lg0016 learner guide tlif2010 - nationwide training pty ltd · tlif2010 ‐ apply fatigue...

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TLIF2010 Apply fatigue management strategies Learner Guide

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TLIF2010 Apply fatigue management strategies

LEARNER GUIDE




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TABLEOF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 3

COURSE INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 5

ABOUT THIS GUIDE .................................................................................................................................................. 5 ABOUT THIS RESOURCE ...................................................................................................................................... 5 ABOUT ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 6

ELEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ..................................................................................................... 7

EVIDENCE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 8

KNOWLEDGE EVIDENCE ..................................................................................................................................... 8 PERFORMANCE EVIDENCE ................................................................................................................................. 8

ASSESSMENT CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................................ 9

PRE‐REQUISITES ............................................................................................................................................ 9

TOPIC 1 – IDENTIFY AND ACT ON SIGNS OF FATIGUE ................................................................................... 10

POTENTIAL CAUSES OF FATIGUE ARE IDENTIFIED AND ACTION IS TAKEN TO MINIMISE THEIR EFFECTS IN

ACCORDANCE WITH COMPANY PROCEDURES ............................................................................................. 10

WHAT IS FATIGUE? ............................................................................................................................................... 10 What is the impact of fatigue? .................................................................................................................... 13 Identifying Fatigue Hazards ........................................................................................................................ 14

PERSONAL WARNING SIGNS OF FATIGUE ARE RECOGNISED AND NECESSARY STEPS ARE TAKEN IN

ACCORDANCE WITH WORKPLACE PROCEDURES, TO ENSURE THAT EFFECTIVE WORK CAPABILITY AND

ALERTNESS ARE ........................................................................................................................................... 15

Taking Action On Fatigue ............................................................................................................................ 17 Learning More About Fatigue ..................................................................................................................... 18

TOPIC 2 ‐ IMPLEMENT STRATEGIES TO MINIMISE FATIGUE .......................................................................... 23

WORKPLACE PROCEDURES ARE ASSESSED TO MINIMISE FATIGUE ............................................................... 23

REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION .............................................................................................................................. 26

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE RISK OF FATIGUE‐RELATED ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS ARE MINIMISED ...... 30

FATIGUE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ARE IMPLEMENTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH WORKPLACE POLICY ....... 31

Work scheduling and planning .................................................................................................................... 33 Rostering ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Shift work .................................................................................................................................................... 34 Night work ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Work Breaks ................................................................................................................................................ 36 On‐call and call back work .......................................................................................................................... 36 Seasonal work ............................................................................................................................................. 37 Leave management ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Fly‐in, fly‐out work (FIFO) ............................................................................................................................ 38 Fatigue Hazard Checklist ............................................................................................................................. 39




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LIFESTYLE CHOICES ARE MADE THAT PROMOTE THE EFFECTIVE LONG‐TERM MANAGEMENT OF FATIGUE .... 41

Burning The Candle At Both Ends ................................................................................................................ 41 Recreational Drug Use ................................................................................................................................ 42 Alcohol ......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Exercise & Recreational Activities ............................................................................................................... 44 Food and Nutrition ...................................................................................................................................... 45 Second Jobs ................................................................................................................................................. 46

EFFECTIVE PRACTICES IN COMBATING FATIGUE ARE ADOPTED AND APPLIED .............................................. 46

PERSONAL FATIGUE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ARE COMMUNICATED TO RELEVANT PEOPLE ................... 54

APPROPRIATE COUNTER MEASURES ARE PLANNED TO COMBAT FATIGUE ................................................... 56

SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. 58

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 58




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COURSE INTRODUCTION

ABOUTTHISGUIDE

ThislearnerguidecoversoneunitofcompetencythatispartoftheCourseCodeandNameTrainingPackage:

TLIF2010‐Applyfatiguemanagementstrategies

Thisunitinvolvestheskillsandknowledgerequiredtoapplyfatiguemanagementstrategieswithinthetransportandlogisticsindustry.Workisundertakenincompliancewithrelevantlegislation,regulations,codesandguidelines.

Itincludesidentifyingandactingonsignsoffatigueandimplementingappropriatestrategiestominimisefatigueduringworkactivities,inparticularwhenoperatingequipment,trains,vehicles,loadshiftingequipment,marinevesselsandaircraft.

Workisperformedundersomesupervisiongenerallywithinateamenvironment.

Nolicensing,legislativeorcertificationrequirementsapplytothisunitatthetimeofpublication.

ABOUTTHISRESOURCE

Thisresourcebringstogetherinformationtodevelopyourknowledgeaboutthisunit.Theinformationisdesignedtoreflecttherequirementsoftheunitandusesheadingstomakesiteasiertofollow.

Readthroughthisresourcetodevelopyourknowledgeinpreparationforyourassessment.Youwillberequiredtocompletetheassessmenttoolsthatareincludedinyourprogram.Atthebackoftheresourcearealistofreferencesyoumayfindusefultoreview.

Asastudentitisimportanttoextendyourlearningandtosearchouttextbooks,internetsites,talktopeopleatworkandreadnewspaperarticlesandjournalswhichcanprovideadditionallearningmaterial.

Yourtrainermayincludeadditionalinformationandprovideactivities.slidepresentationsandassessmentsinclasstosupportyourlearning.




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ABOUTASSESSMENT

Throughoutyourtrainingwearecommittedtoyourlearningbyprovidingatrainingandassessmentframeworkthatensurestheknowledgegainedthroughtrainingistranslatedintopracticalonthejobimprovements.

Youaregoingtobeassessedfor:

Yourskillsandknowledgeusingwrittenandobservationactivitiesthatapply

toyourworkplace.

Yourabilitytoapplyyourlearning.

Yourabilitytorecognisecommonprinciplesandactivelyusetheseonthejob.

YouwillreceiveanoverallresultofCompetentorNotYetCompetentfortheassessmentofthisunit.Theassessmentisacompetencybasedassessment,whichhasnopassorfail.Youareeithercompetentornotyetcompetent.NotYetCompetentmeansthatyoustillareintheprocessofunderstandingandacquiringtheskillsandknowledgerequiredtobemarkedcompetent.Theassessmentprocessismadeupofanumberofassessmentmethods.Youarerequiredtoachieveasatisfactoryresultineachofthesetobedeemedcompetentoverall.

Allofyourassessmentandtrainingisprovidedasapositivelearningtool.Yourassessorwillguideyourlearningandprovidefeedbackonyourresponsestotheassessment.Forvalidandreliableassessmentofthisunit,arangeofassessmentmethodswillbeusedtoassesspracticalskillsandknowledge.

Yourassessmentmaybeconductedthroughacombinationofthefollowingmethods:

WrittenActivity CaseStudy Observation Questions ThirdPartyReport

Theassessmenttoolforthisunitshouldbecompletedwithinthespecifiedtimeperiodfollowingthedeliveryoftheunit.Ifyoufeelyouarenotyetreadyforassessment,discussthiswithyourtrainerandassessor.

Tobesuccessfulinthisunityouwillneedtorelateyourlearningtoyourworkplace.Youmayberequiredtodemonstrateyourskillsandbeobservedbyyourassessorinyourworkplaceenvironment.Someunitsprovideforasimulatedworkenvironmentandyourtrainerandassessorwilloutlinetherequirementsintheseinstances.




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ELEMENTSANDPERFORMANCECRITERIA

1. Identifyandactonsignsoffatigue

1.1 Potentialcausesoffatigueareidentifiedandactionistakentominimisetheireffectsinaccordancewithcompanyprocedures

1.2 Personalwarningsignsoffatiguearerecognisedandnecessarystepsaretakeninaccordancewithworkplaceprocedures,toensurethateffectiveworkcapabilityandalertnessaremaintained

2. Implementstrategiestominimisefatigue

2.1 Workplaceproceduresareassessedtominimisefatigue

2.2 Factorsthatincreasetheriskoffatigue‐relatedaccidentsandincidentsareminimised

2.3 Fatiguemanagementstrategiesareimplementedinaccordancewithworkplacepolicy

2.4 Lifestylechoicesaremadethatpromotetheeffectivelong‐termmanagementoffatigue

2.5 Effectivepracticesincombatingfatigueareadoptedandapplied

2.6 Personalfatiguemanagementstrategiesarecommunicatedtorelevantpeople

2.7 Appropriatecountermeasuresareplannedtocombatfatigue




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EVIDENCEREQUIREMENTS

Thisdescribestheessentialrequirementsandtheirlevelrequiredforthisunit.

KNOWLEDGEEVIDENCE

Evidencerequiredtodemonstratecompetenceinthisunitmustberelevanttoandsatisfyalloftherequirementsoftheelementsandperformancecriteriaandincludeknowledgeof:

Causesandeffectsoffatigueonworkers Factorsthatincreasefatigue‐relatedaccidents Howfatigueaffectsworkplaceperformance Howfatiguecontributestoworkplaceaccidents Lifestylesthatpromoteeffectivelong‐termfatiguemanagement Relevantfatiguemanagementcodes,regulations,permitandlicence

requirements Relevantworkhealthandsafety(WHS)/occupationalhealthandsafety(OHS)

regulationsastheyrelatetofatigue Risksandhazardscreatedbyworkplacefatigue Sourcesofinformationonfatigue Strategiesandwaysofmanagingfatigue Waysofrecognisingfatigue Workplacepoliciesandproceduresrelatedtofatiguemanagementandthe

controloffactorsthatcancontributetofatigueandfatigue‐relatedaccidents.

PERFORMANCEEVIDENCE

Evidencerequiredtodemonstratecompetenceinthisunitmustberelevanttoandsatisfyalloftherequirementsoftheelementsandperformancecriteriaonatleastoneoccasionandinclude:

Adaptingtochangesinrostersandstandardoperatingproceduresastheyrelatetofatiguemanagement

Adjustinglifestylepatternstoensureeffectivefatiguemanagementduringworkactivities

Applyingprecautionsandrequiredactiontominimiseandcontroltheeffectsoffatiguewhencarryingoutownworkfunctions

Applyingrelevantlegislationandworkplaceprocedures Communicatingeffectivelywithotherswhenapplyingfatiguemanagement

strategies




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Identifyingandmeetingownlearningneedsaboutfatiguemanagementrelatedmatters

Modifyingactivitiesandtakingappropriateinitiativestomanagefatigueintheworkplacedependingonworkcontexts,risksituationsandenvironments

Readingandinterpretinginstructions,procedures,regulationsandsignsrelatedtofatiguemanagementandapplyingthemtoworkactivities

Recognisingsymptomsoffatigueandtakingappropriateactioninaccordancewithfatiguemanagementregulationsandworkplaceprocedures

Workingcollaborativelywithotherstomanageandminimisetheeffectsoffatigueduringworkactivities.

ASSESSMENTCONDITIONS

Asaminimum,assessorsmustsatisfyapplicableregulatoryrequirements,whichincluderequirementsintheStandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisations,currentatthetimeofassessment.

Asaminimum,assessmentmustsatisfyapplicableregulatoryrequirements,whichincluderequirementsintheStandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisations,currentatthetimeofassessment.

Assessmentmustoccurinworkplaceoperationalsituationswhereitisappropriatetodoso;wherethisisnotappropriate,assessmentmustoccurinsimulatedworkplaceoperationalsituationsthatreplicateworkplaceconditions.

Assessmentprocessesandtechniquesmustbeappropriatetothelanguage,literacyandnumeracyrequirementsoftheworkbeingperformedandtheneedsofthecandidate.

Resourcesforassessmentinclude:

Arangeofrelevantexercises,casestudiesand/orothersimulation Relevantandappropriatematerials,tools,equipmentandpersonalprotective

equipmentcurrentlyusedinindustry Applicabledocumentationincludingworkplaceprocedures,regulations,codesof

practiceandoperationmanuals.

PRE‐REQUISITES

Thisunitmustbeassessedafterthefollowingpre‐requisiteunit:

Therearenopre‐requisitesforthisunit.




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TOPIC 1 – IDENTIFYANDACTONSIGNSOF FATIGUE

POTENTIALCAUSESOFFATIGUEAREIDENTIFIEDANDACTIONISTAKENTOMINIMISETHEIREFFECTSINACCORDANCEWITH

COMPANYPROCEDURES

ThebiggestsinglerisktoroadandworkplacesafetyinAustraliaisfatigue.Itisthecauseofapproximately20%ofalldriverdeathsinAustralia.Nearly40%ofIsraelirespondentsina2006studyreportedbeingfatiguedatleastonceperweek,and38%oftherespondentshadgoneovertheir12hrdrivingmaximuminthe24hoursbeforethesurvey,andtheyhavelighterworkingloadsandlessinteractionwithothercarsontheroad!

