let’skeep’going:’the’feminism’of’...

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"Let’s Keep Going": The Feminism of Thelma and Louise Robert William Berg May 1, 2004 Ridley Scott’s controversial 1991 film, Thelma & Louise, is perhaps most famous for igniting a firestorm of debate upon its release, due to its inflammatory narrative of two women who kill a wouldbe rapist, an act that sets into motion a series of events, including the robbery of a convenience store, the holding up at gunpoint of a policeman, and the explosion of an oil tanker, all of which lead up to Thelma and Louise’s inevitable plunge into the Grand Canyon. In the introduction to Should We Go Along For the Ride?: A Critical Symposium on Thelma and Louise, film analysts Toni Kamins and Cynthia Lucia summarize the various attitudes towards the film thusly: “Is Thelma and Louise a male nightmare of emasculating women run amok? Is it a parable of female bonding? Is it women breaking their chains and liberating themselves? It’s all of the above and none of the above.” By this, Kamins and Lucia mean that Thelma and Louise is a film with feminist elements that fails to be a fully feminist film, for a variety of reasons. As it is defined in this essay, a feminist is a female character who does not need a man in order to succeed or function in the world, but can do so on her own. A superficial survey of some of the more colorful of these two characters’ actions can alone easily lead one to perceive them not only as feminists but outrageously so. When Thelma is being raped by the redneck, Harlan, in the parking lot outside of a bar, Louise aims a gun at him until he releases Thelma but does not fire; she tells him, “In the future, when a woman is crying like that, she’s not having fun.” Only after he displays no remorse for his actions and crudely tells her to “suck [his] cock” doe she blow him away with a bullet to the heart, which is simultaneously a punishment for what he had tried to do to her friend, a means of preventing him from harming another woman in the future, and an act of revenge against all male rapists: we later learn that Louise herself had been sexually assaulted many years ago in Texas. Later, Thelma and Louise symbolically castrate a truck driver who had, throughout the course of their trip, been sending them lewd sexual signals, by luring him off the road and blowing up his phallicshaped truck. Even when they are not explicitly targeting a man for treating them in a sexually degrading manner, they rebel against all forms of patriarchal control, such as when they brandish guns to rob a store or force a policeman into the trunk of his car, actions characteristically reserved for males in the typical actionadventure film. Thelma even uses an attractive male drifter, J.D., portrayed by Brad Pitt, the way men usually treat women in such films: as a sexual object, ogling his “cute butt” and later having nostringsattached intercourse with him. “You’ve finally been laid right,” Louise cheers. Some critics, such as Sarah Schulman in her article, The Movie Management of Rape, argue that this affair undermines the feminism of the film, because “…[i]n real life, of course, very few battered and assaulted women would leap into a lighthearted, passionate, and sexually awakening onenight stand with a man they do not know.” Whether such a scenario is realistic or not, it does not, however, negate the film’s feminism, because the sexual escapade is intended as a counterpoint to the rape scene; now the woman is in control and further, enjoying herself.

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Page 1: Let’sKeep’Going:’The’Feminism’of’ …Let’sKeep’Going":’The’Feminism’of’Thelma’and’Louise’ Robert’WilliamBerg’ May1,$2004$ $ Ridley’Scott’s’controversial’1991’film,!Thelma

"Let’s  Keep  Going":  The  Feminism  of  Thelma  and  Louise  Robert  William  Berg  May  1,  2004    Ridley  Scott’s  controversial  1991  film,  Thelma  &  Louise,  is  perhaps  most  famous  for  igniting  a  firestorm  of  debate  upon  its  release,  due  to  its  inflammatory  narrative  of  two  women  who  kill  a  would-­‐be  rapist,  an  act  that  sets  into  motion  a  series  of  events,  including  the  robbery  of  a  convenience  store,  the  holding  up  at  gunpoint  of  a  policeman,  and  the  explosion  of  an  oil  tanker,  all  of  which  lead  up  to  Thelma  and  Louise’s  inevitable  plunge  into  the  Grand  Canyon.  In  the  introduction  to  Should  We  Go  Along  For  the  Ride?:  A  Critical  Symposium  on  Thelma  and  Louise,  film  analysts  Toni  Kamins  and  Cynthia  Lucia  summarize  the  various  attitudes  towards  the  film  thusly:  “Is  Thelma  and  Louise  a  male  nightmare  of  emasculating  women  run  amok?  Is  it  a  parable  of  female  bonding?  Is  it  women  breaking  their  chains  and  liberating  themselves?  It’s  all  of  the  above  and  none  of  the  above.”  By  this,  Kamins  and  Lucia  mean  that  Thelma  and  Louise  is  a  film  with  feminist  elements  that  fails  to  be  a  fully  feminist  film,  for  a  variety  of  reasons.  As  it  is  defined  in  this  essay,  a  feminist  is  a  female  character  who  does  not  need  a  man  in  order  to  succeed  or  function  in  the  world,  but  can  do  so  on  her  own.  

