let’s put it all together! un repaso the gender of nouns nouns that end in the following letters...
TRANSCRIPT
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Let’s put it all together!
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Un Repaso
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The Gender of Nouns
Nouns that end in the following letters generally follow these rules:
Masculine-o -or -ma -s -l
Femenine-a -ión -z -ud -ad -ie -ora
Days of the week, months of the year and names of rivers
are masculine.
el lunes el septiembre el Amazonas
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!Excepciones!
• la mano el poeta la cama• el día el mapa el poeta• el lápiz la crisis el avión
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A few nouns have different meanings, depending on whether they are masculine or
feminine
El capital la capital
El guía la guía
El modelo
la modelo
El cura la cura
El policía La policía
money capital city
male guide guidebook: female guide
Model
male modelfemale model
priest cure
policeman Policewoman
Police force
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Plural Nouns• Nouns ending in a consonant (including –y) form the
plural by adding –es.
• el papel los papeles• el rey los reyes• la mujer las mujeres
• Nouns ending in –z change the –z to –c before adding es: • el lápiz
• los lápices
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• unstressed vowel +s -> no change
• stressed vowel +s -> -> es• Ejemplos:• el lunes -> • el inglés• la crisis -> • el país
Otras Reglas (para mejorar la vida!)
Nouns ending in -s
los luneslos ingleseslas crisislos paises
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Special uses of the articles
--Used in Spanish, but omitted in English as follows:1. before the names of languages, except after hablar,
aprender, en, or de• El español es importante hoy día. • Mi amigo habla español.
Articles are NOT used before nouns denoting a class or group (social class, occupations, nationality,religion, etc.)
Es peluquero.Soy americano.
Note: if the noun is modified, the indefinite article is expressed. Era un peluquero hábil.
Quiero ser un médico bueno.
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When the adjective is placed before the noun, the meaning is figurative.
When the adjective is placed after the noun, the meaning is literal.
Los Adjetivos
Limiting Adjectives are placed before the noun:
Number Possession Quantity
cierto algunos muchas otrotantas dos peor másmejor poco menos
86.7% of the time, adjectives are placed after the noun they modify
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• Before—figurative After--literal• Washington fue un gran hombre Mi tio es un hombre grande• Mi antiguo novio (former) el edificio antiguo• Los pobres estudiantes (unfortunate) Los estudiantes
pobres(poor) • Antiguo old,former ancient• Cierto a certain sure, reliable• Grande great large, big• Mismo same him/self• Nuevo another, different new• Pobre unfortunate poor• Simple simple, new silly, simpleminded
Adjectives become figurative instead of literal when placed before the noun
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The adjective precedes the noun when the adjective expresses an inherent characteristic.
• La blanca nieve
• la nieve amarrilla
The adjective precedes the noun when it is used in an exclamation !QUE!
• EXCEPT• When the exclamation contains an adverb such as
mas, muy, or tan
Certain adjectives are shortened when placed before the noun.
Ejemplos: primer, ningun, buen
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!Conjuguemos!El Tiempo PresenteLos verbos regulares
AR ER IR
Yo
Tú
Él, ella, usted
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-o-as-a-amos-an
-o-es-e-emos-en
-o-es-e-imos-en
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The stem changes in all forms except nosotros
Stem Changers
Cambios: Verbos:
e-ie
o-ue
e-i
comenzar sentir sentar
querer pensar empezar
almorzar encontrar
dormir volver
poder
pedir seguir repetir vestir
servir
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Seguimos con los verbos irregulares en la forma “yo”
Cambios: Verbos:
Ending in -go
Ending in -zco
Ending in -jo
caer poner traer
hacer salir
conducir desaparecer conocer parecer
escoger
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Presente Progresivo
Conjugated form of ESTAR. PLUS Gerund
Compound tenseTo be doing something
Estoy hablando.
Gerund: Also referred to as the present participle. It corresponds to the –ing form in English
Gerund formation
AR Verbs: Stem and –ando
ER/IR Verbs: Stem and -iendo
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Siempre hay…!EXCEPCIONES!