Therefore,yourroleinapplyingdevelopedstrategiestomanagefatigueplaysavitalrolenotonlyinkeepingdriversandworkerssafebutalsoinreducingtherisktothecommunity.Studies,beingcompletedcurrently,indicatethatfatigueisanimportantfactorinapproximately50%ofallworkplaceinjuriesbutthatcurrentresearchmethodsfailtoachievereliableresultsoftheseverityofthatimpact.

WHATISFATIGUE?

Fatigueisreducedperformancewhileperformingphysicalandmentaltasksduetolackofrestorativesleep.Fatiguecanalsobedefinedastiredness,exhaustion,lethargyandlistlessness.

Itdescribesaphysicalandmentalstateofbeingtiredandweak.Mentalfatigueusuallyaccompaniesphysicalexhaustion.Whensomebodyexperiencesphysicalfatigue,itmeanstheyareunabletomaintaintheirperformanceatphysicaltasksandlabour.Mentalfatigue,ontheotherhand,resultsinlowerconcentrationandsleepiness.

Physicalfatigue–istheinabilitytoperformormaintaintheperformanceofphysicalwork,ortasksthatrequirestrength.Physicalfatigueisduetothelackofstrength,staminaorgeneralphysicalexhaustion.Atworkthiscanbedemonstratedasdiminishedgrossmotorskills,manualhandlingstrainandinjury,slips,trips,falls,andfallingasleeporzoningoutonthejob.

Psychological(mental)fatigue–isthelackofconcentrationwhenperformingtasksduetomentalexhaustion.Atwork,thiscanbedemonstratedwithlessaccuracyinfinemotorskillwork,calculationsandcommunicationoutputs.

Themaincausesoffatigueinworkersinclude:




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Cause IndicatorsThenatureofwork

Workthatrequiresheavyconcentrationforextended

periods

Repetitiveormonotonouswork

Workthatrequiresphysicalstrengthorstamina,such

asmanualhandlingandheavylifting,cancauseboth

physicalandmentalfatigue

Workerscanbebothmentallyandphysicallyfatigued

atthesametime

Workingschedulesandarrangements

Lackofrestingtimeforworkerstorecoverandregain

theirstaminaintheworkingschedule

Shiftworkupsetsnaturalsleeprhythms.Thelengthofa

shiftandthetimeatwhichitoccurs(dayornight)can

increasetheriskoffatigue.Workingattimeswhen

workersarebiologicallyprogrammedtosleepand

workingforlongperiodscancontributetofatigue

Workershavingtoworkovertimeorhavingother

jobs/studyaswellastheirjobatthewarehouse

Workthatrequireslongcommutesandlotsoftravel

canputpressureontheworkersbeforetheyevenstart

working

Schedulesthatrequire17hoursofwakingtimebythe

endoftheshift

Workingconditions Inappropriateworkingconditions,suchasworkingina

placethatistoohotortoocold,canreduceworkers’

staminaandenduranceveryquickly

Lackofutilitiesthatcanbeusedtorelievepressure,

suchasdiningareas,aventilationsystemortoilets,can

alsoresultinfatigue

Organisationalfactors Anunhealthyworkingculturerequiringworkersto

workextendedhours(forexample,long‐hauldrivers)

Lackofflexibilityattheworkplace




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Lackofcommunicationduringwork

Lackofmotivationandworkingincentives

Lackofinformationandtraining

Workers’lifestyles Stayinguplateforpartying

Homeenvironment–asmallchildorbabycan

influencetheamountofsleep

Healthconditions–depressionorothermentalillness

Inadequatesleep(mostadultsneedseventoeight

hours)

Notenoughtimetosleepduetopersonal

circumstances(workduringthedayandstudyinthe

evening,havingpart‐timejob,etc.)

Poorqualitysleepsduetostress,depressionormental

illness

Alcoholanddruguse

Ageing(teenagerstendtosleeplater,olderworkers

sleepless).

Health Mentalhealthconditions

Insomniaorotherinadequateamountsofqualitysleep

Disruptionofcircadianrhythms(internalbiological

clock)becauseofmentalhealth,earlysignsof

Alzheimer’s,jetlag(aftertravelorbetweentimezones)

Diabetesorothermetabolicdisordersthatmeanthat

elementsoffooddonotbreakdownorgetabsorbedas

theyshouldcausingakindoftoxicity

Obesity

Conditionsoftheheart,lungs,bloodandnerves

Conditionsthatcausepain




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WHATISTHEIMPACTOFFATIGUE?

Twodifferentexternalfactorsfuelourbodies.Firstly,theintakeofadequatenutrientsincludingvitamins,minerals,salts,carbohydrates,proteins,fats,fibreandwater.Secondly,byadequaterapid‐eye‐movement(REM)sleepof7–9hoursinhealthyadultsandmorewhenyouareunhealthy.

Whenoneofthesefuelmethodsisdepletedthebodyrespondsintwoways.Firstly,itdrawsonthereservesourcesofenergyinthebodyworkingtometabolisefatsinthebodiestoprovideenergytothebodycellsbuteventually,thebodydoesnothaveenoughenergytodoeventhisbecausethisprocessalsotakesenergytoperform!Secondly,thebodybeginstoswitchoff,temporarily,functionsthatareenergy‐hungryinthebody,likefatmetabolism,areasofthebrainrelatedtofineandgrossmotorskillsandtheabilitytostimulatenerveendings.

Thelackoffatmetabolismthenleadstomorefatigueandmoresourcesoffatiguebecausethebodyactstostorethefatincaseitneedsitthenexttimeitgoesunfuelled.Sotired,fatiguedworkersgainweight.Thismakesthemmoresusceptibletohealthproblemsincludingobesity,diabetes,andheartandlungdisease.Thesehealthproblems,inturn,makeworkersmorevulnerabletofatigueandfatigue‐relatedeffects.

Thesecondaryfunction–switchingoffpartsofthebrain–isthecauseofaccidents,however.Haveyouevernoticed,thatwhenyouaretired,youaremorelikelytostubyourtoe,falloverorotherwiseinjureyourself?Thebody,havingusedallofthefuelitcanstopprovidingsupporttotheextremeedgesofyourbodylikeyourtoesandfeet,yourfingersandhandsandthetopedgesofthebrain.Youreyeswillstarttoache,yourhearingwillbecomemoreselective,youmayfeelyourheartraceandpressureinyourlungsandchestandlong‐term,yourexcretionsystembeginstoshutdowntoo.

Grossmotorskillsincludeactionsthatrequirethebodytomoveandrespondtoexternalpressures.Youuseyourgrossmotorskillstoliftyourarms,situpstraight,bend,stretch,useyourlegs,walkandrun.Ifthebodyisnotfuellingthesepartsofyourbodythenusebecomesimpaired.Youmightnoticethisatfirstaspinsandneedlesfeelingswhenyoutrytousethese.

Yourfinemotorskillsaretheothermovementsyourbodymakesthatarecontrolledandnecessarytolive.Forexample,theabilitytoswallow,blink,holdapensteadily,typeanduseallthemicro‐musclesandnervesinyourhands(tohold)andyourfeet(tostand).

Fatiguedworkersarelessproductiveandmorelikelytomakemistakesduringtheirwork.Sincefatigueaffectstheworker’sabilitytomaintainconcentrationandthinkcorrectly,fatiguedworkersmightfailtorecognisetheirconditionsandthesymptomsoffatigue.




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Mentalfatigueisespeciallydangerous,evenmorethanphysicalfatiguesinceworkersmightnotbeawareoftheirfatigue.Forjobsthatrequireconstantandheavyconcentration,suchasmachineryoperators,mentalfatiguecanleadtoverydangerousmistakes.

IDENTIFYINGFATIGUEHAZARDS

Thefirststepinmanagingfatigueisareviewofallfatiguehazardsandsourcesoffatiguehazardinyourworkplacethatcancontributetofatigueintheworkplace.

Therearemanysourcesofinformationyoucanresearchandcollectinformationonfatiguehazardsfrom,suchas:

Theworksystems,proceduresandpolicies

Rosters,schedulesandstatedworkroutinesforasingleperiodorlongterm

Incidentandaccidentreports

Workerswithinyourteamandgeneralworkenvironment

Youcanhelpyourworkplacetoidentifyhazardsbyreviewingthesystems,procedures,rostersandreportsthatapplytoyourworkandreportinganythingthatyouthinkcouldcausefatigue.

Youshouldconsideryourpersonallimitswhenmakingareportandaddressthesedirectly.Thismeansthatifyoufindthatsplitshift12hourdaysrequire17hoursofwakingtimebeforetheendofthesecondshift,andyouhavealreadydisclosedaneffectofyourhealth,thenitisreasonabletoreportanewscheduleorworkrosterthatwouldmakeitunsafeforyoutocomply.Likewise,ifyounoticeamiscalculationinmanualhandlingsafelimits–thatisformen16KGsingleorcombineditemweightinasinglecarriedloadandamaximumof8hoursadayofmanualexertion–youmustreportthisdatasorosterscanbealtered.

Youshouldalsoconsiderwhetherthehazardisbecauseoftheworkorwhetheritisbecauseofyourlifestyle.Youmayneedtoapplyforleavefollowingalongsocialweekasitisnotwork‐related.

Onceyouhaveidentifiedapotentialhazardyouwillneedto:

Reportthehazardusingahazardidentificationtoolasdesignedbyyour

workplaceandoutlinedinyourworkplacepoliciesandprocedures.You

shouldindicatethatthisisafatiguehazardwhereindicatedtodescribethe

hazard.Youshouldalsogivereasonswhyyoubelieveittobeafatiguehazard.




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Consultwithfront‐linemanagers,supervisors,workersandtheHealthand

Safetyrepresentativesabouttheworkloads,taskassignment,jobdesignand

workingschedules

Reviewyourownrecordstodeterminewhethertheworkinghoursare

appropriatebasedonyourallocationofduties,thetypeofworkandthe

weeksbeforeandaftertheschedule

Helpothermembersofyourteamtoreporttheirownfatiguehazardsand

anydetailsthathavebeenmiscalculatedormisjudged.

Onereasonthatpeoplesufferinjuriesfromfatigueisthattheydonotreportwhattheynoticeaboutworkloads,schedules,manualhandlingorconditions.Oftenpeopleareafraidthatiftheyspeakupthattheywillnotbetakenseriously,orthattheywillbetargetedforreducedhoursordismissal.

Remember:youhavearighttobesafeinyourworkplace,andthatdismissalisfarbetterthaninjuryanddeath.

Thataside,modernlawswillprotectyoufromthisbeingthecaseandwillcompensateyouifanemployermakesanerrorinjudgementfollowingareport.Inmostcases,anemployerwilltakethereportseriously,inlinewithyourpoliciesandprocedures,conferwithothersincludingexpertsandWorkSafeoritsequivalentinyourstateorterritoryandthenhelpyoutounderstandtheirfindings.

Ifaworkplacefindsthatthereisnohazard(unlikely),thenyoucanexpectadditionaltrainingandsupporttoidentifyhazards.

Ifyourworkplacefindsthatthereisahazardthenfirstlytheymustacttocontrolthathazardanditsassociatedrisks(youwilllearnmoreaboutthisinTopic2)andthentheymustsupportyouandyourfellowteammemberstoexecutethesecontrolstoensurethatyourworkissafe.

PERSONALWARNINGSIGNSOFFATIGUEARERECOGNISEDANDNECESSARYSTEPSARETAKENINACCORDANCEWITH

WORKPLACEPROCEDURES,TOENSURETHATEFFECTIVEWORKCAPABILITYANDALERTNESSARE

Thefirstandmostlogicalstepistorecogniseconditionsthatcontributetofatigueintheworkplace.Thisisparamounttobeingabletoultimatelycontrolitseffectonpeopleinyourworkplace,includingyourteammembers,anditseffectontheworktoo.Youhavelearnedaboutyourroleinidentifyingandreportinginthefirstsectionofthistopic.




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Secondly,youwillneedtobeabletorecognisefatigueasitoccursintheworkplaceamongstthosesameteammembersandonthatsamework.

