level of service analysis and airport terminal development

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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 12 No: 02 48

126302-8383 IJET-IJENS @ April 2012 I JENS I J E N S

LEVEL OF SERVICE ANALYSIS AND AIRPORT TERMINAL DEVELOPMENT(Case Study: Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Indonesia)

Sakti Adji AdisasmitaLecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Hasanuddin

Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan – 90245, IndonesiaEmail: [email protected]

Abstract: Air transport is basically growingrapidly, given the advantages that can travel longdistances and is the most reasonable alternative whenthe time is essential. Airport became one of theimportant gateway in and out of a contry. The studypurpose is to analyse the level of service and airportterminal facilities development. The methodology usedin this study was Terminal Area Techniques Analysisrefer to FAA and IATA Standards, to analyse thedevelopment airport terminal facilities at Soekarno-

Hatta International Airport. The conclusion that can bedrawn from the results of Terminal Area TechniquesAnalysis as follows: the total needs terminal 2D areawas 51,996.59 m², 24.16 m²/peak hours passenger andterminal 2E was 42,906.64 m² and 24.60 m²/peak hourspassenger. The recommendations are: (1) the decision todevelop the airport terminal facilities should be used asa second alternative, it is better to managing the traffic(passenger and aircraft flows) and flightschedules/frequency, such that the expected distributionof the number of passengers and aircrafts become moreprevalent; (2) considered the suggestions andexpectations of the terminal users based on interviewsresults and also the facilities should be placed aseffectively and efficiently according to their function;(3) For further work can be considered to analyse theneeds of domestic passenger terminal at Soekarno-HattaAirport.

Keywords: level of service, airport terminal,space standards

I. BACKGROUND

Transportation is the movement of peopleand goods with vehicles, which is, fast, convenient,easy, economical, and environmentally friendly.The transport system greatly affect the pattern oflife and economic development. A goodtransportation system in a region would have todistribute their products to other regions where itsvalue will be higher, while the needs of the areacould also be met from the producing areas [1,2].

Air transport is basically growing rapidly,given the advantages that can travel long distancesand is the most sensible alternative when the timeis demanding. Airport became one of the importantgates in and out of a country. Aircraft must answerthe demands for security, fast, convenient,environmentally friendly, and so on, but notnecessarily the case with the airport, especiallyregarding the comfort factor. That's why the

forecasting measurement is important to the airportto handle the growth of passengers and goods[9,25,28,29].

Airport terminal building should beplanned to serve the number of passengers at peakhours with an estimated for long term period. Itshould also be flexible to the needs of thedevelopment. Passenger capacity has an importantinfluence in determining the facilities within andadjacent to the terminal buildings. Airport terminalbuilding should facilitate the movement ofpassengers and goods to/from airport, in theterminal and leaves the airside area [19,26,30].

Airport terminal has six (6) level of servicerespectively, from A to F. These level will affectthe need for space in airport terminal building[19,26,30].

Increased in economic conditions followedby increasing number of airlines in Indonesia giveeffect to the price of air travel, which moreaffordable to the public. Along with the vigorousof Visit Indonesia Year, it is important to know thecondition of Soekarno-Hatta Airport, Indonesia,the suitability of space availability, and thepossibility of airport terminal development to meetthe feeling of comfort and convinience [16,18,20].

The scope and limitation in this study research onlyconcentrate on the needs of passenger terminalfacilities development at Soekarno-HattaInternational Airport not include the domesticterminal.





II. LITERATURE REVIEWAir transport is one type of

transportation sub-sector that developedrapidly and because of the specialcharacteristics has become a favorite for longtrips. According to Annex 14 of ICAO

(International Civil Aviation Organization), airportis a certain area on land or waters (includingbuildings, installations and equipment) intended inwhole or in part for arrival, departure and aircraftsmovement. Airport infrastructure is divided intotwo major parts, namely air airside and landside.Airside consists of runway, taxiway, and apron.Meanwhile, landside consists of airport passengerterminal, vehicle parking and access road to/fromthe airport.