Irregular Gerunds
-ER and -IR Verbs whose stem ends in a vowel use -yendo
Caer
Creer
Leer
Oir
Traer
Cayendo
Creyendo
Leyendo
Oyendo
Trayendo
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!Más!
-IR Verbs that have a stem change in 3rd person singular of preterite, have the same change in the gerundDecir
Dormir
Morir
Pedir
Repetir
Diciendo
Durmiendo
Muriendo
Pidiendo
Repitiendo
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!Conjuguemos!El Tiempo PretéritoLos verbos regulares
AR ER/IR
Yo
Tú
Él, ella, usted
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-é -aste-ó -amos-aron
-í -iste-ió -imos-ieron
Preterite one-time past
event OR interruption OR the beginning or
end of an event.
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Añadamos nuestros verbos favoritos-CAR-GAR-ZAR
These change only in the “yo” form
-car (c-qu)
-gar (g-gu)
-zar (z-c)
buscar colocar educar
pescar sacar
pagar llegar
entregar jugar
apagar
alcanzar
comenzar empezar cruzar
gozar
tocar
chocar
masticar comunicar explicar
negar
bostezar
dedicar embarcar indicar
colgar
rogar obligar encargar
almorzar realizar
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Nuestros amigos: Los irregulares!
--uve: tener, andar, estar
• tuve anduve
• tuviste anduviste• tuvo anduvo• tuvimos anduvimos• tuvieron anduvieron
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Stem Changers in Third Person (singular and plural) ONLY
o->u dormir, morir durmió durmieron
e->i pedir, conseguir, convertir, mentir, repetir, sugerir, preferir, seguir,
freír, vestir, hervir, despedir, servir
siguió siguieron
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ER/IR stem ending in voweli>y change in Third Person (singular and plural) ONLY
i->ydistribuir, construir, huir,
concluir, excluir,creer, caer, oír, leer
cayó cayeron
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J Stem
dije traje• dijiste trajiste• dijo trajo • dijimos trajimos• dijeron trajeron
decir, deducir, producir, traer, traducir
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Yucky Irregular Verbsu stem
pude puse supepudiste pusiste supistepudo puso supopudimos pusimos supimospudieronpusieron supieron
Poder poner saber
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Yucky Irregular VerbsI stem
hice quise vinehiciste quisiste vinistehizo quiso vinohicimos quisimos vinimoshicieron quisieron
vinieron
hacer querer venir
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Dar and VerDi viDiste visteDio vioDimosvimosDieronvieron
Ir and Ser• fui • fuiste
• fue • fuimos • fueron
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!Conjuguemos!El Tiempo ImperfectoLos verbos regulares
AR ER/IR
Yo
Tú
Él, ella, usted
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-aba-abas-aba-ábamos-aban
-ía-ías-ía-íamos-ían
Repeated/habitual past action OR
was in progress (“was …ing”) OR
described a condition.
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©CAS 2002
Ser (to be)Ser (to be) Ir (to go)Ir (to go) Ver (to see)Ver (to see)
eraerasera
éramos
eran
ibaibasiba
íbamos
iban
veíaveíasveía
veíamos
veían
Only 3 Irregulars
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Other uses!!!!Other uses!!!!
A age, appearance
R recurring/habitual actions
T time
W weather
E emotional states
P physical attributes
T time
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!Conjuguemos!Conditional TenseRegular VerbsAdd the following endings to the
infinitive (would do something)
AR/ER/IR
Yo
Tú
Él, ella, usted
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-ía-ías-Ía-íamos-ían
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!Conjuguemos!Future TenseRegular VerbsAdd the following endings to the
infinitive (will do something)
AR/ER/IR
Yo
Tú
Él, ella, usted
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-é-ás-á
-emos-án
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Present Perfect
Conjugated form of HABER.
PLUS Past Participle
Compound tenseTo have done something
He comido.