Fatiguelookslike:

Yawning

Statingyouaretired,sleepyordrowsy

Beingtired,sleepy,drowsyorlethargic

Fallingasleep,needinganap,head‐noddingandmicro‐sleeping(falling

asleepforuptoafewsecondsandpotentiallynotknowingyou’vedoneso)

Anykindofuncharacteristicmistakesorfalters

Reluctancetocarryoutduties–especiallyfinedetailandgrossmotorwork

Achesandpainsinanypartofthebody

Blurredvision,difficultykeepingyoureyesopenandsore,dryorstinging

eyes

Increasedorsuddenirritability

Remainingtiredevenaftersleepandrest

Impairedcommunicationincludingbeinglessconversationalorlessclearin

communication

Reducedattentionspan,moreeasilydistracted,slowerreactions,clumsiness,

poorerhand‐eyecoordination,reducedmanualskills

Reducedshort‐termmemory,beingforgetfulorbeingunabletorecall

informationondemand

Lossofthe‘thebigpicture’asinveryfocusedoneorseveralfewsmalland

veryinsignificantissuesandbeingunabletoresolvetheseyourselforcutting

cornerstoovercomethese

Poorjudgmentofdistance,speedortime

Increasedrisk‐taking

Youmayalsonoticethesewarningsignsinotherswithwhomyouwork.Remember,thatnoteveryone,noryouwillexperienceallofthesesymptomsoreventhesamesymptomsindifferentevents.Fatiguelooksdifferentbasedontheperson,thetime,thecircumstanceandeventhecauseoffatigue.




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TAKINGACTIONONFATIGUE

Sometimes,youwillbeabletotakesmallactionstoovercomethefatiguethatisrelatedtotheworkingconditions.Thesetechniquesmayinclude:

Takingabreakof10–15minutes.

Beingactivewhenyouweresittingstillbeforeorsittingstillwhenyouhave

beenactive.

Havingapieceoffruit,vegetablesticks,atubofyoghurtorothersimilarbody

fuellingcomplexcarbohydrateandproteinproperties.

Drinkingaglassofwater.

Treatingpainconditionswithnon‐drowsypainmedications.

Goingindoorsifyouhavebeenoutdoorsforawhileorgoingoutdoorsifyou

havebeenindoorsforawhile.

Reducingtheheatintheimmediateareatoacomfortabletemperature

between17–23degrees.

Openingawindowtoimproveairflow.

Takingseveraldeep,lungexpandingbreaths.Concentrateondrawingair

throughthenoseandoutthroughthemouthwhilstcountingtoseven.

Haveapowernap.Thisisanapthatis10–15minutesinlengthandcanbe

takenanywhere–includingparkedsafelybythesideoftheroad.

Increasingthesourceofnaturallightorincreasingtheamountofwhitelight

atnight.

Switchingtasks,ifpossible,foraperiod.Doingsoallowsyourbrainto

exercisedifferentneurologicalpathwayswhichcanstimulatebloodflowand

oxygentothebrain.

Listeningtomusic.Likeswitchingtasks,musicinvolvesstimulationofother

areasofthebrain.

Itisessentialforyoutoidentifypeopleasfatiguehazardstoo.




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Criticaltasksarethosethatrequireahighlevelofconcentration,alertnessand/orco‐ordinationandwheretheconsequencesofamistakeorerrorinjudgmentcouldcauseseriousinjury.Beingmentallyalertandphysicallyrechargedisessentialto:

Drivingoroperatingheavymachinery,vehiclesorplant

Workingatheights

Hazardousworkse.g.electricalwork,workinginconfinedspaces,etc.

Handlingdangerousorhazardoussubstances

Ifyouaretired,orifyounoticesomeoneelseistiredorcouldpotentiallybefatiguedbasedontheinformationtheyhaveprovidedtoyou,youmusttakeitseriously.Thefirststepisalwaystotalktoyoursupervisorsothatinterventionscanbemadeimmediately.

Thenyoumust:

Identifytheproblemasa“nearmiss”incidentorusingyourworkplaces

fatiguenotificationprocesses

Contributetoclearandopendiscussionaboutfatiguewithyourfellowteam

members.Youmaybeaskedtotalkwiththegroupaboutaspectsofworkthat

contributetofatigue,orthesignsoffatiguewhichyouhaverecognisedand

nowknowwillaffectyourwork.

Followuponthenotificationtoidentifynewstrategiesandopportunities

whichcanbeappliedtoyourworktominimisetheriskofthishappeningin

thefuture

LEARNINGMOREABOUTFATIGUE

UndertheWHSAct,anypersonconductingbusinesshastheresponsibilitytokeepallworkers,employeesandpersonnelrelatedtotheirbusinesssafeandhealthy.Businessownersandmanagershavetoprovideinformation,instructions,trainingandsupervisiontoprotectworkersfromtheriskofinjuriesandwork‐relatedillness.

Trainingisvitalforbothemployeesandmanagers.Itprovidesthemwiththeknowledgerequiredtounderstandthehazardsandrisksassociatedwithfatigue.Trainingenablesyoutorecognisetherisksandhazardsbutalsoteachesyouhowtoimplementthenecessarycontrolmeasurestopreventfatiguefromhappening.

Employersshouldprovideyouwithtrainingaboutfatigue.You,therefore,havetheresponsibilitytoattendthetrainingandfollowinstructionsfrommanagerstolearnandimprove.




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Youshouldexpectandaskfortraininginregardsto:

Healthandsafetyrequirementsintheworkplace

Thehumanbiologicalclockandhowitrelatestofatigue

Symptomsoffatigue

Hazardsandrisksassociatedwithfatigue

Safetyconsequencesassociatedwithfatigue

Controlmeasuresthatcanpreventandmanagefatigue

Relevantpoliciesandprocedurestomanagefatigue

Medication,drugsandalcoholandtheirimpact

Theimportanceofpropernutrition,diet,generalfitnessandhealthissues

relatedtofatigue

Aworklifebalance

Howtomaintainahealthylifestyle

Youwillalsoneedtoidentifyandlearnfromarangeofinternalsourcesofinformationonfatigueincludingpoliciesandproceduressuchas:

WorkingfromHomepolicy

FitnessforWorkPolicy

CodeofConductorCodeofEthics

Recognisingthesymptomsoffatigue

Controllingfatigue

Properdesignanddevelopmentofworkingschedulesandrosters

Aneffectivefatiguemanagementprogramshouldtakeintoaccountthecompetenceoftheindividualemployeesovertimeandinarangeofcircumstances.Themainobjectiveofyourfatiguemanagementstrategiesistoensurethatemployeesaresafeandhealthywhenperformingtheirwork,beingfreefromfatigue.

Toensurethatyouarecompetentovertimeandinarangeofcircumstancesyoushouldconsideryourlearningneedsaspartofacontinuouscycle.Yourinitialtrainingwillprovideyouwithaplanforcarryingoutyourdutiessafelyandeffectivelyinlinewithyourworkplacespoliciesandprocedures.Butasyoudoyourworkandgettoknowthe




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environmentyouwillnoticethingsthatarenotadequatelycontrollingtheriskoffatigue.Youwillneedtoclosethegapbetweenthestrategiestomaintainconstantcontrolofrisksbygettingfurthertrainingandadoptingnewstrategies.

Therearemanydifferenttraininganddevelopmentprogramsthatyoucanparticipateintocontinuouslyimproveyourownpracticeandsuggestforthebettermentofyourcolleaguestoo.

Programscouldinclude:

Typeofdevelopmentprogram

Examples

Trainingprograms On‐the‐jobtrainingorclasses

Fatigueandsafetyrelatedtopics

Networking Allowingemployeestotalkaboutanddiscussfatigueandfatiguemanagementwithotherpeople

Expandingthenetworkofworkerswithinthesameworkingareai.e.includingpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsandpathwaysintologistics,levelsofexperience,agegroupsandroles

Onlinelearningresources

Researchusingwebsites,forums,socialmedia,andonlineclassrooms

Subscriptiontonewslettersandlearningresources

Updatesfromexpertsonhealthandsafetyissues

Chatdialoguestohavequestionsanswereddirectlybygovernmentrepresentatives

Browsinggovernmentwebsitesforlearningresourcesonfatiguemanagement

FacebookandLinkedIngroupsandotherforums

Connectingwithlike‐mindedpeople.

Askingquestions

Sharingexperiences




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Learningfrompeers

Shortcourses Providingbasicknowledgeaboutfatigue

Providinginstructionsandcompanyspecificpolicies

Onlinecourses,workshops,in‐services

Meetingsanddiscussion Teambasedmeetings

Agendaitemsfocussedonfatigueandsafetyissues

Specificmeetingstodiscussfatigue

Toolboxmeetingsbeforeeachshift.

Coachingandsupervision

Discussingspecificproblems

Focusingonstrategiesandtechniques

Short‐termpracticalsolutionsandimmediateoutcomes

Externalconsultant Havingdiscussionswithhealthandsafetyspecialists

Consultingwithexpertsaboutfatigue,healthylifestyles,dieting,exercising,etc.

Internalconsultant Discussionwithmanagersorsupervisors

Casualconversationduringbreaks,lunch,etc.

Therearealsoanumberofmodesoftrainingthatmayhelpyoutofindprogramsthatareinterestingandprovideyouwithexperiencesandexposuretoothersinsimilarsituations.Theseinclude:

Distanceandremotelearning

Thismethodoflearninginvolveslearningbygettinginformationandguidancefrompeoplewhoarenotco‐locatedwiththelearnere.g.Learningviavideos,television,audiorecordings,etc.

Jobassignment Thismethodfocusesonthelearnerdoingassignmentsrelatedtotheknowledgeandskillstheyarelearning;theycanwritereportsorsolveproblemsthatrequirethemtoresearch,learnandapplytheirknowledge




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Jobrotation Thismethodallowslearnerstoexperienceabroadrangeofworkenvironments,culturesandchallengesbyassigningthemtodifferentjobsandpositionsintherosterwhereapplicable

Off‐jobtraining Learnerscanbesenttouniversities,collegeortrainingcentresthatprovideformalandstructuredlessons.Thislearningtakesplaceoutsideoftheworkplaceandallowsthelearnertolearnandpracticetheirskillsinasafeenvironment.

Orientationandinduction:

Theverybasictrainingproceduresthathelpnewemployeesbecomefamiliarwiththecompany’sworkingproceduresandprocesses

On‐the‐jobtraining Theoppositeoftheoff‐jobtraining,thismethodoccursintheworkplaceandrequiresthelearnertoperformtheirjob.Thishelpsthelearnersdeveloppracticalskillsandexperience.




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TOPIC 2 ‐ IMPLEMENTSTRATEGIES TOMINIMISE FATIGUE

WORKPLACEPROCEDURESAREASSESSEDTOMINIMISEFATIGUE

Whohasthehealthandsafetyresponsibilitytomanagefatigue?You.

Employeesandmanagershavearesponsibilitytoensurefatiguedoesnotimpactonthesafetyandwell‐beingofthemselvesandothers.

EmployeesneedtoidentifyandassesswhetherfatigueisanOHS/WHSissueforthemselvesandothersintheworkingenvironment.Theseproceduresmusttakeintoaccountsafeworkingthresholds,thenatureoftheworkbeingconductedthatmaybeoutsideindustryexpectationsandworkplacehazardsandcontrolsthatincreasefatigue.

Onewaythatyoucanassesstheproceduresthatapplyinyourworkplaceistouseafatigueriskchecklistlikebelow,todeterminetheriskofspecificproceduresandcombinationsofprocedures.Todeterminetheriskyouwouldrevieweachprocedureandassignitariskrating,thenreviewsproceduresthatarefollowedconcurrently(atthesametime)andassigntheseratingstoo.Forexample,toconductdeliveriesmayhaveadeliveryprocedure,documentationprocedures,manualhandlingprocedures,drivingproceduresandevencommunicatingwithbaseproceduresallbeingconductedatthesametime.




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Usethisriskchecklist(AustralianMedicalAssociation,2008):

Lowerrisk Significantrisk Higherrisk

Lessthan50hoursofscheduledwork

50to70hoursofscheduledwork

Morethan70hoursofscheduledwork

Nomorethan10‐12consecutivehoursinanyoneperiod

Upto14consecutivehoursinanyoneperiod

14ormoreconsecutivehoursscheduledatleasttwice

Threeormoreshortbreakstakenorallowedforduringdailyworkinghours

Oneortwoshortbreaksallowedforandtakenduringdailyworkinghours

Noshortbreaksallowedfor andtakenduringdailyworkinghours

Littleornounscheduledextrawork

Morethan10hoursextraunscheduledwork

Morethan20hoursunscheduledextrawork

Scheduledoncallforlessthan3daysinsevendays

Scheduledoncallfor3daysormoreina7dayperiod

Scheduledoncallcontinuouslyformorethan7dayperiod

NonightworkAtleast2nightsofworkorextendedhoursintothenight

Atleast3nightsofworkorextendedhoursintothenight

Minimum10‐hourbreaksbetweenworkperiodsand2daysfreeofwork

Minimum10‐hourbreaksbetweenworkperiodsandonedayfreeofwork

Lessthanminimum10‐hourbreakonatleasttwoworkperiodsandnofulldayfreeofwork

Nochangestoworkschedulewithoutnotice

Changestoworkschedulethroughadditionalhoursandovertime

Workschedulechangedsomuchbecauseofadditionalhoursandovertimehasbecomeunpredictable

Maximumopportunityforsleeptobetakenatnight,includingtwofullnightsofsleep

Abouttwo‐thirdsofsleepabletobetakenatnightincludingonefullnightofsleep

Lessthanhalfofsleepabletobetakenatnightandnoopportunityforonefullnightofsleep




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Informationrelatingtotherisksandhazardscausedbyfatigue,inyourownworkplace,canalsobedrawnfromincidentreports,nearmisslogs,accidentrecords,hazardidentificationreports,riskmanagementtablesorregistersandotherinternalreportsthattalkabouttheexpectationsofindividualsandteams.Ifyourroleinvolvessupervisionormanagementofothers,youwillroutinelybeexposedtothisinformationasitisdistributed.However,ifyoureporttoothers,youwilllikelyonlybetoldthefactsastheyrelatetoyourcurrentrole.