Based on airport engineering book, theairport terminal building is refer to design andconstruction includes a variety of facilities foractivities take off, landing, maneuvers and aircraftparking, aircraft maintenance and repair, refueling,managing of passenger and their luggage.Passenger transition from the land side into theairside centered on the terminal. Terminal

buildings can be small with low activity, or largeand complex for the busy terminals. According tothe Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers Section18, terminal building should be planned to servethe number of passengers at peak hours with anestimate/forecast for the next 10 years. It shouldalso be flexible to the needs of development.Passenger capacity has an important influence indetermining the facilities within and adjacent to theterminal buildings. The airport terminal buildingshould facilitate the movement of passengers fromthe parking area to the aircraft. Passengers must beable to park, arrive by taxi, bus or other vehicle atthe point closest to the ticket counter. Checkedbaggage at this point, then the passenger check-inprocess. At the waiting room there are rest room,public telephone, concession, restaurants, and soon [31].

In addition to examining the space forpassengers in the terminal, also need to analyse theinterests service users (passengers) to meet theircomfort and convenience.

III. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SOEKARNO–HATTA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Soekarno-Hatta International Airport,Indonesia has an area of 18 km², has two parallelrunway separated by two taxiways along the 2.400m. There are two main terminal building that is

Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 . Terminal 1 for alldomestic flights and Terminal 2 serves allinternational and domestic flights domestic [20].

Terminals 2D and 2E are used to serve allinternational flights airlines, while Terminal 2Fused to serve domestic flights served by GarudaIndonesian Airways and Merpati NusantaraAirlines. Each sub-terminal has 25 check-incounters, 5 claiming baggage and 7 gates [20].

Terminal 3 operated since 15 April 2009and used for low cost airlines. This study focusingon Terminal 2D and 2E, Soekarno-HattaInternational Airport Terminal [20].

IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Sources of DataThe data will be used in this study

consisted of two types of data that is primary andsecondary data. The primary data collected through field survey, observation, and interview techniquesand the secondary data collected from Airport

Authority. Directorate General of Air Transport,Angkasa Pura II, the Central Statistics Agency(BPS). The data collected, i.e. passenger and typesof aircraft at peak hours, airport operating hours,the size of airport terminal facilities and so on.

B. Regulations/standards for Space CalculationThe calculation of passenger terminal area

at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport will bereferring to the FAA regulations/standards andregulations, i.e [9]:





• Percentage of area, Airline = 38% of the totalterminal area; Public = 30% of the total publicarea; Services = 15% of the total service area;Other = 17% of the total other area of theterminal. In the terminal there are areas that canbe leased, and the area that should not be leased.The percentages for both are 55% areas that maybe leased and the administration and 45% areasthat should not be rented.

• Airline ticket counter, a place to report entry(check in), (see attachment), where therelationship between linear ft (m) of frontage vsequivalent aircraft.

• Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and SupportingServices, (see attachment) .

• Outbound Baggage Room, inspection of baggagefor departing passengers, (see attachment).

• Inbound Baggage Claim, performed after thepassengers got off from the aircraft then claim theluggage. To determine the space of this area,should be known the percentage of passengerswho got off from the aircraft at peak hours, then

connected with the (see the attachment).From the graph in the attachment will be obtainedthe length of claim area, used the f in theattachment.

• Aircraft Departure Lounge (Departure Lounge orBoarding Lounge), an area waiting for flightdeparture, need data of aircraft type and seatcapacity in order to obtain the size of thedeparture lounge which can be seen in the table(see attachment).

• Lobby and Ticketing, can be obtained from thef (see attachment).

• Lobby waiting area, can be obtained from the (see attachment), then reduced to the ticket

counter area.• Food and everage, can be obtained from the

figure (see attachment).• Concessions and other terminal services,

knowing the annual passengers, then use figure

(see attachment).

V. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF TERMINAL AREA DEVELOPMENT

Keeping the comfort of all terminal users,particularly passengers, one of which need to beconsidered is terminal area, such that the conditionis not too crowded or cramped. Conditions that

would be too crowded, long queue at each processin the terminal, will led panssengers frustration andbad image.

