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LEVEL 2 SPANISH – GRAMMAR STUDY NOTES FOR FINAL EXAM

NOTE: (+) = affirmative sentences (-) = negative sentences (?) = interrogatives or questions

I. Affirmative & Negative Words

USAGE PEOPLE THINGS QUANTITATIVE

ADJECTIVESADVERB OFFREQUENCY

AGREEMENT

Affirmative /Interrogativeforms

alguien somebody (+)anybody (?)

algo something (+) anything (?)

algún*** alguno/os/a/as some (+) any (?)

siemprealways

también too, also

Negative forms

nadie nobody (-)

nadanothing (-)

ningún***ninguno/a no/none/not any (-)

nuncanever

tampoconeither, either

*** algún and ningún are used in front of masculine singular nouns: ¿Vas a dar algún discurso hoy? No, no voy a dar ningún discurso.

NOTE: In Spanish the double negative is permitted, i.e., a negative word with a negative verb. Example: No he comido nada hoy. = literally, “I haven’t eaten nothing today.”

PRACTICE: TEXTBOOK, page 31. Activity 19. Answers: 1. Ningún; 2. también; 3. algunas; 4. nunca; 5. nada; 6. Tampoco; 7. alguien; 8. nadie;9. siempre; 10. ninguna; 11. algunos

II. Demonstrative Adjectives

THIS(here)

THESE(here)

THAT(there)

THOSE(there)

THAT(over there)

THOSE(over there)

Masculine este estos ese esos aquel aquellosFeminine esta estas esa esas aquella aquellas

EXAMPLES: Masculine Feminine

this car = este cochethese cars = estos cochesthat car = ese cochethose cars = esos cochesthat car (over there) = aquel cochethose cars (over there) = aquellos coches

this street = esta callethese streets = estas callesthat street = esa callethose streets = esas callesthat street (over there) = aquella callethose streets (over there) = aquellas calles

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, # 56, Demonstratives. Take (free) Quiz 1, Parts A, B, and C)

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http://www.studyspanish.com/


III. Possessives: Adjectives & Pronouns

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESmi(s)* (my) nuestro/a/os/as (our)tu(s)* (your- tú) vuestro/a/os/as (your-vosotros)su(s)* (his, her, its, your = Ud.) su(s)* (their, your = Uds.)

* Possessive adjectives marked with the asterisk reflect NUMBER, but NOT GENDER. Remember: The number refers to the object or objects possessed, NOT who it/they belong(s) to.EXAMPLES:Mi libro. Mis libros. Mi falda. Mis faldas. = My book, My books, My skirt, My skirts.

The remaining possessive adjectives reflect NUMBER and GENDER. Remember: The number and gender refer to the quantity and gender of the object(s) one possesses, NOT the person it belongs to. Nuestro coche. = Our car.Nuestros coches. = Our cars.Nuestra casa. = Our house.Nuestras casas. = Our houses.

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, # 21, Possessive Adjectives.)

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNSmío, mía, míos, mías = mine nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras = ourstuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas = yours (tú) vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras = yours (vosotros)suyo, suya, suyos, suyas = his, hers, yours (Ud.) suyo, suya, suyos, suyas = theirs, yours (Uds.)

All possessive pronouns in Spanish reflect the NUMBER and GENDER of the object(s) possessed. For instance, mío, mía, míos, and mías ALL mean “mine.” The choice you make is whether “what is/are mine” = masculine or feminine, singular or plural. EXAMPLES:Es mi lápiz. Es mío. = It’s my pencil. It’s mine.Es mi mochila. Es mía. = It’s my backpack. It’s mine. Son mis lápices. Son míos. = They’re my pencils. They’re mine.Son mis mochilas. Son mías. = They’re my backpacks. They’re mine.

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, # 58, Possessive Pronouns.)

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IV. Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive verbs are the equivalent of using “myself, yourself, herself, himself,” etc. in English. In Spanish, however, many verbs are reflexive that would not be reflexive in English. You can recognize reflexive verbs by their infinitive form which always ends in “se” EXAMPLES: maquillarse, bañarse, ponerse Reflexive verbs are conjugated as follows: REFLEXIVE PRONOUN (me, te, se, nos, os, se) + regular conjugation of verb after “se” is removed. Examples in the chart are given in the present tense, but the formula works for any verb tense.

INFINITIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

Regular conjugation of AR, ER, IR verb

maquillarse (put on make-up)

(yo) Me (tú) Te

(ella) Se(Nosotras) Nos(Vosotras) Os

(Ellas) Se

maquillomaquillasmaquillamaquillamosmaquilláismaquillan

ponerse (to put on) (yo) Me (tú) Te

(él, ella, Ud.) Se(Nosotros/as) Nos(Vosotros/as) Os

(Ellos/as, Uds.) Se

pongo (los zapatos)ponesponeponemosponéisponen

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, # 59, Reflexive Verbs, Part I.)

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V. Ser vs. EstarSER or ESTAR: to be or to be? That is the question in Spanish!

The acronym DOCTOR P. will tell you when to useSER:

The acronym PLACE will tell you when to use ESTAR:

Date: Es el 17 de septiembre. Position: Las alumnas están sentadas. Origin: Juan es de Puerto Rico.

Location: Mi hermana está en casa. / Madrid está en España. **

Characteristic (permanent) Ellos son altos. El profesor es simpático.* El reloj es de oro.

Action: Estamos haciendo la tarea. Los niños están leyendo un cuento.

Time: Es la una. Son las dos. // Era la una. Eran las dos.

Condition: El baño está limpio. Estoy enferma.***

Occupation: Sofía es actriz.

Emotion: Paco está muy contento. Los vecinos estaban asustados.

Relationship: Beatriz es mi prima. Possession: La casa es de mis abuelos.

*OJO: If the adjective refers to how someone feels rather than what they are like, you would use estar. Compare: Él es nervioso. = He is a nervous person. vs. Él está nevioso. = He is (feels) nervous now.

NOTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SER & ESTAR IN QUESTIONS WITH “Cómo” : ¿Cómo es tu madre? = What is your mother like? ¿Cómo está tu madre? = How is your mother?

** OJO: ESTAR is ALWAYS used when you refer to location, in spite of the fact that “location” refersto a permanent state, e.g., Madrid is always going to be in Spain. (The only exception is when you refer to the location of an event: La boda es en la iglesia Santa María. = The wedding is in St. Mary’s church.)

***OJO: Certain adjectives that we use with “to be” in English are used with “tener” in Spanish:Tengo hambre. = I’m hungry.Tenemos sueño. = We’re sleepy.Ella tiene frío. = She’s cold. ¡Ten cuidado! = Be careful!

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, #s 15-18, Ser & Estar.)

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VI. Verbs like “gustar” (verbs that require indirect object pronouns in front of the verb)

These are special verbs in Spanish which require an indirect object pronoun. The structure of the sentence is seen below. The first column is not necessary, but it is used for emphasis or to clarify who is affected by the verb, e.g., “le” could represent ella, él, María, mi hermano, usted, etc.

*Verbs that we studied with this structure: gustar, fascinar, molestar, interesar, aburrir, encantar, doler, importar, molestar, parecer, quedar. (NOTE: “doler” is stem-changing: Me duele la cabeza.)

(1) (2) (3) (4)Indirect object pronoun corresponds to Column 1.

The verb conjugation always corresponds to the subject placed after it* (Column 4).

True subject of sentence.

(A mí)(A ti)

(A él, ella, Ud.)*

(A nosotros/as)(A vosotros/as)(A ellos, ellas,

Uds.)

metele

nos osles

3rd per. sing: interesa, gusta,molesta, etc.

3rd per. plural:interesan,

gustan, molestan, etc.

sing. noun = esta películamass noun = el heladoverb in infinitive = leer

plural noun: los deportes

(A mí)(A ellos)

(A nosotras)(A Ud.)

(A mi madre)(A los alumnos)

(A Carmen)

me les

nos le le les le

fascinan molesta gusta aburren interesa encanta duelen

los animalesel frío.leer.esos actores.el arte.el helado.los pies.

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, # 48, Verbs like Gustar.)

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VII. PRETERITE vs. IMPERFECT

A. Preterite: The preterite is used to talk about completed actions in the past.

Structure:Regular –AR endings Regular –ER or –IR endings-é -amos -í -imos-aste -asteis -iste -isteis-ó -aron -ió -ieronhablé hablamoshablaste hablasteishabló hablaron

comí comimos escribí escribimoscomiste comisteis escribiste escribisteiscomió comieron escribió escribieron

ACCENTS: For ALL Regular preterite forms, the last letter of the 1st and 3rd person singular.