Asmostrisksandhazards,causedbyfatigue,areassociatedwithmistakesmadebythefatiguedworkers,itisnecessarytoinspecttheproceduresthatyouarelikelytousetoidentifyanycontrolsfor:

Misuseoftoolsandequipmentthatmaycausephysicalinjuriese.g.cutting

oneselfwithaknifeorscissors

Prolongedphysicalexhaustione.g.manualliftingforanextendedperiodof

timewhichmaycausephysicalinjuries

At‐height,above‐headorotherworkwithariskoffallsleadingtohead

injuries,breaksandstrains

Calculationsofquantities,readingoflabelsandhandlingofdangerousgoods

andsubstanceswhichcanleadtoexposuretoxicity,burns,breathing

difficultiesandlungscarring

Comprehensionofinstructions,workingproceduresandthecorrectionof

inaccuracies,mistakesandproblemswhichcanleadtomanydifferenttypes

ofinjuriesfromphysicaltopsychological,biological,chemicalormechanical

Lackofconcentrationwhilstoperatingheavymachinerywithrealrisksof

fatalityandserious,permanent,physicaldisability

Youshouldalsoreviewprocedures,policiesandworkrolestoidentifyhowtheyfitwithyourownpersonalcircumstances,andyoushouldworkwithothersinyourteamtoidentifyanychangesthatmayimpactyourlifestyles,healthandfitnessmaintenanceactivities,familyresponsibilitiesandotherlifemanagementobligations.

Aworkerwhofeelsthepushtoworkeverydayduringthehourswhentheywouldotherwiseberequiredtomaintaintheirfinances,enquireabouttheirhealthorenjoytheirfamilymayalsofeelthepushtomakeupforlosthoursoutsideofworkinghoursfurtherleadingtofatigue.




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Thereareanumberofcombinationsofinternalinformationthatmayleadtothisincreasedpressureincluding:

Minimumshifthours,therosteredhoursandmaximumweeklythresholds

advisedincontractsandpositiondescriptions.

Specifieddaysandtimesforshiftsthatregularlyrequirebeforeandafter

businesshoursdeliveriesandMondaytoFridayattendance(i.e.6am–6pm

MondaytoFriday)leavingnotimeforpersonalresponsibilitiesduring

businesshoursandstrictleavepoliciesthatrestrictthedays/periodsfor

whichsomeonecanapplyforortakeleave.

Shiftworkerswhomustworkminimumhoursperweekandcomplywith

minimumsleepthresholdsandminimumhoursoffbetweenshifts

Thisiswhyitisimportanttoreviewprocedures,policies,codesofconductandcodesofethics,positiondescriptions,keyperformanceindicatorsandothersourcesofgovernanceseparatelyandtogetherindifferentcombinations.

REGULATIONSANDLEGISLATION

Itiscalleda‘breach’whenastaffmemberexceedsthemaximumnumberofhoursordoesnottakethebreaksscheduledandspecifiedbytheNationalRegulations.Youwillneedtousetheregulations,andanyfurtherroadandworkplaceregulationsinyourstateorterritory,todeterminethetypeofbreachthatoccursandanyactionsthatneedtobetaken.

Legislation Description Source

WorkHealthandSafetyAct2011OROccupationalHealthandSafetyAct2004(forVictorians)

Theworkhealthandsafety(WHS)Actdefinestheresponsibilitiesofindividualswithinaworkplaceinrelationtoidentification,reporting,controlandresponsetohazards.

https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011A00137

HeavyVehicle(Fatigue

Thisdocumentstatestheminimumexpectationsofallbusinesses,whooperateaheavyvehicle,inrelationtofatiguesafetyandmonitoring.These

https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURR




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Management)NationalRegulation

requirementsincludeworkdiaries,chainofresponsibilityandmaximumworkingthresholds.

ENT/H/HeavyVehFMNR.pdf

DangerousGoodsActinyourstateorterritory,theAustralianDangerousGoodsCodeversion7.4andIATADangerousGoodsbyAir

Australiahasbothstatelawsfortransportofdangerousgoodsinaccordancewithstate‐basedroadlawsandanationalcodethatapplytoanyonewhomovesdangerousgoodsclassifiedinthenationalcodeorbyHAZMATandInternationalDangerousGoodssystems.Theserequirethatthetypeofgoodsbedisclosedonthetransportvehicle,thattheriskisidentifiedandmitigatedforthegoodsthemselvesandforthetransportprocesses.Thisincludesminimisingtheriskoffatigueleadingtomiscalculation,errororcomplacency.

https://infrastructure.gov.au/transport/australia/dangerous/dg_code_7e.aspx

AustralianRoadRules,Regulations,ComplianceandEnforcement

Therearebothstateandnationalroadrulesandregulationsforensuringthatalldriversarefittodrive,havethenecessaryskillsandtrainingandareendorsedforthetypeofvehicletheydrive.Thisincludeslicensingregulations,rulesfortransportofgoodsespeciallyoversizedgoods,anddrugandalcoholcompliancelimits.Theselawsrequirealldriverstobeself‐awareoftheirfatigue,theamountofdrivingtheyaredoingandcausesoffatiguesuchasalcoholanddrugs.

NationalLawhttp://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_reg/arr210/

And

https://www.nhvr.gov.au/safety‐accreditation‐compliance/on‐road‐compliance‐and‐enforcementYourstateorterritorybasedroadtransportauthorityi.e.VicRoadsinVictoria




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CodesofPractice

Description WebLocation

ConfinedSpaces

Thecodeofpracticeforconfinedspacessuggestsappropriatepracticesthatcanbeusedtominimiseconfinedspacework,improveairflow,ensuretrainingissufficientandeffective,securethelocationoftheconfinedspaceandcontrolotherrisksandhazards.Whilstitdoesnotspecificallymentionfatigue,itdoesimplythatalackofaccuracyandawarenessofsurroundingsareleadingcontributorstoaccidentandinjury.Bothlackofaccuracyandawarenessareeffectsoffatigue.

http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/634/Confined_SpacesV2.pdf

WorkHealthandSafetyConsultation,CooperationandCoordination

Thiscodeofpracticeprovidesstrategiesandopportunitiesforconsultationintheworkplacetoimproveemployeecooperationinmaintainingsafety.Whilstitdoesnotspecificallymentionfatigue,itdoesmakeconsultationonallmattersofsafetyamatteroflegalpriority.

http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/624/Work_Health_and_Safety_Consultation_CoOperation_and_CoOrdination.pdf

Managingelectricalrisks

Apersonwhoworkswithorinanareawithelectricalriskscanbeatgreaterriskofinjuryanddeathwhenfatigued.Thiscodeofpracticeidentifiesfatigueasbeingacontributingsourceofrisk,especiallywhereapersonisnotfittocarryouttheirdutiesbecauseofnon‐workrelatedfatigue.

http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/699/managing‐electrical‐risks.pdf

Hazardousmanualhandling

Fatiguecontributestoinjurieswhenworkingwithhazardousmaterialsandingeneralmanualhandling.Manualhandlingisanypushing,pulling,lifting,carryingorotheractivitythatinvolvesthebodiesinteractionwithanotherobject.Analreadyfatiguedbody,oronethatbecomesfatiguedbymanualhandling,isatgreaterriskofthemusculoskeletaldisorder.

http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/640/COP_Hazardous_Manual_Tasks.pdf




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Safeworkplacedesign

Aworkplacethatisnotlaidoutinawaythatminimiseswalking,movementofitems,interactionwithmachineryandotherobjectsinamovementpathandsafereachisonethatisalsoatriskofacutephysicalfatigue.Thiscodeofpracticesuggestslayoutsandwaysofdetermininglayoutsofbusinessestoreducethisrisk.

http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/698/Safe%20Design%20of%20Structures.pdf

Toidentifybreaches,itisimportantthatyouregularlyreviewrosteredorscheduledhoursandjobsversustheactualnumberofhourscarriedout.Youcanidentifyyourownbreachesorlikelybreachesandreportthesetoavoidfuturerepercussions.Repercussionscouldincludesanctionsforyourcompany,workhealthandsafetypenaltiesandfines,nottomentionhealthandsafetyissues!Youcandothisby:

Reviewingworkdiaries Comparingdatabetweenworkdiaries,schedulesandtimesheets Usingaschedule Usingacomputer‐basedinformationsystemthattracksjobs,allocated

workers/driversanddispatchandarrivaltimes UsingGPSequipment Creatingrelationshipswithstafftoensurethattheycanbehonestandvoice

concernsabouttimeframes Usingsystemsthatmakestaffcheckinandoutforbreaks Participatingincoachingonaone‐to‐onebasis,atleast,monthlytoreview

workdiariesanddiscussproblems

Itisimportanttoidentifywhybreachesorlikelybreacheshaveoccurred.Whenyouaremakingyourreportyoushouldidentifyanytimelineissuessuchas:

Heavytraffic Clientdelays Injuryorillness Anextendedbreakduringtheshiftthatdoesmeettheregulations Unforeseencircumstances,suchastrafficdiversions,busyclients,competing

orcomplexinstructions




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FACTORSTHATINCREASETHERISKOFFATIGUE‐RELATEDACCIDENTSANDINCIDENTSAREMINIMISED

Fatiguenotonlylowerstheproductivityofyourworkersbutcanalsobeamajorcontributingfactortowork‐relatedinjuriesandillness.Thereareseveralsafetyconsequencesoffatiguethatyouneedtobeawareof.

Theeffectsoffatigueonyourworkerscanincludebothlong‐termandshort‐termeffects.Short‐termeffectsinclude:

Havingahardertimeconcentratingandavoidingdistractions.

Beunabletothinkclearlyandanalysetheirworkingconditions

Havereducedabilitytomakegooddecisions

Notbeabletorecallevents,timing,instructionsortoremembersequences

Havebadhand‐eyecoordination

Beunabletocommunicateeffectivelywithothers

Beunabletocontroltheiremotions

Notbeawareofcomplexanddangeroussituations

Notbeabletorecogniseriskandtheirownimpairment

Highererrorrates

Slowerreactiontimes

Micro‐sleepsduringwork

Alloftheimpairmentslistedabovewillincreasethelikelihoodofaccidentsandinjuriesfortheworkers,especiallyforanyworkrelatedtomachineryandvehicles.Thankfully,shorttermaffectscanberectifiedwithseveralnightsofdeepREMsleepandtheuseofstressandfatiguemanagementstrategies.

Besidestheshort‐termsafetyconsequences,workerswhoareexposedtomentalandphysicalpressureforextendedperiodoftimecanalsoexperiencelong‐termeffectslike:

Increasedlikelihoodofheartdisease

Diabetes

Highbloodpressure

Gastrointestinaldisorders

Depressionandothermentalillness




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Thesefactorscanleadtounexpectedandunexplainedfatigueinworkplaces.Theseeffectsarelesslikelytoleadtoanidentificationofahazardorriskandare,therefore,morelikelytoleadtoaccidentsevenwhencontrolshavebeenapplied.

Toreduceandminimisetheriskofshortandlong‐termeffectsoffatigueyouwillneedconsiderarangeofstrategiesforyourownrole,andinnegotiationwithyoursupervisor,suchas:

Complyingwithminimumtimeoffandensuringthatyoursupervisoralso

complieswiththesestandards.

Usingweekendsandrestdaystorecuperate–youwilllearnmoreaboutthis

laterinthismanual.

Takingyourminimumleaveperiodsannuallyoverseveralshorterbreaks.

Minimisingyourworkplacestressbybeingdirectandupfrontabout

problemsbeforetheyaffectsleepormentalhealth.

Takingsickleavewhenyoufeelunwellincludingatleastonedayofrestafter

yourrecoverytorestoreyourbody’streatmentandresistancecells.