A. Passenger Movement at Peak Hours The highest number of passengers at peak

hours amounted to 2,152 people, occurred on

March 19, 2011 at 2.00 pm – 3.00 pm in Terminal

2D and 1,742 people in Terminal 2E at 2.10 pm –2.55 pm.

B. Aircraft Equivalent FactorThe aircraft equivalent factor obtained by

multiplying the number of aircraft types with theaircraft equivalent factor. The results obtained for

the aircraft equivalent factor was 29.5 for Terminal2D and 22.2 for Terminal 2E. The aircraftequivalent factors for Terminal 2D and 2E can beseen in the table below.

.Table 1 Aircraft Equivalent Factor (AEF), Terminal 2D

Type of No. of Seat Range AEF (2) x (4)Aircraft Aircraft

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Airbus 320-200 4 220-280 2.4 9.6

Airbus 320 1 220-280 2.4 2.4

Airbus 330-300 4 220-280 2.4 9.6

Airbus 340-200 1 220-280 2.4 2.4

Boeing 737-300 1 90-110 1.0 1.0

Boeing 737-400 1 90-110 1.0 1.0

Boeing 747-400 1 300-420 3.5 3.5Total 13 3060 (Av) 15.1 29.5

Source: Analysis Result





Table 2 Aircraft Equivalent Factor (AEF), Terminal 2EType of No. of Seat Range AEF (2) x (4)Aircraft Aircraft

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Airbus 320-200 2 220-280 2.4 4.8

Airbus 320 1 220-280 2.4 2.4

Airbus 330-300 4 220-280 2.4 9.6

Airbus 340-200 1 220-280 2.4 2.4

Boeing 737-300 2 90-110 1.0 2.0

Boeing 737-400 1 90-110 1.0 1.0

Total 11 2300 11.6 22.2Source: Analysis Result

C. Overall Calculation of Terminal 2DThe requirement area (gross) at

Terminal 2D, Soekarno-Hatta InternationalAirport: 2,152 passengers/peak hours x24m²/peak hours = 51,648 m².

D. Calculation of the Functional Area ofTerminal 2DIn the following table shows the sub-area

contained on all four of these areas, and at thebottom of the table there is a recommendation to

the extent that it takes four of the area to be servedby passengers at peak hours.

Table 3 Percentage of Airport Terminal AreaAirline Other Public Services

ATOAdministrationOperationalBaggage

ConcessinsRestaurantFood & beverageAirport AdministrationMiscellaneous

CirculationWaiting roomRestroomExits

TunnelsStairsStoreElectricalCommunication

38% x 51,648 =19,626.24

17% x 51,648 =8,780.16

30% x 51,648 =15,494.40

15% x 51,648 =7,747.20


Areas that may be leased and airportadministration = 55% x 51,684 = 28,406 m², and

areas that should not be leased = 45% x 51,684 =23,241.6 m²

Table 4 Calculation of the Airport Terminal 2D FacilitiesNo Airport Terminal Facilities Area (m²)1

23

4

5

67

Airline counters frontage/check-in (see attachment), AEF 29.5, length of linearcounter = 75, width area = 2,15 m, required area = 75 x 2,15Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Support Space (see attachment) Lobby and Ticketing (see attachment), area of graph = 1700 – ticket counter =161,25Lobby Waiting Area (see attachment), seating for up to25% at peak hours = seatingfor 538 passenger/hourDeparture Lounge, (see attachment), area needed = (B 737-300 = 1 x 100 = 100) +(B 737-400 = 1 x 100 = 100) + (B 747-400 = 1 x 360 = 360) + (Airbus 320 = 1 x250 = 250) + (Airbus 320-200 = 4 x 250 = 1,000) + (Airbus 330-300 = 4 x 250 =1,000) + (Airbus 340-200) = 1 x 250 = 250), Total = 3,060 m²Outbound Baggage Room, (see attachment) Inbound Baggage Claim, (see attachment), 27% arrival = 29,5 AEF x 0,27 = 8 AEF,estimated that 70% passenger came at first 20 minutes = 8 x 70 % = 5,6 AEF,