IRREGULAR PRETERITE: (NOTE: None of the irregular preterite forms have accents )

IR and SER have the same irregular form in the preterite: fui fuimosfuiste fuisteisfue fueron

Note preterite form of “hay” = hubo = there was / there were

OTHER irregular forms: see pp. 510-513 in your book. Concentrate on common irregular forms: hacer, poner, venir, saber, poder, decir, tener, estar.

1. With these forms, you should FIRST memorize the irregular stem:hacer = HIC poner = PUS venir = VIN saber = SUP traer = TRAJpoder = PUD decir = DIJ tener = TUV estar = ESTUV

2. Then, add the endings. NOTICE that the irregular endings are a combination of: a. REGULAR –AR Preteriteendings in 1st and 3rd person singular (-é, - ó, but without accent) b. REGULAR –ER/IR Preteriteendings in all other forms (-iste, -imos, isteis, ieron*)

TENER HACER(note change from c to z below)

SABER

tuve tuvimostuviste tuvisteistuvo tuvieron

hice hicimoshiciste hicisteishizo hicieron

supe supimossupiste supisteissupo supieron

* Exception: TRAER = traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SEE NEXT PAGE FOR STEM AND SPELL CHANGES IN THE PRETERITE.

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PRETERITE: Spell and stem changes

Spell-Changing verbs: change spelling in 1st person sing. if they have these endings:- car = buscar = busqué- gar = apagar = apagué

- zar = empezar = empecé

-er/-ir verbs with vowel before the “er/ir”: leer, creer, destruir: change “i” to “y” in 3rd person: leyó, leyeron; creyó, creyeron; destruyó, destruyeron

OÍR: oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stem-changing verbs: some preterite verbs change in the 3rd person sing. & plural

morir = o u = murió, murieron (in the present, this changes from o ue in boot forms) dormir = o u = durmió, durmieron (in the present, this changes from o ue in boot forms) preferir = second e i = prefirió, prefirieron (in the present, this changes from e ie in boot forms) pedir = e i = pidió, pidieron (in the present, this changes from e i in boot forms)

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, UNIT 6: there are various sections on the preterite)

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B. Imperfect: The imperfect is used in the following situations in the past:

1. Habitual actions: Iba al colegio a las nueve. = I went / used to go to school at nine.

2. Ongoing/ simultaneous actions, often connected by “mientras” = while: Yo estudiaba mientras mi hermana leía. = I was studying while my sister was reading.

3. Descriptions (including age), feelings, emotional state in the past:La casa era vieja. = The house was old. // Cuando tenía 5 años… = When I was 5…Había mucha agua en la calle. = There was a lot of water in the street. Me sentía triste. = I felt sad. Estábamos muy nerviosos. = We were very nervous.

4. Time, Weather:Eran las ocho. = It was eight o’clock. Llovía muy fuerte = It was raining very hard. Hacía mucho frío. = It was very cold.

Structure:Regular –AR endings Regular –ER or –IR endings-aba -ábamos -ía -íamos-abas -abais -ías -íais-aba -aban -ía -íanhablaba hablábamoshablabas hablabaishablaba hablaban

comía comíamos escribía escribíamoscomías comíais escribías escribíaiscomía comían escribía escribían

ACCENTS: Regular –AR: nosotros formRegular –ER, -IR: all forms

IRREGULAR FORMS IN THE IMPERFECT: ONLY THESE THREE! Accents: nosotros form only for IR & SER. All forms for VER.

IR SER VERiba íbamos era éramos veía veíamosibas ibais eras erais veías veíaisiba iban era eran veía veían

Note imperfect form of “hay” = había = there was / there were

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, UNIT 6: there are various sections on the imperfect)

IMPERFECT vs. PRETERITE: PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, UNIT 6: Imperfect vs. Preterite)

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VIII. PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect is used to talk about what a person has done.