Buying‐intorostered‐day‐offsystemstoensureyougetabreakatleast

monthly.

Agreeingtocontractsthatsetworkhoursanddays.

SigncontractsthatmakeitclearhowpeakperiodsandChristmasperiodswill

behandledtoensurethebalancebetweenworkandhomelifeismaintained.

FATIGUEMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESAREIMPLEMENTEDINACCORDANCEWITHWORKPLACEPOLICY

Wehavealreadylookedatarangeofmanagementstrategiesthatcanbeappliedtoworksuchasrecognisingandacknowledgingindicatorsoffatigue,reportingrisksandhazards,analysingyourownroleandthatofpeoplewhomyouworkwithtoidentifyanyriskstoyoupersonallyandminimisingshortandlongtermeffectsoffatigue.

Youshouldalsoconsultyourfatiguemanagementplantoidentifystrategiesidentifiedbyyourworkplaceasbeingsuitableforthealreadyidentifyhazardsandrisks.

Eachbusinesswillhaveitsownfatiguemanagementplan;sometimesthesearecalledriskmanagementimplementationplans.Theplanwillincludepoliciesandproceduresspecificallyrelatedtofatiguemanagement,thelikelyrisksandactionsthatcanbetaken




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tocorrectbreachesorrespondtofatigue.Aswithallplans,itisimportantthattheyarereviewedregularlytoensurethattheinformationremainscurrent.

TheplanisanessentialpartoftheOccupationalHealthandSafety(OHS)complianceactivitieswithinyourorganisation,asitspecificallyrelatestohealth,wellbeingandsafety.ItalsoensurescompliancewithrelevantlegislationsuchastheHeavyVehicleNationalLawandtheHeavyVehicle(FatigueManagement)NationalRegulations.HavingandusingthisplanmayalsounderpinriskmanagementtoequipmentandtothedeliveryofServiceoutcomes,rosteringandstaffmanagement,maintenanceschedules,aswellasotherprocessesandprocedures.

TheNationalRegulations5–10requirethatmaximumworkingtimesareadheredtocompletelyandthatminimumbreaktimesareprovidedduringworkingperiods(notthebeginningorendofashift).

Toensurethisiscompliedwith,eachdrivermustmaintainaworkdiarythatiscollated,analysedandfiledbythecompanyperiodically(Regulations13–21).Ifyourroleinvolvesdriving,youwillneedtokeepthisworkdiarytoo.

TheOccupationalHealthandSafetyregulationsdovaryindifferentstatesanddependingondifferentworkers’roles.However,eachrequiresthatfatigueismonitoredandmanagedtopreventsickness,injuryandmentaleffect.YoucanaccesstheNationalRegulationsviatheWorkSafetywebsiteinyourstateorterritory.

Youcanmonitoryourowncompliancewiththeregulationsandfatiguemanagementplanby:

Locating,accessingandreadingcopiesoftheregulations,includingfact

sheetsandtipssothatyoucanidentifyneworemergingstrategiesandhelp

feedthesebacktoyouremployer

Locatingandreadingworkplacepolicies,procedures,jobdescriptionsand

workdutiesandensuringthatyoureadallnotificationsofchanges.This

ensuresyouarealwayscompletingworkinacompliantway

Completingyourworkdiaryaccuratelyandensuringyoudonotleaveany

sectionsblank.Youshouldworkwithyoursupervisortoidentifythe

requirementsforaworkdiaryinyourworkplaceandthetypesof

informationtheywishforyoutorecordforreviews

Contributingtofatigueconversationsduringmeetingsincludingraising

issuesaboutstress,well‐being,opportunities,threats,worriesandsafety

clearly,regularlyandinaconsultative,interactiveandinclusiveway




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Attendingandevenseekingoutcoachingorsupervisionappointmentsto

discussentriesinworkdiaries,possiblesourcesoffatigue,currenthealthand

well‐beingandtoidentifyopportunitiesforimprovedworkplacepracticeto

reducestress

Toeffectivelycombatthehealthandsafetyrisksassociatedwithfatigue,itisbesttoeliminatethefactorsthatcontributetofatigue.Althougheliminationisthemosteffectivecontrolmeasuretopreventfatigue,itisnot,however,alwaysaviableoption.

Whenyoucannotcompletelyremovethesourcesoffatigue,youshouldtakereasonablestepstomanagetheriskoffatigueleadingtoinjuriesandillness.Controlmeasurescandifferbetweenbusinesses,dependingonspecificbusinesscircumstancesandthescaleoftheorganisation.Forinstance,asmallbusinesswith5employeeswillnotfacethesamefatigueproblemsasalargerbusinesswith500employees.

Youwillneedacombinationofcontrolmeasurestoensurethatallaspectsoffatigue,includingbothwork‐relatedandpersonalissues,aremanagedsuccessfully.

Considerthefollowingstrategiesaddressedasheadingsbelow.

WORKSCHEDULINGANDPLANNING

Identifyingschedulesandplansassourcesofworkplacestressandfatigue.Youmustworkwithyourbusinessto:

Designworkinghoursandrostersthatallowfortheopportunitytohavesolidstretchesandenoughsleepandenoughrecoverytimebetweenshifts

Developworkingpoliciesthatlimitthemaximumweeklyworkinghoursandtotalworkinghours

Avoidanyworkarrangementthatprovideincentivesforworkerstoworkexcessivehours

Consideranychangeinworkpaceandworkloadduetounanticipatedeventssuchasmachinerybreakdownsandworkersbeingsick/absentfromwork

Haveaccesstoon‐callworkerstocoveranysuddendemandforlabourduetoemergencies

Haveaseparatescheduleforsafety‐criticalworkoutsidethedangerousperiods(between2amand6am,orbetween2pmand4pm),whenworkerscanbeeasilyfatigued




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ROSTERING

Rosteringcanalsobeusedtoaddresstheriskoffatigueandanyhazardsassociatedwithfatigue.Youmustworkwithyourorganisationtoconsiderandimplementthefollowingrosteringmethodsforfatiguecontrol:

Usingaforwardrotationsystemwhereworkersworkfromdaytoeveningto

night

Designingarosterwherethereareadequaterecoveryperiodsbetweenshifts,

soworkerscantravel,eatandrefresh

Whereapplicable,morningshiftsshouldnotstartbefore6am

Reducingshiftlength

Avoidingsplitshiftsthatcandisruptworker’ssleepandrest

Avoidingassigningworkerstoshiftsthatcanaffecttheirsleepamountor

qualitye.g.assigningthemtomorningandlatenightshifts

Allowingworkerstheopportunitytohavesomeinputonrostering,sothey

canadjusttheirworkinghourstosuitthembetter

Ensuringthattherostersincludethepropercombinationofworkersin

respecttoskillsandexperience

SHIFTWORK

Asmentionedabove,shiftworkersareverylikelytobefatiguedduetothenatureofshift‐work.Youmustworkwithyourbusinesstoassessandimplementthefollowingmeasurestocontrolrisksassociatedwithshiftworksuchas:

Planningshiftrostersandschedulesaheadoftimetoallowworkerstimeto

plantheirpersonalactivitiesandsleepingschedule

Avoidmakingsuddenchangestoworkingschedulesandshiftchangeovers

(suchasfinishingat11pmandworkingagainat8amthenextday)

Managinganyovertimeandshiftswapping

Allowingshiftworkerstohaveconsecutivedaysofftorestandrefresh

Consideringpublictransportavailabilityandcommutingtimewhen

designingshiftpatterns




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Providingtransportationtoworkerswhohavetoworkovertimeorlong

shifts

Limitingtheaverageworkinghoursandtotalworkinghoursperdayand

week(12hoursperdayincludingovertime)

Limitingthenumberofconsecutivenightshiftsandovertimeforeachworker

Avoidinganyallocationtothenightandlatenightshifts(after10or12pm)

Providingsufficientinformationtoworkersaboutschedulingandtime

managementsoworkerscanavoidfatigue

NIGHTWORK

Nightwork,especiallylonghaulworkthatoccursovernightonanon‐regularbasis,isdifficultonthehumanbodybecausewearedesignedtoworkonacircadianrhythminconjunctionwiththesunrisingandsetting.Anyworkersworkingnightshiftswillbeexposedtoadditionalfatigueriskrelatedtothatcircadianrhythmandtheirbiologicalclock.Workwithyourworkplacesupervisorsto:

Considercarefullywhetherthenightworkisnecessaryandmake

arrangementssothatanysafetycriticalworkisnotcarriedoutduringthe

night

Keepthenightshiftstoaminimumandavoidmakingworkerswork

consecutivenightshifts(nomorethanfourconsecutivenights)

Allowworkersa48hourperiodtorestbetweeneachsetofshifts

Allowworkerswhoworknightshiftsregularlysometimetocatchupontheir

sleepdebts

Ensurethattherosterallowsworkers,atleast,twofullnight’ssleepafterthe

lastnightshift

Beforeyouassignworkerstonightshifts,youshouldgivethemnotice(at

least24hoursbefore)sotheyhavetimetoadjusttheirschedule

Minimisethenumberofnightshiftsfornewworkersorworkersreturning

fromleave,sotheyhavethetimetoadapt




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WORKBREAKS

Breaksareessentialtoworkers,especiallyworkerswhoworklongshiftsorovertime.Personally,youshould:

Havebreaksduringandbetweenshifts,inlinewithyourorganisation's

policiesandprocedurestorelax,eat,drinkwater,exercise,participatein

recreationalactivities,andsleep

Takeannualleaveyearly,forseveraldaysatatime.Considermakingyour

annualleavecoincidewithothernationalevents

Avoidvolunteeringtoworkeveryweekendorout‐of‐hoursespeciallyif,for

you,thisisasourceofstress

Beawareofhowtheactivitiesthatyouundertakeduringthesebreaksaffect

fatigue

ON‐CALLANDCALLBACKWORK

Oncallworkisthatwhichrequiresworkerstofrequentlycarryoutworkactivitiesonanad‐hocorasrequiredbasis.Thiscouldincludesituationswhereworkisonlycarriedoutonabookingbasis,wherestaffarerequiredtoattendtoemergenciesorwherethereareexpertsthatmayneedtoprovideadviceindifficultsituations.Peoplewiththisrelationshipintheirworkmayworkasetnumberofhoursperweekandthenbeoncallforanotherportionoftheirworkhours,ortheymaynothaveanysethours,andtheyonlyworkwhenthereisarequirementtoo.

Conversely,call‐backworkrequiresthatworkerscompletetheirminimumhoursbutmaybecalledbacktothejobinordertocarryoutspecificproceduresortasksinarangeofsituations.Thisisafeatureofworkwherethereispeakperiods,peaktimes,unordinaryworkloadsandwheretherearespecialisedskillsrequiredforsomeaspectsofwork.

Ifyouareinoneofthesesituationsyoushouldworkwithyourorganisationtoensure:

shiftsandrostersallowworkerstohaveagoodsleepandadequatetimetorecoverbetweenshifts

workersareprovidedwithopportunitiestosleepandrecoverininstanceswhenworkershavetoworkoncallafterthenormalshift

separateworkschedulesandpoliciesapplytoworkerswiththesespecificworddemands




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SEASONALWORK

Seasonalworkoftenrequiresshortperiods,relatedtotheseasons,whereworkisperformedathighintensity.Itisparticularlycommoninbusinessesrelatedtoagriculture,produceandfarmingsuchasberry,cherryoravocados,lambandporkorwhostock,supplyordelivergoodsforspecificeventssuchasEaster,Christmas,AustraliaDay,MothersandFather’sDay,andValentine’sDay.

Becausetheseasonscanbeshortandthereisalotofworktodotoensurethatproductsarenotwasted,workerscanbeunderpressuredtoworkmorehours,takerisks,cutcornersandgenerallyworkharder.

Youshouldworkwithyourbusinessto:

Developproceduresandprotocolsforrestandbreaksduringlongwork

hoursorwherelongwork‐relatedtravelisrequired

Provideworkerswithaccommodation,meals,waterandnecessaryutilities

forrelievingpressure,soworkersdon’thavetospendalotoftime

commuting

Consideradditionalstaffinanefforttoimproveworkplacesafety,reduce

accident‐relatedexpenseanddamagerelateddowntimeandimprove

conditions

LEAVEMANAGEMENT

Thenationalemploymentstandardsrequirethatallfull‐timeemployeesareentitledtofourweeksofannualleaveperyear.Thisiscalculatedatthenumberofbasehoursapersonisemployedfor,andthisappliestopeopleeveniftheyareemployedinshiftworkandrosteredconditions.Thismeansthatifyouareemployedfora60hourweek,onafull‐timepermanentbasis,thenyouwillget4x60hoursofpaidannualleaveperyear(240hours)orifyouareemployedforjust38houryouwillget4x38paidhoursofannualleaveperyear(152hours).

