect cooling water system (ICS). 286 surface condensers. 285 vapor condensation equipment. 284-285

vacuum spray drying. 267 vapor-liquid separacors. 279-282

Soap fines recovery system. 283-284 Soap finishing. 5.. Bas soap finishing Soap-less soaps. 5.. Syndet bars Soap making raw marerials. Su Raw marerials for

soap making Soap operas. 74 Soap phase srrucrure/behavior

isorropic soap soludon, 123-128 liquid crysralline soap

defined, 118-119 lyotropic phases, 118-124 thermotropiC phases, 118-119

molecular structure and, 115-1 J6 solid soap and. 115. 117-118 superfutting and, 129-130 rransparem/rranslucem soaps and, 131

Soap powders, 61, 67 Soap shapes, 326 Soap srTUcrure. Su also Chemisrry of soap

srrucrures; Soap phase srrucrure/behavior macro performance model. 87-89 molecular performance model, 89-92

Sodium benzotriawly1 sullOn.te as additive. 149 Sodium burylpheno1 as additive, 148 Sodium chloride, defined. 450 Sodium-distilled. copped cocoyl isethionate

(STCI). 163 Sodium hydroxide and caustic soda, 390 Solid/liquid systems for multicolored/

multicomponem soap production. 353-358 Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), fragrance

evaluation and, 425-426 Solid soap. 115. I 17-118 Solid/solid co-extrusion systems. 362-369

471

el. Spitz

Solid/solid sysrems for marbleized soaps, 359, 362-363,366-367

Solid/solid syS[ems for speckled soaps, 361 Solid/solid systems for striped soaps, 362,

364-369 Solid/solid systems for two-tone soaps, 360, 362,

368-369 Solubiliry, synder bars and, 170-171 Solvay, Ernest, 4 Soybean oil, 378, 383 Specialry soaps. See Handcrafted artisan/specialty

soaps Specific graviry, defined, 293 Specific hear (Cp), defined, 294 Specifications for fa"/oils/FA

distilled FA blend composi,;ons, 453 disrilled FAs for soap blends, 452 disrilled FAs for soaps, 452 disrilled rallow/vegerable FA blends

composirions, 454 FA composirion of vegerable oil blends, 454 fats/oils composirions, 453 fa"/oils/FA specificarions, 451 soap bases superfarred with distiJJed soap fatry.

454 Speckled soaps, 352, 361 Spenrlye, 224, 234, 237-238, 237-238,248 Sramping options. multicolored/multicomponent

soap producrion, 373 Standard bar soap sramping, 373 Sream consumption by soap drying systems, 288 Sream jet ejectors (boosters), 287 Sreichen, Edward, 33, 36 Srorer, Doug, 76 Srriped soaps, 351, 362, 364-369 Sudsing reS[, 418-419 Sunbrite Cleanser. 16 Sunlight Almanac, 23 Sunlight Flakes, 36 Sunlight label, 23 Sunlight Year Book, 23

Sunny Monday Laundry Soap, 13 Superfarring

FFA and, 111 soap phase structure/behaviot and. 129-130 synder ba" and, 171-172

Surface condensers, 285 Surfactants

cleansing/rinsing efficiency and, 166-167 imponance of, 153 sodium-distilled, ropped cocoyl isethionate

(STCI) and, 163 synder bars and, 154-158, 160-162

Swift & Company (Chicago 1892), 11, 15-16 Swifr, Gusravus F., 15 Swifr's Cleanser, 16 Synder bars

appearance-improving addirives, 170-171 cast transparenrlrranslucenr bars, 170 cleansing bar formulation, 159 c1eansinglrinsing efficiency and, 166-167 Dove Beaury Bar design and, 176 fillers and, 171 . foaming/larhering of, 168 formulation of, 162-167 ingredienr label composirions of, 173-175 mildness concepr and, 176-178 mildness evaluation methods

comparisons, 180-183 global trends of mild soaps, 181-185 red blood cell (RBC) resr, 179-180 skin barrier desrruc,;on (SBD) resr, 178,

180 soap chamber reS[ (SCT), 176-177 in vivolin vitro test, 177-178 Zein reS[, 178,181-182

mildness formulations in the future, 186 mildness improvers/skin condirionsers/

moisturizers and, 171-175 performance-improving addirives, 170-171 plasricizers/binders and, 169 processing of, 159-160 raw materials/bases of, 165 soap pH and, 154 surfactant composirion in. 161 su rfactants

advanrage, 153 anionic surfactanrs, 155 general informarion, 160-162 synrhesis, 156-158 types of surfactanrs, 154-155

472

T Talc, Talk

ar

a

fa so sp

Tel" in

Teml an

co cc di faJ KI m

m

sp so th

Then Then Tide Titer

ca

de fal

Toile Tom. Tone Total Total

ca.

de an

po ro

Total 249

Toxic Trade

T Talcum powder as filler, 171 Tallows and soap production

and calculations of SVlriter/IV in 80/20 blend,437

continuous saponification and, 224 fa try matrer and, 378-379, 384 soap srructure and, 85 specifications of, 451--454