Structure for REGULAR VERBSSUBJECT + HABER + PAST PARTICIPLE

-AR verbs = stem + -ado // -ER, -IR verbs = stem + -idoyo he hablado / comido / vividotú has hablado / comido / vividoél, ella, Ud. ha hablado / comido / vividonosotros/as hemos hablado / comido / vividovosotros/as habéis hablado / comido / vividoellos, ellas, Uds. han hablado / comido / vivido

IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES: decir = dicho volver = vuelto devolver = devuelto escribir = escrito hacer = hecho morir = muerto poner = puesto romper = roto ver = visto

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, # 101: Present Perfect)

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IX. COMMANDS

A. TÚ (informal) commands AFFIRMATIVE: 3rd person singular of the present tense. Hablar = ¡Habla español!

Irregular Affirmative: “Princess Di” verbs: di, haz, etc.¡Haz la cama!Princess Di haz seventen ponies for sale.

= di haz sé ve ven ten pon sal (see chart below for infinitives) NEGATIVE: “Yo-flip”

1. Take yo form of present: como, hablo…. 2. Change “o” to “as” for –ER/-IR verbs = ¡No comas caramelos!3. Change “o” to “es” for –AR verbs = ¡No hables inglés!

Irregular Negative: ir, ser, dar, estar (see chart for forms) ¡No vayas al jardín!

B. UD. (formal) commandsEASY! UD. Affirmative: Take the –s off the tú negative form:

no comas = ¡Coma! no empieces = ¡Empiece! no hagas = ¡Haga la cama!

UD. Negative: Just put “no” in front of the verb = No coma, No empiece, No hagaUDS. Affirmative: Add “n” to Ud. affirmative: Coman, Empiecen, HaganUDS. Negative: Just put “no” in front of the verb = No coman, No empiecen, No hagan

OJO: In a sentence, use these guidelines to decide if you need the Tú, Ud., or Uds. command: One person, first name = Tú command. María, abre la puerta. One person, last name = Ud. command. Sr. García, abra la puerta. More than one person (you all), whether first or last name: Uds. command.

Sara y Carmen, abran los libros. / Señores, escuchen con cuidado.

INFINITIVE TU + TU - UD. + UD. - UDS. + UDS. -pelar – regular pela no peles pele no pele pelen no pelenabrir – regular abre no abras abra no abra abran no abrancomer - regular come no comas coma no coma coman no comanvolver (o ue) stem change vuelve no vuelvas vuelva no vuelva vuelvan no vuelvanhervir (e ie) stem change hierve no hiervas hierva no hierva hiervan no hiervanpedir (e i) stem change pide no pidas pida no pida pidan no pidanpensar (e ie) stem change piensa no pienses piense no piense piensen no piensencontar (o ue) stem change cuenta no cuentes cuente no cuente cuenten no cuentenempezar (e ie) stem + spell

empieza no empieces empiece no empiece empiecen no empiecen

agregar (spell change) = gue agrega no agregues agregue no agregue agreguen no agreguenpicar (spell change) = que pica no piques pique no pique piquen no piquenescoger (spell change) = ja escoge no escojas escoja no escoja escojan no escojandecir (yo-go) irregular (+) di no digas diga no diga digan no diganhacer (yo-go) irregular (+) haz no hagas haga no haga hagan no haganvenir (yo-go) irregular (+) ven no vengas venga no venga vengan no vengantener (yo-go) irregular (+) ten no tengas tenga no tenga tengan no tenganponer (yo-go) irregular (+) pon no pongas ponga no ponga pongan no pongansalir (yo-go) irregular (+) sal no salgas salga no salga salgan no salganir (both irregular) ve no vayas vaya no vaya vayan no vayanser (both irregular) sé no seas sea no sea sean no seandar irregular (-) da no des dé no dé den no denestar irregular (-) está no estés esté no esté estén no estén

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COMMANDS with DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS (lo, la, los, las) and REFLEXIVE VERBS:Just remember these two rules:

1. AAA = Always Attach an Affirmative.Don’t forget that commands of more than one syllable will require an accent mark on the originally stressed syllable (before anything was attached).

Affirmative Command + Direct Object Pronoun (lo, la, los, las) Informal (tú) Compra fruta fresca. = Cómprala.

Pon los libros aquí. = Ponlos aquí.

Formal Ud. Uds.Compre fruta fresca. = Cómprela. Compren fruta fresca. = Cómprenla. Ponga los libros aquí. = Póngalos aquí. Pongan los libros aquí. = Pónganlos aquí.