A  superficial  survey  of  some  of  the  more  colorful  of  these  two  characters’  actions  can  alone  easily  lead  one  to  perceive  them  not  only  as  feminists  but  outrageously  so.  When  Thelma  is  being  raped  by  the  redneck,  Harlan,  in  the  parking  lot  outside  of  a  bar,  Louise  aims  a  gun  at  him  until  he  releases  Thelma  but  does  not  fire;  she  tells  him,  “In  the  future,  when  a  woman  is  crying  like  that,  she’s  not  having  fun.”  Only  after  he  displays  no  remorse  for  his  actions  and  crudely  tells  her  to  “suck  [his]  cock”  doe  she  blow  him  away  with  a  bullet  to  the  heart,  which  is  simultaneously  a  punishment  for  what  he  had  tried  to  do  to  her  friend,  a  means  of  preventing  him  from  harming  another  woman  in  the  future,  and  an  act  of  revenge  against  all  male  rapists:  we  later  learn  that  Louise  herself  had  been  sexually  assaulted  many  years  ago  in  Texas.  Later,  Thelma  and  Louise  symbolically  castrate  a  truck  driver  who  had,  throughout  the  course  of  their  trip,  been  sending  them  lewd  sexual  signals,  by  luring  him  off  the  road  and  blowing  up  his  phallic-­‐shaped  truck.  Even  when  they  are  not  explicitly  targeting  a  man  for  treating  them  in  a  sexually  degrading  manner,  they  rebel  against  all  forms  of  patriarchal  control,  such  as  when  they  brandish  guns  to  rob  a  store  or  force  a  policeman  into  the  trunk  of  his  car,  actions  characteristically  reserved  for  males  in  the  typical  action-­‐adventure  film.  Thelma  even  uses  an  attractive  male  drifter,  J.D.,  portrayed  by  Brad  Pitt,  the  way  men  usually  treat  women  in  such  films:  as  a  sexual  object,  ogling  his  “cute  butt”  and  later  having  no-­‐strings-­‐attached  intercourse  with  him.  “You’ve  finally  been  laid  right,”  Louise  cheers.  Some  critics,  such  as  Sarah  Schulman  in  her  article,  The  Movie  Management  of  Rape,  argue  that  this  affair  undermines  the  feminism  of  the  film,  because  “…[i]n  real  life,  of  course,  very  few  battered  and  assaulted  women  would  leap  into  a  lighthearted,  passionate,  and  sexually  awakening  one-­‐night  stand  with  a  man  they  do  not  know.”  Whether  such  a  scenario  is  realistic  or  not,  it  does  not,  however,  negate  the  film’s  feminism,  because  the  sexual  escapade  is  intended  as  a  counterpoint  to  the  rape  scene;  now  the  woman  is  in  control  and  further,  enjoying  herself.  

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At  the  same  time,  however,  these  women’s  rebellion  is  not  allowed  to  last  long;  throughout  the  film,  as  Kamins  and  Lucia  describe,  “…they  become  increasingly  constricted  by  the  more  subtle,  patriarchal  boundaries  of  language  and  the  law.”  They  flee  the  scene  of  the  crime  originally  because  they  do  not  think  that  the  cops  will  believe  that  Harlan  had  been  trying  to  rape  Thelma,  because  she  had  been  drunk  and  dancing  with  him  all  night;  they  are  constrained  by  this  fear  of  a  patriarchal  prejudice  against  women,  when  ironically  they  would  have  been  much  better  off  had  they  never  run.  The  cop  on  their  trail,  Hal,  is,  in  fact,  very  sympathetic  to  their  plight.  Later,  J.D.  robs  them  of  Louise’s  life  savings  (the  man  has  been  the  one  manipulating  the  woman,  after  all),  and  Thelma’s  holding  up  of  the  store  is  a  desperate  attempt  to  reclaim  a  portion  of  the  stolen  money.  As  the  police  continue  to  close  in  on  them,  now  not  only  for  questioning  in  the  murder  case  but  for  this  act  of  theft  (as  Louise  says,  “There  is  no  such  thing  as  justifiable  robbery!”),  Thelma  and  Louise’s  options  for  escape  become  increasingly  less  feasible.  When  they  lock  the  policeman  in  his  trunk,  for  example,  it  is  an  impulsive  attempt  to  delay  the  inevitable,  which  at  the  same  time  makes  their  own  situation  much  worse,  for  now  another  charge  has  been  added  to  their  already  long  list.  By  the  end,  their  options  are  either  imprisonment  or  death,  and  instead  of  being  caught  or  shot  by  the  police,  they  choose  to  settle  the  situation  on  their  own  terms,  by  clasping  hands  and  driving  their  car  over  the  edge  of  the  Grand  Canyon.  On  the  one  hand,  their  ultimate  fate  lies  in  their  own  hands,  and  yet  the  futility  of  the  situation  confirms  that  they  were  never  truly  free  in  this  society  and  would  eventually  have  to  pay  for  their  crimes.  

