Soran universityCollege of languageEnglish department Lexical

borrowing

AKRAM JALAL MUHAMAD

KHIDRABDUL-WAHAB

ADIL

It is a words borrowed from a donor language and incorporated in to a recipient language.

Lexical borrowing is one of the process of linguistic change , this process visible especially in phonetic ,morphological , syntactic .

In our language we borrowed some words from other language but with a little bit change in pronunciation.

What is lexical borrowing?

Lexical borrowing in English started in period of { middle English} roughly 1100-1500 and the French language contributed many loanword in English and also English has adopted from more than300 language

For example the word of joy comes from joie which it is old French

The word of rich comes from reich which it is a Germany word

Lexical borrowing in English language

Code-switching occurs when a speaker of two distinct languages switches between the two in conversing with another person who also understands both languages.

Lexical borrowing is process of adopting words from one or more languages

Lexical borrowing vs Code switching

1) Loan words: “where both form and meaning are borrowed or assimilated with some adaptation to the phonological of the new language”

2) Loan blends: It is another kind “where the meaning is borrowed, but only part of the form”

3) Loan shifts: This is another sort of “loan words where the meaning is borrowed, but the structure is indigenous”.

4) Loan translation: points out that it refers to loans, “where the morphemes in the borrowed word are translated item by item”.

There are kinds of loan words according to David Crystal like:-

A great war between Turks and Iranian,(Chaldiran in 23 August 1514) Division of Great Kurdistan into four different

countries (Syria, Turkey, Iran and Iraq) Lexical borrowing occurs between Kurdish

dialects Kurmanci, Sorani, Hawrami Lexical borrowing appeared in some great

poet’s poem of Kurdistan Mawlawe, Malaye Ciziri, Haci Qadri koye… etc

Circumstances or situations of lexical borrowing 1) History:-

) م ) تیف له ژنا به  عاشقئ( سته (حال) (خه ) م ) زعیف پر م

) زان ) نه م حال ب س که ( جزیری الی (مه

(Ashq)e bajna (latef)m(Xasta) (hal)m pr (za’if)mKas b (hal)m nazan (Malaye Ciziri)Ashq=lover, latef=cute, hal=situation, xasta=sick, za’if=weak 

Examples of borrowings in some poems:-

 ر )و (کتیب) فته ئریخ )و (ده ز (ته کاغه و

بنوسرایه ر گه کوردی ی(زوبان)به الو پادشامان (شیخ)مه و میر و

تا ر )هه حشه نیشانی (مه و ناو ما ده

( کویی قادری (حاجی)Kteb( u )daftar( u )tarix( u kaxazBa kurdi gar bnusraya )zuban(eMala u shex u mir u padshamanHata (mah'shar) dama nav u nishane (Haji Qadri Koyee)

2)Culture Cultural borrowing is when one country or

culture borrows or copies elements of another country or culture. Contact between cultures leads to borrowing between languages, when cultural borrowings happening within this ''lexical (word) borrowings'' also appear…

For example:- ) kfta) ( کفته)

In Islam, Kurdish language influenced with Arabic language.

Some of the most important words had been borrowed from Arabic because as we know it is the main language of Holy Quran

For instance :- Alhamdulillah (الحمدلله)(Supas w stayesh bo Xudai Gawra)(praise to God)In Christianity borrowing word ‘Ameen’ between European countries.

3)Religion

Indo-European language Family

Kurdish English German French

Persian Greek

Kurdish language is in Indo-European group of languages:-

Native Words 5,896 %86.1 Loan Words 945 %13.8

Arabic 716 %10.4 European 100 % 1.4 Persian 73 % 1.0

Turkish 56 % 0.8

Borrowings marked in Wahby and Edmonds' (1966) dictionary (calculations are of author):

Native words

Arabic

Eu-ro-peanPersian

Turkish

qellem pen pénús shi'r poem honrawe, hellbest kelime word wishe xet line héll Kitéb book perrtúk, perraw

Less used native words

A linguistic term for the end or extinction of a language.

A language dies when it no longer has any speakers. It's normal for languages to borrow words from other languages, but in some circumstances, this can get out of control.

6,500 languages in the world, more than half areexpected to die within the next century, and many more

aredeclining. It's estimated that two languages die out

everymonth.

Language death:-

References:-

Crystal D. (2003). A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. (5th ed.). UK: Blackwell

(Jhiyan, December 9, 1926, pp. 1-2)Kurdish-English dictionary by Tawfeq wahby & C. J.

Edmonds Oxford Clarendon Press, 1966http://www.kurdishacademy.org/?q=node/443http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwordhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/language/

ecology2.shtmlhttp://www.daplatform.com/images/kurdceyitaniyalimhttp://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrt%C3%A7e