Reflexive Verb in Affirmative Commands

Informal: attach “te” Levántate (tú)

Formal: attach “se” Levántese (Ud.) or Levántense (Uds.)

2. NAN = Never Attach a Negative *

Negative Command + Direct Object Pronoun (lo, la, los, las) Informal (tú) No compres pan. = No lo compres.

No pongas la mochila aquí. = No la pongas aquí.

Formal Ud. Uds.No compre pan . = No lo compre. No compren pan. = No lo compren. No ponga la mochila aquí. = No la ponga aquí. No pongan las mochilas aquí. = No las pongan aquí.

Reflexive Verb in Negative Commands

Informal: put “te” in front of the verb: No te levantes.(tú)

Formal: put “se” in front of the verb: No se levante. (Ud.) or No se levanten. (Uds.)

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, #s 90 (Formal or UD. commands); 91, 92 (Tú or informal commands)

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X. DIRECT & INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS:

Forms: DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

me nos me noste os te os

lo, la los, las le les

1. Direct and Indirect object pronouns are usually placed in front of the verb:DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN: Juan recibió un premio. = Juan lo recibió.INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN. María dio un regalo a su hermana. = María le dio un regalo.

2. There are 3 cases when object pronouns can/must be attached to the main verb: INFINITVE: Object pronoun can be attached to verb. Quiero leer el libro. = Lo quiero leer. OR Quiero leerlo.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE: Object pronoun can be attached to verb.Estoy leyendo el libro. = Lo estoy leyendo. OR Estoy leyéndolo.

AFFIRMATIVE COMMAND FORM: Object pronoun must be attached to verb.Pon la sartén aquí. = Ponla aquí.

3.) In NEGATIVE COMMANDS, the object pronoun cannot be attached, and must go in front of the verb: No comas las galletas. = No las comas.

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, #s 41, 42, 43: Direct Object Pronouns; #s 44, 45, 46: Indirect Object Pronouns)

===================================================================XI: SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION: Hace + time expression

A. Hace + time expression + que + present tense = I have (been/done something) for x time.

EXAMPLES:Hace dos años que juego al fútbol. = I have played soccer for two years. Hace un mes que conozco a Juan. = I have known Juan for two months.

NOTE that even though the translation into English uses the Present Perfect tense in this case, the Spanish equivalent uses the regular present indicative.

B. Preterite tense + hace + time expression = I did (something) x time ago.

EXAMPLES:Jugué en un partido de fútbol hace dos años. = I played in a soccer game two years ago. Conocí a Juan hace dos años. = I met Juan two months ago.

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XII. FUTURE TENSE

The future tense in Spanish (equivalent of will + verb in English) does not add endings to the stem of the verb. Instead, it adds endings to the entire infinitive.

REGULAR FUTURE TENSE:1. Take infinitive of verb.2. Add these endings: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án NOTE that all endings have accent marks EXCEPT the nosotros form.

HABLAR COMER VIVIR

hablaré hablaremos comeré comeremos viviré viviremoshablarás hablaréis comerás comeréis vivirás viviréishablará hablarán comerá comerán vivirá vivirán

NOTE: Since the stem is the entire infinitive, there is no difference in formula for –AR, -ER, or IR verbs.

IRREGULAR FORMS IN THE FUTURE:Irregular forms in the future use either a truncated or altered version of the infinitive, but the endings are the same as for regular forms in the future.

Infinitive without -e poder = podr = podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podránquerer = querr = querré, querrás, querrá, querremos, querréis, querrán

haber = habr = habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habránsaber = sabr = sabré, sabrás, sabrá, sabremos, sabréis, sabránInfinitive with “d” replacing “i” or “e”venir = vendr = vendré, vendrás, vendrá, vendremos, vendréis, vendránsalir = saldr = saldré, saldrás, saldrá, saldremos, saldréis, saldránponer = pondr = pondré, pondrás, pondrá, pondremos, pondréis, pondrántener = tendr = tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendréis, tendrán

Infinitive without the letters c and e hacer = har = haré, harás, hará, haremos, haréis, harándecir = dir = diré, dirás, dirá, diremos, diréis, dirán

PRACTICE: www.studyspanish.com (Go to Grammar, # 99: Future)

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