Further,  if  either  of  the  characters  is  a  true  feminist,  it  is  Louise.  Despite  the  fact  that  she  arguably  does  require  her  boyfriend’s  help,  in  order  to  wire  her  life  savings  to  her,  this  money  with  which  she  plans  to  start  her  new  life  is  her  own,  and  she  rejects  his  offer  to  renew  their  relationship,  despite  the  fact  that  she  still  cares  for  him.  As  Schulman  describes  her,  Louise  is  “authentic.  She  has  boundaries…[and]  is  allowed  depth  and  self-­‐knowledge.  Louise  does  what  she  wants.  Louise  smokes.  She  knows  what  good  sex  is.  She  is  able  to  talk  to  her  boyfriend  as  an  intelligent  equal,”  and  most  importantly,  is  the  one  of  them  whose  action  was  truly  a  direct  response  of  outrage  against  male  supremacy:  the  murder  of  Harlan.  Thelma,  on  the  other  hand,  is  somewhat  of  a  ditz,  who  had  played  the  submissive  wife  to  her  domineering  husband  for  years,  who  flirts  with  two  shady  men  at  different  points  in  the  narrative,  who  bears  little  to  no  emotional  scarring  after  the  near  rape,  and  who  leaves  the  envelope  of  Louise’s  money  alone  in  the  hotel  room  with  a  man  who  had  earlier  admitted  to  being  a  convicted  thief.  Whereas  Louise  is  consistently  portrayed  as  a  smart,  strong  female  character  fully  capable  of  taking  care  of  herself,  Thelma  relies  on  Louise  for  direction  for  most  of  the  film,  and  when  she  does  finally  take  control  of  the  situation  herself,  such  as  in  the  store  robbery,  makes  matters  worse  for  both  of  them.  

Whether  or  not  they  are  both  feminists  in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  term,  however,  the  film  succeeds  in  establishing  its  central  theme  of  sisterhood  in  rebellion.  Pat  Dowell  asserts  in  The  Impotence  of  Women  that  although  the  film  sticks  “to  the  rules…[it  still  succeeds  in]  expressing  something  female  and  subversive…Thelma  and  Louise,  with  all  its  flaws,  is  bracing  if  only  because  its  success  puts  sisterhood  back  on  Hollywood’s  agenda.”  One  could  argue  that  Thelma  and  Louise’s  rebellion  is  ultimately  unsuccessful  and  that  they  never  

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really  had  a  chance,  but  one  could  not  argue  that  there  is  not  something  intrinsically  thrilling  and  empowering  about  watching  these  women  in  action,  unapologetically  breaking  the  rules  and  refusing  to  be  caught  or  compromise  themselves  by  making  a  deal  with  the  police.  As  Thelma  tells  Louise  late  in  the  film,  if  they  had  gone  to  the  police  from  the  start,  “we’d  still  have  our  lives  ruined…At  least  now  I’m  having  some  fun.”  And  even  up  to  the  film’s  denouement,  this  rebellious  spirit  never  dies.  As  they  share  a  provocative  kiss  on  the  lips  before  their  final  blaze  of  glory,  these  two  characters  shine  as  feminists  in  spirit,  if  not  always  in  execution  or  in  resolution;  either  way,  their  strong,  unconditional  friendship  sets  the  tone  of  the  piece  and  is  what  leaves  the  most  lasting  impression  on  the  viewer.  