Television and soap operas in markcring/advenising, 74

Temperawce and batch process of semi-boiled soap

production. 252 condensate, 300-301 ctacking and, 108-109, 112 distilled FA process and, 377 fats/oils/FA specifications, 451--452 Krafft temperature, 86,125-126 macro performance model and, 88 molecular performance model and. 90, 92 spenr lye temoval and, 237 srrucmce/mush and, 103 rhermorropic phase and. 118

Thermal conducrivity (k), defined, 294 Thermotropic phase, 118 Tide (I 946), 21, 64-65 Tirer, 402

calculation in 80120 tallow/cocOO!}t oil blend, 437

defined, 45 1 fats/oils/FA specifications, 451--452

Toilet soap dryers, 268-272 Tom, Dick, and Harry, 13 Tone (I 968), 45 Total fatry acid (TFA), defined, 247 Total fa try marrer (TFM)

calculations for, 440 defined, 451 and moisture comen[ of toiler soaps, 300-301 percenrage of, 249 toiler soap dryers and, 269-270, 272-273

Total fatry matrer (TFM) and semi,boiled soap,

Toxicity ladder, 177 Trade/trading cards in markcring/adverrising, 74

Soap Manufacturing Technology.

Trans isomers :md FA/soap propeuies, 402--403 Transparent/translucenct soaps

Hunter opacity measuremenr and, 415 Transparent/translucent soaps

casr-melt process and. 200 history, 191 neat soap drying/finishing

intensive mixing/refining, 198-200 vacuum sptay drying, 195-198

phases/properries/characterization methods fot, 192-195

structure and development of, 131, 191-192 synder bars, 170

Tributyl cirr:He as addirive, 149 Tridocarban/(ticlosan, chromorographic analysis

and,412 Triglyceride fany mattet

cha tacteristics/sped fica dons/analysis of,

379-382 as largest constituent of soap, 377 markers/prices and, 382-384 oil bleaching and, 385-388 sources/grades/users of, 378-379 rtansport/storage/handling of, 384-385

Ttiglycerides chromowgraphic analysiS and, 4] 0 soap structure and, 83-85

Trolly car signs in marketing/advertising, 12 Tubular Drying System, 268 Two,tone soaps, 352, 362, 368-369

U UNICEF, 33 Un ilever, 33 Unit dosing productS, 69. See also Metering/

dosing Unsaponified & unsaponifiable marter (U&U),

451 Unsaturated Fouty acids, soap s[ructure and,

83-84 U.S. Agency for Inrernational Development

(USAlDj,33 U.S. Cenrers for Disease Conrrol and Ptevenrion,

33 User panels and evaluations, 426-427

473

249

• L Spitz

V Vacuum chambers for drying systems, 282-283 Vacuum farmarion systems

pumps and, 287 steam jet ejectors (boosters) and, 287

Vacuum producing systems barometric condensers and, 285 indirecr cooling water system (ICS) and, 286 surface condensers and, 285 vapor condensation equipment and, 284-285

Vacuum spray drying, 267 Vaniry Fair Beaury Soap, 16 Vapor condensation equipment, 284-285 Vapor-liquid separaror (VLS), 269-272, 279,

281 Vapor-liquid separators, 279-282 Vapor pressure, defined, 293 Vel (1948-2008), 41 VEL, ingredienr label compositions of, 173 Viscosiry, defined, 293 VVF Limired, 22

W Wahl Brorhers Glue Works, 22 Wash mildness rests, 178 Washing, 247 Washing lye, 247

continuous saponification cooling and spenr lye removal, 237-238 general informarion, 225, 232, 234 glycerine washing efficiency, 239-240 glycerine w~.o:;hing equipment, 237 limir lye concenrration, 233-234 lye and near soap separarion, 239-240 soap grain, 233, 235 soap phase chemistry/diagram, 233-234 washing and half spenr lye removal.

237-239 Wigner's model, 235-236

and half spenr lye removal, 237-239 semi-boiled soap produclion and, 250

Washing ratio, 248 Water and Sanitation Program. 33 Water and soap production

hard/salr warer, 153

soap SUUClure and, 91-93 water penetration and, 101-102

Water content of soap hard/salr waler and lathering, 168 soap-co-water ratio, 109

Water Supply and Sanilalion Collaborative Council, 33

Wella Company, 6 Wesley, John, 2 Western Soap Company, 22 Wet bar feel, 424 Wer cracking, 422--423 Whearley, Francis, 5-<5 Whitefield, George, 2 Wigner's model. continuous saponification and.

235-236 . William Walrke company, 21 Woodbury (1897), 33 Woodbury (1899), 36 Woodbury, John H., 33, 36 Wool Soap Chips Borared, 16 Woolworth, Frank, 26 World Bank, 33 Worms, bar soap finishing and, 317-320 Wrigley, William, Jr., 11

X X-ray parrern of soap, 127

y Yardley (1770), 5-7 Yardley, William, 5 You Dirty Boy (Focardi), 7

Z Zein test for mildness, 178-179, 181-182 Zest (1952-2008)

history, 42--43 ingredient label composirions of, 174 surfacranrs and, 164

Zera phase of molecular model, 91-92, 99-100, 196

474