L.I. To understand the impact of lifestyle choices on health

Success Criteria– Provide evidence that lifestyle choices impact

on health–Poor diet–Lack of physical activity–Smoking –Alcohol

– Draw conclusions on the extent to which lifestyle choices affect health

– Begin to make connections between lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors

Lifestyle factors include:

Lifestyle and Health A person’s lifestyle is believed to have a significant

effect on their health.

What is a ‘healthy diet’?

Government recommendations: – Controlled amounts of

fat, salt and sugar– At least 5 portions of

fruit and vegetables a day

– 2500 calories a day for men and 2000 calories women

The average Scottish diet is:

deficient in fibre and certain vitamins

too high in sugar

too high in salt

too high in saturated fat.

deficient in fruit and vegetables

The James Report (1993)

(un)Healthy eating in Scotland

Just 22% of men and 23% of women met the “5 a day” target

The mean daily salt intake for adults was 16% higher than the recommended maximum

The average adult man in Scotland consumes more than 54,000 excess calories every year and the average woman consumes more than 33,000 excess calories per year

Scottish Health Survey 2011

By how many calories are

Scottish men and women overeating

per day, on average?

What does the Scottish Government recommend?

At least half an hour of “moderate” physical activity, on all or most days of the week

Lack of physical activity

Notice the existence of a “north-south divide”

Benefits to Health ofRegular Exercise

25% of strokes could be avoided and there could be a 20% reduction in mortality after a heart attack, if regular exercise was taken

Yet, according to the Scottish Yet, according to the Scottish Health Survey 2011Health Survey 2011

67% of women55% of men

do not get enough regular exercise do not get enough regular exercise and tand there has been no significant

improvement in activity levels since 2008

Energy

Energy

imbalance

imbalance

Poor diet and lack of exercise have resulted in rising levels of obesity

High fat content – we eat 50% more fat than in 1960

Energy expenditure amongst children has decreased by 800 calories a day since the 1950s

Not only are Britons getting heavier, they are getting heavier younger.

Obesity is calculated by a person’s body mass index – BMI –

weight in kg divided by height in m2

BMI > 25 = overweight

BMI = weight in kg

height in m2

BMI > 30 = obese

Obesity in the UK

In Scotland 69% of men and 59% of women are classified as overweight (2012) and 27% of adults are obese (2011)

The rate of obesity in 1995 was just 17%

ObesityInternational Comparison (2009)

Percent of children who are of healthy weight (Scottish Health Survey 2011)

Link between excess weight and ill health

Being overweight can lead to a variety of health problems.

These include:– high blood pressure– coronary heart disease– osteoarthritis– Diabetes– Cancer

Direct costs to the NHS related to obesity are estimated at £5.1bn per year in England and Wales and £175m in Scotland

Link between excessweight and ill health

Smoking

23% of adults in Scotland smoke (down from 28% in 2003)

Rates are similar for men and women (24% vs. 22%) but on average, women smoke fewer cigarettes per day

Smoking and health

Tobacco smoking is a known or probable cause of approx 25 diseases

– Also contributes to, or aggravates, other health conditions

Smoking causes 13,500 deaths a year in Scotland – that's 24% of all deaths

Smokers also die younger – 10 years younger, on average, than those who have never smoked

– Smokers in their 30s and 40s are five times more likely to have a heart attack than non smokers

Smoking and cancer

Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the UK

90% of lung cancers are smoking related and smokers are 21 times more likely to die from the disease

Also linked to other cancers– Oral, uterine, liver… etc

Smoking and children

Smoking in pregnancy increases the chances of miscarriage and is associated with low birth weight

Smoking by parents following birth is linked to sudden infant death syndrome and infant respiratory illness such as bronchitis, asthma and pneumonia

19% of pregnant women in Scotland smoke (down from 29% in 1995)

Alcohol consumption

Recommended max. alcohol intake– Men: 21 units per week– Women: 14 units per week

Alcohol and health

Most people who drink to excess are NOT alcoholics

Even so, regularly drinking too much can contribute to a range of health conditions, including: – Reduced fertility– Heart disease– Cancer of the mouth, neck, throat and breast– Liver cirrhosis– High blood pressure– Weight gain

Scotland’s relationship with alcohol

25% of men and 18% of women were categorized as hazardous or harmful drinkers in 2011

1 in 20 Scots die from alcohol related causes– not only from illnesses but also from accidents,

assaults and road deaths in which alcohol played a part

BUT alcohol related deaths have been falling since 2003 (although total alcohol sales have gone up)

For you to do

1. Summarise the impact of lifestyle choices on health2. To what extent are Scotland’s lifestyle habits

improving?3. Create a mind map showing the factors and

influences that you think shape a person’s lifestyle choices

4. Analysis question: To what extent is Scotland’s place as the “sick man of Europe” linked to the lifestyle choices of the people who live here?