When  Dowell  describes  Thelma  and  Louise  as  sticking  to  the  rules,  she  is  referring  to  the  tenets  of  the  genre  to  which  the  film  belongs,  the  “Outlaw  Road  Movie/Buddy  Film,”  which  is  classically  dominated  by  men.  The  word  “genre”  is  used  to  describe  a  set  of  films  that  have  a  common  topic,  theme,  and  structure;  no  matter  to  what  degree  some  specific  details  of  a  film’s  particular  plot  may  deviate,  the  basic  setup  and  resolution  of  the  particular  genre’s  elements  remain  intact.  Genre  films  are  thus  profitable  as  a  sort  of  comfort  food  to  the  viewer,  as  he  or  she  knows  what  conventions  to  expect,  before  the  film  even  begins,  despite  minor  variances.  In  this  instance,  the  departure  from  the  norm  is  that  the  protagonists  are  women.  Besides  that  distinction,  Thelma  and  Louise  proceeds  along  the  same  course  as  all  other  “Outlaw  Road  Movie/Buddy”  films:  a  crime  on  the  part  of  the  main  characters  sets  them  off  on  a  spree  across  America,  typically  in  dusty,  desert  settings,  with  the  police  hot  on  their  trail  the  entire  time.  Bank  or  store  robberies  are  required,  as  are  one-­‐night-­‐stands  with  scantily  clad  members  of  the  opposite  sex  and  a  final  tumultuous  stand  off  against  the  police  that  invariably  ends  with  the  criminals’  deaths,  for  they  would  rather  die  than  be  taken  alive  by  the  law.  On  the  one  hand,  the  co-­‐option  of  a  male  genre,  particularly  such  a  violent  and  testosterone-­‐driven  one,  by  female  characters  is  inherently  subversive:  now  women  can  shoot  guns,  steal  money,  and  raise  hell,  just  like  men.  The  fact  that  this  is  essentially  the  first  time  they  have  ever  been  able  to  do  so  in  a  mainstream  Hollywood  film  adds  a  level  of  emotional  depth  to  the  proceedings  that  would  have  otherwise  not  been  there;  for  men  in  these  films,  such  actions  are  out  of  force  of  habit,  whereas  these  women  are  being  given  a  taste  of  freedom  and  willful  abandon  they  have  heretofore  been  unable  to  experience,  and  the  fact  that  the  story  is  set  into  motion  by  a  rape  raises  the  personal  stakes  of  the  situation  even  further.  On  that  front  alone,  the  gender  twist  adds  something  substantial  to  the  film.  On  the  other  hand,  however,  the  genre  constraints  severely  limit  the  characters’  horizons:  no  matter  what  strides  they  make  in  gender  equality,  they  are  doomed  to  repeat  the  same  fate  that  befalls  all  outlaws  in  such  films.  For  Thelma  and  Louise  to  be  considered  truly  revolutionary,  the  characters  should  have  been  allowed  to  escape  to  Mexico  at  the  end,  rather  than  falling  into  such  plot-­‐driven  traps  as  accidentally  losing  their  money  and  revealing  their  destination  to  the  feds,  because  as  it  stands,  one  could  argue  that  the  creators  of  the  film  are  implying  that,  after  having  their  fun,  the  two  should  be  punished  for  their  actions.  In  that  sense,  therefore,  the  genre  construct  certainly  does  somewhat  hinder  the  feminist  message  of  the  film  yet  not  defeat  it.  As  expressed  numerous  times  throughout  this  essay,  Thelma  and  Louise’s  actions,  including  their  suicide,  are  consistently  depicted  as  being  not  only  bold  but  also  paradoxically  life  affirming;  they  are  clearly  intended  to  be  feminist  role  models  who  would  compromise  for  

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no  man.  Even  during  the  last  moments  of  the  film,  the  characters  leave  the  world  with  a  smile  on  their  faces:  the  audience  is  not  meant  to  feel  saddened  but  uplifted.  In  fact,  in  an  alternate  ending  of  the  film  that  Ridley  Scott  included  as  an  extra  feature  on  the  recent  “special  edition”  DVD,  we  see  the  car  fall  into  the  abyss…and  then  continue  to  drive  off  into  the  sunset.  Although  he  eliminated  those  last  moments  of  film  because  he  believed  them  to  be  overly  literal,  the  message  is  clear:  Thelma  and  Louise’s  spirit  will  live  on.  Note  that  the  finished  film  does  not  end  with  a  shot  of  the  car  smashed  and  set  aflame  at  the  bottom  of  the  canyon,  nor  on  the  other  characters’  mournful  reactions  to  the  “tragedy,”  but  rather  on  a  freeze-­‐frame  of  the  car,  now  forever  suspended  in  mid-­‐air,  still  rising  in  a  triumphant  arc,  symbolizing  flight  and  freedom.  And  who  knows?  Maybe  the  car  never  does  fall,  after  all.  

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