Youarealsoentitledtoaminimumof8dayspaidsickorpersonalleave.

Ifyouworkonapart‐timebasis,thisiscalculatedatthepro‐ratarateasperabove.Soa20hourweekequatesto80hoursofannualleave.

Youareonlytakingannualleavewhenyouapplyforit,anditisapprovedbyyourwork‐thismeansthatyouarenotonannualleavewhenyouareinjured,sick,usingyourtimeinlieu,onarostereddayofforwhenyourworkplaceisonshutdown(unlessyouremploymentarrangementstatesthatthereisaminimumshutdownperiodeachyear).




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Likewise,itisNOTannualleaveifyoudecidenottoworkonadaythatisnotpartofyourworkplaceagreement.ThismeansthatmeansifyouregularlyworkSundaysonavoluntarybasisbutyourworkdaysareMondaytoSaturday;youarenotobligatedtouseannualleaveonSunday.Youmust,however,informyourworkplacethatyouarenotavailableontheSundayofaleaveweek(usingtheexampleabove!).

Youshouldworkwithyourworkplaceto:

Designproceduresandpoliciestokeeptrackofaccruedleavebalancesand

requestsforleavefromworkers

Planrostersandschedulesahead,withconsiderationtorequestsforleave

andshiftswaps

Considerthemaximumandoptimumamountofleavethatyourworkerscan

takeatonetime

Considerusingseasonalstafforcasualstafftofillvacantpositionsas

reasonablypracticable

Ensurethatyouhavetakenintoaccounttheimpactworkers’leavehaveon

yourservicedelivery

Makesurethatyouhavesufficientworkerstofillworkingroster

Forareaswherethereisahighdemandforlabour,youshouldmaintaina

reliefpool

Haveaccesstocasualandon‐callworkersforanyunplannedleave,absence

oremergencieswhereyouneedadditionallabour

Constantlymonitortheworkperformanceandworkingtimeoftherostered

staffandorganiseworkerstohaveextendedbreakswhererequired

FLY‐IN,FLY‐OUTWORK(FIFO)

Fly‐in,fly‐out(FIFO)referstothemethodofemployingworkersinremoteareaswhereworkersaretransportedtotheworksiteandhavetoworkanumberofdays.Thentheyaretransportedbacktotheirhomeforanumberofdaystorestandrefresh.UnderFIFO,workerswillworklongshifts(12hoursperday)continuouslyforanumberofdaysandthenspendalltheirdaysoffathome.




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WithFIFO,youshouldconsiderthefollowingfactors:

Developingworkingpoliciesandschedulesandprovideinformationtoworkersabout:

o Thenumberofhoursthattheycanworkoverthethree‐monthperiod

o Thenumberofnightshiftsandconsecutivenightshiftstheycanwork

o Theperiodofnon‐workfollowingthenightshifts(minimum24hours)

o Theallowanceforadequatesleepbeforetheirfirstshiftastheyreturnfromresttooperation

Developingplansandpoliciestoaddressanyissuerelatedtounexpecteddelays;forinstance,providingworkerswithtemporaryaccommodation,mealsandalternativetransportationwhentherearedelayswiththeoriginaltransportationmethod

Consultingexpertsonrosterdevelopment,schedulingandworkingarrangementstoensurethatworkersdonotbecomefatigued

ConsideringtheuseoffatiguemanagementsoftwaretomanagetheFIFOworkarrangement

FATIGUEHAZARDCHECKLIST

Tofurtherreviewthefatiguehazardsatyourworkplaceyoucanuseachecklist,onaregularbasis,whichcanhelpyoursupervisorormanagertocollectdataaboutyourownwork.Ifyousuperviseothersintheworkplace,youcanusethischecklisttogatherinformationaboutyourteammembersworktoo.

Iftheanswerisyestoanyofthequestionsintheshadedareas,oryestothreeormoreofthequestionsinthenon‐shadedareas,youshouldreviewyoursystemformanagingfatigueandcontrolmeasuresandupdateyourfatiguemanagementplan:

Mentalandphysicalworkdemands Yes No

Isanyonetakingonphysicallydemandingworkforextendedperiods?

(repetitiveorphysicallydemandingtaskssuchasbricklaying,typing,processwork,movingbagsofcement,fellingtrees)




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Isanyonetakingonmentallydemandingworkforextendedperiods?

(Workthatrequiresconstantconcentrationandvigilance,workwithheavypressureandtightdeadlines,etc.)

Workschedulingandplanning Yes No

Isanyoneworkingortravellingbetweenmidnightand6 am?

Doesanyworkortaskpreventfull‐timeworkersfromhaving,atleast,onedayoffaweek?

Doestheschedulepreventworkersfromhaving,atleast,twoconsecutivenightssleepperweek?

Dotheworkingscheduleandrosterincludeon‐callwork,call‐backsand/orsleepovers?

Doesthescheduledifferfromthehoursactuallyworked?

Doestheworkscheduleincluderotatingshifts?

Doesanyworkerhavetospendmorethanone‐hour commutingtowork?

Doesanyworkexceed12hoursregularly,includingovertimework?

Doanysplitshiftsorquickshiftchangeoversallowlessthan10hoursbetweeneachshift?

Isanyworkperformedbetween2 am and6 am?

Environmentalconditions Yes No

Doesanyworkerhavetoworkinuncomfortableconditions?(confinedspace,temperaturetoohotortoocold)




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Doesanyoneworkwithvibratingplantormachinery?

Doesanyonehavetohandledangerousorhazardousmaterials?

Isthereaconstantexposuretoloudnoiseintheworkplace?

LIFESTYLECHOICESAREMADETHATPROMOTETHEEFFECTIVELONG‐TERMMANAGEMENTOFFATIGUE

Somepeoplesaythatyourlifeisyourwork.Butformostofus,wewouldpreferitnottobe!

Weallmakedecisionsaboutthelifeweleadandthethingsweliketodowithourrecreationaltimethatmakeusfeelathome,connected,happy,relaxed,inspiredandmore.Forthemostpart,thedecisionswemakewillnotaffectourwork.

Thereareanumberoflifestylefactorsandchoicesthatwillaffectfatigueregardlessofhowcarefulyouareduringtherestofyourworkinglife.Theseinclude:

BURNINGTHECANDLEATBOTHENDS

Thisisatermthatmeansthatyougetupearly,andyougotobedlate.Thismightbebecauseyouhavefamilyorpersonalresponsibilities,youhaveanactivesociallife,youparticipateinrecreationalactivitiesthatfinishlate,youarestudying,orothersimilarresponsibility.

Whilsttheoccasionallatenightmaydolittletonoharm,regularlatenightswillleadtobothshort‐termandlong‐termfatigueaffects.Thesafestoptionsaretomaintainaroutinethatensuresthatyoualwaysget7–9hours’sleep.

Asuitableroutineshouldidentifyallresponsibilitiesinyourhome,familyandsociallife,yourlife‐managementresponsibilities,healthandexerciseactivities,recreationalactivitiesandanyad‐hoctasksthatyouundertake.Whilst,thisisinnowayasuggestionforyoutomicro‐manageyourlife,programmingyourtasksandresponsibilitiesintoyourday,week,month,quarterandyearcanandwillhelpinensuringthatyoustaystress‐free.

Try:

Usingacalendaronthewalltoreminderyouofspecificdates

Settingremindersorcalendarentriesonyoursmartphone




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Usingdirectdebitandautomaticfacilitiestopaybills,getgroceriesorundertakespecificothertasks

Usinghome‐helpservicestocarryoutjobswhichtaketimeawayfromotheractivitiessuchasgardenandcleaningservices,mealpreparationandmaintenance

Goingsocialmediafreeduringperiodsofhighstresstoensurethatyoudonotgetdistracted

RECREATIONALDRUGUSE

Evenifthedrugistohelpyousleeporisusedonlyonoff‐periods,adrugcanhaveeffectsonalertness,concentration,fatigue,energyresourcesandhealthforaminimumof72hoursandsometimesoverlongerdurations.

Youmayberequired,asapartofyourwork,toundergodrugtestsonaregularorunannouncedbasis.Youshouldnotethatmostdrugscanbedetectedforatleastaweekandsometimeslongerafteruse.Youmustnevertestpositiveforadrugwhenyouoperateanykindofmachinerythatrequiresalicenseorcarryoutanykindofmachinery,atheightorotherhigh‐riskwork.

Drugscanaffectfatiguebecausetheykeepyouupforlongerhours,stimulatedifferentbodysystems,affectthewaythatcellsprocessfoodanddrinks,andaffectscelldivisionandhealthyreplicationovertime.Whenyourbodyisaffectedinthisway,itworkshardertocombatthecauseofthiseffectandtoeliminateitthedrugfromyoursystem.Inthisway,thebodyisworkingharder,usesmoreenergy,furtherdepletesvitalsystems,andyoubecomemorefatigued.

Thesafestoptionistonottakedrugs.

Ifyoucannotavoidthis,thenyoumustwaitforthedrugstoexityoursystem.Themaximumnumberofdaysthatadrugcanbedetectedusingvarioustestingmethodsisavailablehere(AlwaysTestClean,n.d.):http://alwaystestclean.com/drug‐detection‐times‐chart/Notethatthereisnoguaranteetothislistandthatyoumayexperiencelongerperiodsofaneffectthanothers.

Ifyoubelievethataco‐workerisaffectedbydrugs,atanytime,youmustreportthistoyoursupervisorandfollowallreportingprocesses.

Ifregulardruguseisapartofyourworkingweek,youshouldspeakwithyourdoctortoidentifysolutionsforreducinguseandeventuallybecomingdrug‐free.Youmustnotifyworkortakeleaveuntilyoucanachievethis.Youcouldalsogetsupportfromstateandnationaldrugcounsellingservices.Youcanfindacompletelisthere(AustralianDrugFoundation,n.d.)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/contact‐numbers/help‐and‐support#national




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ALCOHOL

Likedruguse,alcoholcanhavelastingeffectsforatleastthedayafterconsumptionandsometimesforlongerperiodsoftime.Youcanusethisresourcetocalculatetheapproximatetimealcoholstaysinyoursystem(HomeHealthTesting,n.d.):http://www.homehealthtesting.com/how‐long‐does‐alcohol‐stay‐in‐your‐system.html

Considerthefollowingcharttounderstandhowmuchalcoholittakestostartaffectingyourbodysystem:

Wenowknowthatifyoudonothaveahealthyliver,thatotherbodysystemsmayalsobeaffected.Diabetes,chroniccystitis,somecancers,cirrhosisorjaundice,concentrationandmemoryproblems,vascularconditionsincludingbloodflowtothebodyextremitiesandsensitivityintheseregions,heartconditions,sexualhealth,skinproblems,andsomesocio‐economicfactorsarealllong‐termeffectsofalcoholuse.Whenyourhealthisaffected,remembertheriskoffatigueincreases.

Similarly,thereareanumberofshort‐termeffectsofalcoholuseincludingsleeplessnessor,conversely,drowsiness,slowerreflexes,impairedvision,headaches,irritabilityanddiminishedfineandgrossmotorskills.Thesearealsoconsistentwithfatiguesymptomsandeffects.

Ifyouhavebeenconsumingalcoholorifyoubelieveyoumaybeimpairedbyprioralcoholconsumptionyoumustnotattendorparticipateinyourworkactivities.Youhaveadutyofdisclosuretoyouremployerinordertokeepotherworkerssafe.Youmaybedisciplinedifthisisaregularoccurrenceorifyoudonottellyoursupervisor.Youmaybefoundliableforinjuriesandillnessesthatoccurwhenyouarefoundtohaveconsumedalcoholortohaveabloodalcoholcontentover0.00%.




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Ifregularuseofalcoholisaffectingormayaffectyourparticipationinworkactivities,youshouldspeakwithyourdoctortoidentifyandapplystrategiestoreduceandeventuallyeliminatealcoholconsumption.Alternatively,youcancallastateandnationalalcoholcounsellingservice.Youcanfindacompletelisthere(AustralianDrugFoundation,n.d.)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/contact‐numbers/help‐and‐support#national

EXERCISE&RECREATIONALACTIVITIES

Exerciseandrecreationarevitalforthebody’shealthyfunctions.Youneedexercisetodevelopmuscles,maintainflexibility,improvecorebalanceandfinemotorcontrol,andkeepyourbodysystemsfatfreeandtometabolisestoredfats.Likewise,recreationalactivitieskeepthebodyhealthyandimprovecognitivefunctionandcontrol,improvememoryandreducetheriskofstress‐relatedillness.

Thesecan,however,beasourceoffatiguealso.