161.25

5801,538.75

1,050

3,060

1,200650





8

91011

12

1314

15

16

required 73,7 m long for baggage claim area, baggage claim type DFood and Beverage, 58% x 7,813,415 (annual passenger), (see attachment) withusage factor of 40%Airline Operations and Support Areas, 2 x ATO areaOther Airline Space, 20% x poin no. 9Lobby Bag Claim, estimates of 2 pick-up passenger/passenger + 1 passenger (3people), estimated waiting time average was 30 minutes, area needed 1.8m²/passenger and 27% of arrival peak flow = 3 x 1,8 m² x 0,5 jam x 0,27 x 2,152Other Concessions and Terminal Services, 58% x 7,813,415(annual passenger), (seeattachment)Other rental areas, 50% of poin 12Other Circulation Areas, 0,7 x (total item 1,2,5,6,7,9,10) x 2Subtotal 1Area Mekanikal = 15% x subtotal 1Subtotal 2Struktur = 10% x subtotal 2

7,000

1,160232

1,568.81

10,000

5,0009,860.55

43,061.366,459.20

49,520.564,952.056

Total 51,996.59Source: Analysis Result

It can be said that the total area needs forthe development of Terminal 2D, Soekarno-Hatta

International Airport was 51,996.59 m², where peakhours passenger was 24,16 m².

E. Overall Calculation of Terminal 2EThe requirement area (gross) at

Terminal 2E, Soekarno-Hata InternationalAirport: 1,742 passengers/peak hours x24m²/peak hours = 41,808 m².

F. Calculation of the Functional Area ofTerminal 2E

In the following table shows the sub-areacontained on all four of these areas, and at thebottom of the table there is a recommendation to

the extent that it takes four of the area to be servedby passengers at peak hours.

Table 5 Percentage of Airport Terminal AreaAirline Other Public ServicesATOAdministrationOperationalBaggage

ConcessinsRestaurantFood & beverageAirport AdministrationMiscellaneous

CirculationWaiting roomRestroomExits

TunnelsStairsStoreElectricalCommunication

38% x 41,808 =15,887.04

17% x 41,808 =7,107.36

30% x 41,808 =12,542.40

15% x 41,808 =6,271.20


Areas that may be leased and airportadministration = 55% x 41,808 = 22,994.40 m²,

and areas that should not be leased = 45% x 41,808= 18,813.60 m²





Table 6 Calculation of the Airport Terminal 2E FacilitiesNo Airport Terminal Facilities Area (m²)1

23

4

5

67

8

91011

12

1314

15

16

Airline counters frontage/check-in (see attachment), AEF 22.2, length of linearcounter = 65, width area = 2.15 m, required area = 65 x 2.15Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Support Space (see attachment) Lobby and Ticketing (see attachment), area of graph = 1,047.1 – ticket counter =139.75Lobby Waiting Area (see attachment), seating for up to25% at peak hours = seatingfor 435.50 passenger/hourDeparture Lounge, (see attachment), area needed = (B 737-300 = 2 x 100 = 200) +(B 737-400 = 1 x 100 = 100) + (Airbus 320 = 1 x 250 = 250) + (Airbus 320-200 = 2x 250 = 500) + (Airbus 330-300 = 4 x 250 = 1,000) + (Airbus 340-200) = 1 x 250 =250), Total = 2,300 m²Outbound Baggage Room, (see attachment) Inbound Baggage Claim, (see attachment), 27% arrival = 22,2 AEF x 0,20 = 4.44AEF, estimated that 70% passenger came at first 20 minutes = 4.44 x 70 % = 5,0AEF, required 50 m long for baggage claim area, baggage claim type DFood and Beverage, 42 % x 7,813,415 (annual passenger), (see attachment) withusage factor of 40%