Past Participle: It corresponds to the –ed form in English
Past Participle formation
AR Verbs: Stem and –ado
ER/IR Verbs: Stem and -ido
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!Conjuguemos!El Tiempo Presente SubjuntivoLos verbos regulares
AR ER/IR
Yo
Tú
Él, ella, usted
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-a-as-a-amos-an
-e-es-e-emos-en
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• To preserve the sound of the stem, these verbs have the same change in subjunctive as in preterite:
• -CAR: c-> qu• -GARg-> gu• -ZARz-> c
-Car, -Gar, -Zar
**Including the nosotros form**
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Subjunctive: Un Breve Repaso
Structure:
---2 clauses separated by “que” AND ---2 different subjects in each clauseMood:
---the first clause must reflect a desire, emotion, feeling AND ---the second clause reflects the desired result that is not certain
In the first clause is the indicative verb.
queIn the second clause is the subjunctive verb.
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• U. U.
• W. W.
• E. E.
• I. I.
• R. R.
• D. D.
• O.O.
U.W.E.I.R.D.O.
• U. U. uncertaintyuncertainty
• W. W. wish and willwish and will
• E. E. emotionsemotions
• I. I. impersonal expressionsimpersonal expressions
• R. R. regretregret
• D. D. doubtdoubt
• O.O. Order (command)Order (command)
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• No creo que __________________
• No pienso que _________________
U.W.E.I.R.D.O.
Frank mienta a su novia.
Kristin olvide la tarea.
U.W.E.I.R.D.O.
WISHES • desear• pedir• preferir• gustar
UNCERTAINTY
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• Emotion
Verbs that indicate emotion
Esperar temer
sentir alegrarse de
Sorprenderse estar contento
tener miedo deEs triste
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Impersonal Expressions Expresses attitudes, uncertainty,
opinions, not concrete
Always trigger subjunctive:
Es bueno Es mejorEs importante Es necesario Es imposible Es una lástimaEs malo Es urgenteEs posible Es probableEs dudoso Es difícil
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• RRegret
• Lo siento que tu abuela esté enferma.
• Lamento que no podamos asistir a la reunión.
U.W.E.I.R.D.O.
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• Doubt, denial or disbelief
Verbs that indicate doubt
Dudar negar
no creer no estar seguro
No es verdad no es probable
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U.W.E.I.R.D.O.
• Order, will or influence
Verbs that indicate order, will or influence
Aconsejar permitir exigir
Prohibir querer dejar
Recomendar rogarobligar
Mandar sugerir
Insistir en necesitar decir (tell)
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Repasamos
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SER ESTAR
T
O
D
O
ime
ccupation
escription/Datewnership/origin
L
E
T
ocation
motion
ense
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Subject
Verb
Direct Object
Who or what is doing the action
the action
Who or what is receiving the action
Grammar 101
Indirect Object
For whom
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Object Pronouns
Yo
Tú
Él, ella, usted
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
me
te
se
nos
se
Reflexive Indirect Direct
me
te
le
nos
les
me
te
Lo, la
nos
Los,
las
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Get RID of your problems with pronouns.
Reflexive Indirect Direct
You may find up to 2 pronouns in the same sentence and they will
always be in this order.
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94.76% of the time, object pronouns go before the conjugated verb
EXCEPTION: After a positive command.
Escríbalo.
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It is also more common to see the object pronouns attached to the
end of a gerund or infinitive, although it is still correct to put
them before the conjugated verb.
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Reflexive Verbs = actions one does to/for oneself
The subject does as well asreceives the action…
How do you form these verbs?1. Conjugate the verb as always…
2. Add the reflexive pronouns…
me nos
te
se se
llamo llamamos
llamas
llama llaman
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Verbs frequently used in reflexive
afeitarse dormirse
levantarse
maquillarse
peinarse
despertarse
Bañarse /lavarse
acostarse
ducharse
cepillarse
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!Hay Más!
vestirse
secarse
ponerse
quitarse divertirse
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Pero, ¿qué hacemos con los “le, los, las, lo, la”?
When any combination of these 2 words are put together, the first word
is changed to “se”
le
lo
leslos
la
lasPlus
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The direct object pronoun REPLACES the direct object.
Frequently the indirect object pronoun is used in conjunction
with the indirect object for clarification or emphasis.
Le manda las invitaciones a Tori.
Se las manda a Tori.
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!El Final!