Exerciseisbestcarriedoutduringthemorningtosupportalertnessandcognitiveprocesses.Aregularmorningroutinewillimproveyourhealth;thewayfoodismetabolisedandenergyusedandcontrolledthroughouttheday.

However,whenyouundertakeexercisewhereitwouldcauseyoutohavebeenawakefor17hourspriortotheendofyourshift,itcannegativelyaffectyourfatigueandmayleadtolowbloodsugar,reducedenergystoresandmusclecontrol.

Similarly,recreationalactivitiescanbecomeanegativeeffectonfatiguewhentheyinvolvelatenights,timeawayfromotherresponsibilities,significantmentalconcentrationorphysicalexertion.

Thereisalsoatendency,duringexerciseandrecreation,toeatinappropriateamountsoffoodthatdonotsupportthebody’shealthyfunction.Youmaynotbeconsumingtherighttypeoforcorrectamountofwatertorehydratethebodytoo.

Youcanmakeexerciseandotheractivitiessupportworkactivitiesby:

Includingthreedaysofmoderatetohighactivityintoyourregularroutine.If

youdonotworkeveryday,thendothisonoffdays.

Includingtwo–threedaysofgentleexercise.

Takingarestdayfromexerciseatleastonceperweek.

Startingwithlighterweightsandlowerintensitiesuntilyourbodyandits

staminahasimproved.Workwithapersonaltrainerorexercisephysiologist

toidentifytherightexercisesandactivitiesforyou.




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Planningtoundertakeexercisebeforeyoustartamorningordayshift.Time

yourworkoutmoreappropriatelyforanafternoonornightshifttoensure

thatyouarenotawakefor17hourspriortotheendoftheshift.

Followingalladviceforgoodnutritionandappropriatefoodandwater

intake.

FOODANDNUTRITION

Youshouldworkwithyourdoctor,adieticianornutritionisttoidentifytheidealdietandfluidintakeforyourhealthneeds.

Ingeneral,adultsneedthreesolidmealsperday,twosnacksanda2–3litresoffluidwiththemajorityofthatbeingwater.Ifyouareincludinganexerciseprogramintoyourroutinethenupto6smallermealsshouldbeusedtobalanceyourbodiesintakeneedsovertime.

Eachmealshouldhaveapproximately:

100gmofprotein(approximatelythesizeofanaverageman’spalm).Proteins

aremeats,cheeseandotherdairy,eggs,soyandsomebeansandlegumes.

1–2cupsofnon‐starchyvegetable.Non‐starchyvegetablesarethingsthat

couldbeeateninasaladorsteamed.

20gmsofcarbohydrateorupto¼ofanentréesizedplate.Thiscouldbe

potato,bread,pasta,othergrains,somelegumesandbeans,sugarsandfruit.

Theoptimummealsizeisanentréesizedplatewheretheproteinandthecarbohydratetakeup¼oftheplateeach,andthevegetablesaccountforhalfoftheplate.

Fluidintake,however,shouldincludeatleast1fullglass(someexpertssayalargeglassapproximately600mls)priortobreakfast,andthentheremaindershouldbeconsumedatleast30minutespriortomealsandregularlythroughouttheday.Theruleofthumbis,thatifyoufeelthirsty,thenyouarealreadyonyourwaytodehydration.Drinkingwaterbeforemeals,insteadofduring,preparesthebodyforfood,makesthestomachfeelfuller,improvesmetabolismandreducestheriskofindigestionandpost‐mealtiredness.




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Mealpreparationpriortoworkingandhavingaroutineforfoodandfluidintakewilltakethestressoutofmealtimesandgettherightfuelforyourbody.Beingstructuredinyourapproachtofoodanddrinkgreatlyimprovesyourbody’son‐callresponsetostressors,improvesbloodsugarlevelsoverthecourseoftheday,improvesmetabolismoffatsanddecreasesfatiguelong‐term.

SECONDJOBS

Havingasecondjobmaybenecessaryinorderforyoutomeetyourhouseholdorlifestyleexpenses.Youshouldbeaware,however,thatsomeenterprisebargainingagreementsandcodesofethicspreventyoufromhavingormaintainingasecondjobpriortoaworkingday.Thismeansthatyoucannotcarryoutasecondjobpriortoyourshiftattheworkplace.Attheveryleast,anysecondorthirdjobsthatyouhavemustnotimpactonthefirst.

Asecondjobisalsoastressor.Ittakesyouawayfromhomeforlongerperiodsoftime,increasestraveltime,requiresadditionalcompliancemeasuresand,ifyouhavealreadyreachedyourmaximumweeklythresholdsaccordingtotheregulations,maycauseyoutobreachbothorganisationalandregulatoryconditions.

Thesafestoptionistoreduceoverheadsandimproveyourfinancialawarenesstoavoidneedingthesecondjob.Youcanworkwithafinancialcounsellortofindwaystodothis.Findafinancialcounsellorhere(FinancialCounsellingAustralia,n.d.):http://www.financialcounsellingaustralia.org.au/Corporate/Find‐a‐Counsellor

Ifyoucannotavoidtakingasecondjob,youmustchooseonethatwillnotconflictwiththedutiesofthefirstjob.Thismeansitwouldbeinappropriatetotaketwodifferentdrivingjobsasonewillreducetheimpacttocarryouttherequiredhoursinanother.Youmustalsoensurethatthestartandfinishtimesallowyoutomaintaintheminimum12hoursrestrequirementofthenationalregulations.

EFFECTIVEPRACTICESINCOMBATINGFATIGUEAREADOPTEDANDAPPLIED

Accidentsandincidentsdohappenregularlyinworkplaces.Especiallywhenstaffarebored,distracted,fatiguedorotherwiseunmotivated.

Onewaytoeffectivelycombatfatigueanditseffectsinyourworkplaceistobevigilantinidentifyingandreportingsignsoffatigueandfatigue‐causingpracticesinyourworkplace.Youmustidentify,recordandreportallaccidentsandincidents,andwhereyouthinkfatigueplayedafactor,basedonyourinvestigation,youmustincludinginformationaboutthistoo.




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UndertheWorkHealthandSafetyAct,inyourStateorTerritory,andtheNationalandlocalfatiguelaws,allworkershaveresponsibilityformanagingrisks,includingfatigue,tohealthandsafetyofallpersonnelintheworkplace.Yourresponsibilitiesinclude:

Theidentificationofhazards,theirnatureandcauses

Theidentificationofpeoplewhocanbeaffectedbythehazards,thefrequency

ofexposuretohazardandtheseverityofimpact

Developmentandimplementationofcontrolmeasurestoeliminateand

minimisetheriskofhazards

Puttingthecontrolsintoplaceandadoptingcontrolmeasuresandstrategies

Constantlymonitoringandreviewingtheperformanceofthecontrol

measuresandmakingadjustmentsaccordingly

Thereisacleardistinctionbetweenanaccidentandanincident.Itisimportantforyoutoknowthedifference:

Anincidentisanunplannedeventthatcanpotentiallycauseinjury,deathor

damage

Anaccidentisanunplannedeventthatactuallycausestheinjuryordeathof

apersonordamagetoproperty

Awork‐relatedinjuryreferstodeath,injury,illnessordisabilitythatoriginatesinworkorisduetoactivitiesandconditionsintheworkplace.Thisalsoincludesanyinjuryorillnessincurredduetotheworkorworkingconditionsthatoneisexposedto.

Accidentswhichneedtobereportedinclude:

Death

Injurieswithacutesymptomscausedbyexposuretohazardousordangerous

materials

Injuriesthatrequirehospitaltreatment

Anyotherwork‐relatedinjuriesreportedbyemployees




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Inadditiontoaccidents,youmustalsorecordandreportdangerousincidentsincluding:

Damagetomajorequipment,vehiclesormachinery

Thecollapseorfailureofbuildings,partsofbuildingsorotherstructuresused

forwork

Electricalincidents

Fireandexplosionincidents

Anymajorincidentthatcancauseafatalityorseriousdamageinthe

workplace

Alargenumberofproblemsintheworkplacearecausedbyineffectiveworkhealthandsafetypractices.Thesepracticescanincludelearnedbehavioursandapproachestoworkthathavenotbeenadaptedinlinewithcurrenttrendsandopportunities,acontinuationofwaysofdoingworkdespiterepeatedinjuriesandaccidents,andinappropriateornotenoughtrainingtocarryoutworkeffectivelyandefficiently.

Anotherworkpractice,whichyouprobablycannotcontrolwithinyourcurrentrole,isthatofmanagersandbusinessownerswhotrytokeepoverheadcostsdownbycontinuingwithineffective,inefficient,out‐of‐dateormachinery,systemsandsoftwareindisrepair.

Youcancontributetocombattingfatigueinyourworkplacebypracticinghazardidentificationandcontrolacrossallareasofyourwork.

Youmustcarryoutriskandhazardeliminationby:

Providingtrainingandinstructiontoemployees

Removingmanualhandlingfromthejobrequirementsthroughtheuseof

machinery,vehiclesandequipment

Jobdesign,workplacelayoutdesignandproceduredesigntoeliminaterisks

andhazardse.g.workscheduling,rostering,worktimemanagement

Engineeringcontrolssuchasdesigninglanesandroadswithadequate

spacing,havingwideexitsandentrances,installingutilities




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Ifcompleteeliminationofrisksandhazardsisnotpossible,youshouldconsider:

Stoppingworkonanyjobsortasksthatwouldputyouorothersindanger

Gettingapprovaltochangethejoborchangethenatureandrequirementsof

thejob

Changingtheworkprocessesorthephysicalworkingenvironment,for

example,byredesigningwork,plant,equipment,componentsorpremises

Applyingadministrativearrangements,forexample,limitingentryortime

spentinahazardousarea

Usingpersonalprotectiveequipment

Theprocessissummarisedinthefollowingtable:

Method Explanation

Elimination Removethehazardfromtheworkingenvironmentordesignworkingprocessthatcontrolandeliminatethehazard.

Alternatively,youcaneliminatethetaskorprocesstoavoidthehazard

Substitution Replacematerialsorprocessassociatedwiththehazardwithsomethinglesshazardous

Engineering Redesignworkprocesses,equipment,tasksandmachinerytoreduceoreliminateworkerrisk

Administration Adjustworkingconditionandredesignjobsandtaskstolimittheexposuretosafetyrisks

Provideinformation,instructionmanuals,adviceandtrainingtopreparetheworkersforexposuretohazards

UsingPersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)

Thelastresortoption.UsingPPEtoprotectemployeesfromexposuretothehazardorreducetheimpactofexposuretothehazard.




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Yourfatiguemanagementplanshouldincludepractises,forhealthandsafety.Youcanreviewtheplantoensureitcontainsspecifichealthandsafetycriteriaandaddressestherightconsiderationsusingthetablebelow:

Healthandsafetycriteria

CriteriaandConsiderations

Safetymanagement Isthereaprocessforemployeeconsultation

regardinghealthandsafetyissues?

Areemployeesawareofthehealthandsafety

reportingprocedure?

Arethereanysafetyconcernsrelatingto

equipmentormachinerypurchases?

WeretheMaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS)

checked?

Didtheemployeesfollowthesafetyinstructions

ontheMSDS?

Areyouremployeestrainedtousesafety

equipmentandhandledangerousgoods?

Arehealthandsafetyinstructionsplacedin

easilyaccessiblelocations?

Doyouprovidehealthandsafetyinformationto

youremployeesandcontractors?

Arethereinstructionsonhowtoconducttasks

safely?

Isamonitoringsysteminplacetoensurethat

employeesareworkingsafely?

Whatsupervisionisavailablefornewand

inexperiencedemployees?

Dothesupervisorsandmanagersknowhowto

keepworkerssafebyplanningandmanaging

properly?




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Werethehealthandsafetyissuesraisedbyyour

employeesaddressed?

Workplacedesignandlayout

Istheworkplacecleanandhygienic?

Isthereenoughequipment,tools,materialsand

vehicles?

Areallthepipescheckedforleakageand

labelling?

Arethereanysharporpointyobjectsinthearea?

Isthereenoughlightforemployeestowork

safelywithouteyestrain?

Istheairventilationadequate?

Isthetemperaturecomfortableforyour

workers?

Arethereenoughutilities,liketoiletsanddining

areas,foryourworkers?

Arethestairsandwalkwaysclearandsecure?

Istheworkplacefreeofslippingandtripping

hazards?

Aretheentranceandexitsafe?

Isthereclearvisioninthetrafficareaofyour

warehouse?

Arevehicleandmachineryoperatorstrained?

Equipmentmanagement

Doemployeesusethecorrectequipmentfor

theirtasks?

Havethoseusingsuchequipmentbeentrained?