Airline Operations and Support Areas, 2 x ATO areaOther Airline Space, 20% x poin no. 9Lobby Bag Claim, estimates of 2 pick-up passenger/passenger + 1 passenger (3people), estimated waiting time average was 30 minutes, area needed 1.8m²/passenger and 20% of arrival peak flow = 3 x 1,8 m² x 0,5 jam x 0,20 x 1,742Other Concessions and Terminal Services, 42% x 7,813,415(annual passenger), (seeattachment)Other rental areas, 50% of poin 12Other Circulation Areas, 0,5 x (total item 1,2,5,6,7,9,10) x 2Subtotal 1Area Mekanikal = 10% x subtotal 1Subtotal 2Struktur = 3% x subtotal 2

139.75

509.60907.35

875

2,300

1,000450

6,400

1,019.20203.84940.68

7,600

3,80011,003.1937,148.61

3,714.8640,863.47

2,043.17

Total 42,906.64Source: Analysis Result

It can be said that the total area needs forthe development of Terminal 2E was 42,906.64 m²,where peak hours passenger was 24,60 m².

Overall, the airport terminal (2D and 2E)development in general were influenced by thenumber of passengers at peak hours and the totalarea per passenger.

VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONThe conclusion that can be drawn from the

results of airport terminal developmnet atSoekarno-Hatta International Airport, as follows:(a) total area needs for Terminal 2D is 51,996.59

m², and (b) total area needs for Terminal 2E is42,906.64 m². The recommendations are: (1) thedecision to develop the airport terminal facilitiesshould be used as a second alternative, it is betterto managing the traffic (passenger and aircraftflows) and flight schedules/frequency, such that the

expected distribution of the number of passengersand aircrafts become more prevalent; (2)considered the suggestions and expectations of theterminal users based on interviews results and also

the facilities should be placed as effectively andefficiently according to their function, and (3) andfor further work can be considered to analyse theneeds of domestic passenger terminal developmentat Soekarno-Hatta Airport .





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Sakti Adji Adisasmita, obtained Bachelor in CivilEngineering and MSc in RegionalPlanning and Development from theUniversity of Hasanuddin, Indonesia;MEngSc in Transportation

Engineering from the University ofNew South Wales, Australia and PhDin Aviation Transport from theUniversity of Newcastle, Australia.

Working as a Lecturer in Faculty of Engineering,University of Hasanuddin, Indonesia and has beeninvolved in all aspects of the transportation sectorconsultancy, having experienced as transport specialist inseveral transportation projects. Currently, is a CharteredMember of the Indonesian Transport Society, IndonesianAirport Expert Association and Air Transport ResearchSociety (ATRS).





ATTACHMENT

(1)

Airline Ticket CounterSource: Airport Engineering

(2)

Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Supporting Facilities Source: Airport Engineering





(3)

Outbound Baggage RoomSource: Airport Engineering





(4)

Percentage of Passenger Leaving the AircraftSource: Airport Engineering

(5)

Inbound Baggage Rooms Source: Airport Engineering





(6)

Aircraft Departure Lounge

5 0 10 111 11 404 22

40 0. 60

640 60

3 2 100 300

0 110. 100

10 0 100

50 62 2 200 2 300 0 ( ) 20

120 160. 140

1500 140

61, 5 1 0 210. 1 0

2050 1 0

10, 1011, 300, 6 ,11

220 2 0. 250

26 0 250

4 300 420. 360

3 0 360

420 500. 460

4 50 460

Source: Airport Engineering

(7)

Lobby and TicketingSource: Airport Engineering





(8)

Waiting Area LobbySource: Airport Engineering





(9)

Food and BeverageSource: Airport Engineering

(10)

ConcessionsSource: Airport Engineering





(11)

Level of Service Standards

Level of Service Standards(m² per occupant)

A B C D E F

Check-in queue area 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0Wait/circulate 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.0Hold room 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6Bag claim area, excluding claim device 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2Government inspection 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6Source: Airport Engineering

level of service analysis and airport terminal development

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