Arestop/startwatchesinstalled?

Isthereenoughspaceformachinerytooperate?

Arethetoolsandequipmentproperly

maintainedandserviced?




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Haveproceduresbeendevelopedtoensurethat

equipmentandtoolsareusedproperly?

Isunsafeequipmentreportedandreplaced?

Employeeparticipation Didyoudiscusshealthandsafetyissueswith

youremployees?

Didyouprovidethemwithinstructionsforany

jobwithasafetyrisk?

Areemployeesprotectedfromviolence,abuse

andbullying?

Areemployeessafefromphysicaland

psychologicaldamage?

Manualhandling Doyouprovideenoughtrainingforyour

employeesregardingmanualhandling?

Haveyouidentifiedandassessedallmanual

handlingtasksinyourbusiness?

Whatsolutionsaeappliedtoimprovethe

workingareaformanualhandling?

Hasreplacingofmanualhandlingtasksbeen

considered?

Didyouensurethesafetyofanynewsolutionsin

regardstomanualhandling?

Electricity Arethereanyfaultyelementsintheelectrical

system?

Istheelectricalsystemregularlycheckedand

monitored?

Aretheelectricaldevicesandsystemsproperly

taggedandlabelled?

Chemicals Isyourlistofhazardoussubstancesupdated?

IstheMSDSavailabletoyouremployees?




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Isthehazardoussubstancesinformation

providedtoyouremployees?

Areallhazardoussubstancesproperlylabelled?

Haveyouremployeesreceivednecessary

trainingindealingwithhazardoussubstances?

Isthereagoodairflowandventilationtoremove

fumes?

Arethehazardousmaterialsstoredaccordingto

theMSDS?

Aregascylinderskeptawayfromheatsources?

Arehazardoussubstancesdisposedofaccording

toMSDS?

Whatmeasuresaretakentoensurenoriskof

infectionfromwasteandrubbish?

IsthecorrectPPEusedtohandlehazardous

substances?

Confinedspaces Haveallconfinedspacesbeenidentified?

Whatpermitsandqualificationsarerequiredfor

workinginaconfinedspace?

Areentrancestoconfinedspacesmonitoredto

allowonlypermittedpersonnelin?

Emergencyproceduresandfirstaid

Arethereproceduresinplacetocover

emergencieslikefires,explosions,chemical

spills,medicalemergencies,accidentswith

machineryandsecurityproblems?

Arethepersonnelresponsibleforemergency

situationstrained?

Areexitandassemblypointsaccessible?

Isthereanevacuationplanforyouremployees?




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Canyouremployeeseasilyexittheplant?

Doyouholdregularemergencydrills?

Isthereequipmentinplacetoaddress

emergencysituations?

Istheequipmentreadyforuse?

Arefirstaidofficerstrained?

Arethequalificationsofyourhealthcareofficers

maintained?

Doyouremployeesknowwheretheycanaccess

healthcare?

Doyoukeeprecordsoffirstaidprovided?

Reportingprotocol Doyoukeeparecordofinjuriesanddetailsof

injuredworkers?

Doyoureviewthoseaccidentsandtakestepsto

preventthemfromhappeningagain?

PERSONALFATIGUEMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESARECOMMUNICATEDTORELEVANTPEOPLE

You,yourteamandyoursupervisorormanagermustcontinuouslyidentifynewstrategies,opportunitiesandchangestobeimplementedwithinyourworktoreducetheeffectoffatigueonthebusinessandyourwork.Onceyouhaveidentifiedthese,youwillneedtodocumentandcommunicatethesestrategiestoothersinyourworkplace.

Documentationmeansthatyouwillrecorddetailsabouttheopportunity,whyitwaschosen,howitwaschosen,whenitshouldbeimplementedby,theresourcesrequiredandhowyouwillmonitoritseffectivenessovertime.Thetypesofdocumentationthatwillneedtobereviewedandupdatedinclude:

Workplaceinstructionsandproceduresonfatiguemanagement

RelevantOH&Sregulationsandprocedures

Workschedulesandshiftrosters

Emergencyprocedures




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Alogbookorrecordbook(whererequired)

Recordsandreportsoffatigue‐relatederrorsandsafetyincidents

Relevantstandardsandcertificationrequirements

Qualityassuranceprocedures

Youmayhaveadditionaldocumentswithinyourworkplacethatwillneedtobereviewedandupdatedbecauseoftheidentifiedmanagementstrategies.Youshouldworkwithmanagementanduseyourinternalproceduresforupdatingthedocumentationtocarryoutthechanges.

Itisimportantthatanydocumentationisaccurate,completeandintheformatrequiredbyyourworkplace.Thisincludesusingspellingandgrammarcheckingproceduresandfunctions,havingworkreviewedandconfirmed(sometimescalledvalidation)byanotherpersonoranexpertandgettingthefinaldraftapprovedforusebyapersonwithauthority.

Youwillthenneedtoinformothersoftheplansforimplementation,useandreviewofthechange.Communicationaboutchangesshouldbepasseddownfrommanagerstosupervisorsandthentothevariouslevelsofemployees.Thereasonforthisisthatinformationneedstobefilteredandmanipulatedtoensureonlythemostrelevantaspectsarecommunicatedtoeachperson.

Communicationmethodsshouldinclude:

Notification,inwritingandatmeetings,ofpotentialhazardsandrisksto

peoplewhomaybeaffected.Youshouldalsogivenotice,inwriting,ofany

incidentsandtheprocedureforfollowinguptheincident.

Consultationatmeetingstoensurethatchanges,intheideastage,willwork

forallemployeeswithinallpositionswithminimumimpact.Thissortof

consultationalsobuildscommitmenttothechangeandinvestmentinmaking

itwork.

Distributionofplansinasimple,plain‐Englishformat.Thisshouldbein

writtenorpictorialformtoensureease‐of‐usebypeoplewithoutsubstantial

training.

Discussionaboutconcernsfortheplanandimplementationprocess.Thisis

anotherstageofengagementforworkerstoensurethattheyknowwhatis

happening,whyitishappening,howitwillhappenandotherinformation




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thattheyfeeltheywouldliketoknowinordertoacceptandfacilitatethe

change.

Trainingforallemployeeswhoareaffectedbyfatiguemanagementplansand

whoareatriskoffatigue.Trainingcanbecarriedoutinanumberofdifferent

waysincludingthosedescribedinTopic1.

Itisimportantthatinformationisgiventothepeoplewhoneedtomanagetheirownfatigue,andthatofotherswithintheworkplaceandthattrainingandinstructioncontinuescontinuouslyuntilsourcesoffatiguecanbeeliminated.

Youwillneedtocontinuecommunicatingaboutfatigueovertimeincluding:

Conductingtoolboxmeetingsorstart‐of‐shiftmeetingstodiscussany

concerns,feelingsoffatigue,processesorproceduresthatareaffectingmood

ormotivationandanyemerginghealthandsafetyissues.

Makingfatigueastandingitemonagendasformeetings.

Reviewinglogbooksandrecordswithyourteamandsupervisorand

participatingactivityincoachingandsupervisionactivitiestoensureissues

areraisedquicklyandstrategiesappliedeffectively.

Fatigueisanissueforthewholeworkplace.Sowhilstpersonalstrategiesareimportant,itisuptotheteamtoensurethateveryonehastheknowledgetheyneedtomakesmartdecisions.

APPROPRIATECOUNTERMEASURESAREPLANNEDTOCOMBATFATIGUE

Thereareanumberofwaysthatyoucancombatfatigueasaworkplace,inordertocreateacultureofawarenessandalertness.Onewayofdoingthisistoensurethatfatiguediscussions,includingmattersraisedbyindividualsabouttheirownfatigue,arerespondedtopositively,withoutretributionorpunishmentandtoprovokeconfidence.

Anumberofcounter‐measuresshouldbeacceptedandusedwithintheworkplacetoovercomesituationsofhigh‐fatigue.Itisimportantthattheworkplaceallowsforandpromotethesecounter‐measuresopenlytoensurethattheyareappropriatelyapplied.

Countermeasuresshouldinclude:




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Breakroomswithdifferentareasforrelaxation,recreation,exerciseand

napping.

Provisionofcaffeineproductslikecoffeeandteawhilstpromotingsafelimits

forcaffeine.

Sendingpeoplehomewithoutaffecttoleavewhenthefatigueisworkrelated

andensuringtheygetadequaterestorativesleep.

Arrangingandbudgetingfortemporary,casualorinterimstaffduringpeak

periods.

Enforcingannualleaveandpersonalleaveuse.

Groupexerciseprograms.

Enforcinglunch,morningtea,afternoontea,dinnerandotherbreaksinline

withtheregulationsandensuringthatworkandworkdutiesdonotoverlap

these.

Usingofficeandworkshut‐downperiodstoenforcebreaksofaminimum

lengthandconcurrentlyforstaff.

Allocatingarangeoftaskstoensurethatindividualscanswitchbetween

tasksandmentalprocessesovertheday.

Schedulingdayswherenormalworkissuspendedandemployeescanwork

togethertoplan,create,improve,discuss,learnandotherwisecommunicate

witheachotherinanon‐pressuredway.

Engagingindividualsandgroupsintofatiguemanagementresponsibilities.

Youwillneedtoassesstheappropriatenessofeachcountermeasureidentifiedandusedwithinyourworkplacetoensurethatitmeetsorganisationalobjectives,complieswithstateandnationallawsandregulationsandwillnotnegativelyaffectothers.Planningshouldinvolvemultiplepeopleovermultiplelevelsofserviceinyourbusinessandoveraperiodoftime.Thebestideascomefromdaysandweeksofresearchasopposedtominutesorhours.




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SUMMARY

Nowthatyouhavecompletedthisunit,youshouldhavetheabilitytoapplyfatiguemanagementstrategies.

Ifyouhaveanyquestionsaboutthisresource,pleaseaskyourtrainer.Theywillbeonlytoohappytoassistyouwhenrequired.

REFERENCES

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CommonwealthofAustralia.(2011).WorkHealthandSafetyAct2011.Retrievedfromhttps://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011A00137

StateofQueensland.(2012).HeavyVehicle(FatigueManagement)NationalRegulation.Retrievedfromhttps://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/H/HeavyVehFMNR.pdf

CommonwealthofAustralia.(2015).AustralianDangerousGoodsCodeversion7.4.Retrievedfromhttps://infrastructure.gov.au/transport/australia/dangerous/dg_code_7e.aspx

CommonwealthofAustralia.(2014).RoadTrafficAct1961.Retrievedfromhttp://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_reg/arr210/

NationalHeavyVehicleRegulator.(n.d.)On‐roadcomplianceandenforcement.Retrievedfromhttps://www.nhvr.gov.au/safety‐accreditation‐compliance/on‐road‐compliance‐and‐enforcement

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SafeWorkAustralia.(2011).WorkHealthandSafetyConsultation,CooperationandCoordination:CodeofPractice.Retrievedfromhttp://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/624/Work_Health_and_Safety_Consultation_CoOperation_and_CoOrdination.pdf




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SafeWorkAustralia.(2015).ManagingElectricalRisksInTheWorkplace.Retrievedfromhttp://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/699/managing‐electrical‐risks.pdf

SafeWorkAustralia.(2011).HazardousManualTasks:CodeofPractice.Retrievedfromhttp://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/640/COP_Hazardous_Manual_Tasks.pdf

SafeWorkAustrlaia.(2012).SafeDesignofStructures:CodeofPractice2012.Retrievedfromhttp://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/698/Safe%20Design%20of%20Structures.pdf

Schnieder.(2016).HowtoTurn20DaysofAnnualLeaveInto55Days.Retrievedfromhttp://www.news.com.au/travel/australian‐holidays/how‐to‐turn‐20‐days‐of‐annual‐leave‐into‐55‐days‐off/news‐story/d4918f190b0408ddbf0a3c9e62938bc5

AlwaysTestClean.(n.d.).WhatAreDrugDetectionTimes?.Retrievedfromhttp://alwaystestclean.com/drug‐detection‐times‐chart/

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HomeHealthTesting.(n.d.).HowLongDoesAlcoholStayInYourSystem.Retrievedfromhttp://www.homehealthtesting.com/how‐long‐does‐alcohol‐stay‐in‐your‐system.html

FinancialCounsellingAustralia.(n.d.).FindaCounsellor.Retrievedfromhttp://www.financialcounsellingaustralia.org.au/Corporate/Find‐a‐Counsellor

AustralianSafetyandCompensationCouncil.(2006).Work‐RelatedFatigueSummaryOfRecentIndicativeResearch2006.Retrievedfromhttp://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/420/WorkRelated_Fatigue_Indicative_Research_2006.pdf