What is Science?

The word science comes from the Latin term "scientia" meaning knowledge. This knowledge is acquired through a system of study, practice, observation and experimentation to explain problems about nature or any other phenomenon.

This knowledge is also based on facts obtained not by guessing or superstitions.

At the very core of science are the people or scientists who observe the world or the environment and ask questions and search for answers to these questions.

Branches of Science?.

SCIENCE

Natural Sciences Social Sciences

Physical Science

Biological Science Psychology, sociology,

history, political science and anthropology

ZoologyBotany

Branches of Zoology

• Anatomy-study of internal structure and form of organisms.

• Bacteriology- study of bacteria.• Biochemistry- study of chemical substances in

living organisms.• Cytology-study of cells.• Ecology-study of the relationships of

organisms and the environment.

Branches of Zoology

• Embryology-the study of the development of the individual from fertilization to birth.

• Entomology- the study of insects.• Genetics-the study of heredity and variation.• Herpetology-the study of reptiles.• Ichthyology- the study of fishes.• Malacology-the study of mollusks

Branches of Zoology

• Microbiology- the study of microbes.• Mycology-the study of fungi.• Parasitology- the study of parasites• Pathology-the study of diseases.• Phycology- the study of algae.• Physiology- the study of processes and functions

in living things.• Protozoology- the study of unicellular organisms

or protozoans.

In some systems of biological classification, the Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Historically, protozoa were defined as single-celled organisms with animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation

Scientific Name: ProtozoaRank: Kingdom

Branches of Zoology

• Taxonomy-the study of classification and naming of organisms.

• Virology- the study of viruses.• Biochemistry - the study of the chemical

reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level

Branches of Botany

• Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.

• Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife

• Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings.

• Developmental Biology - the study of the processes through which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure.

Branches of Botany

• Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on how species and groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living elements.

• Entomology - the study of insects• Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world,

as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity

• Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations

Branches of Botany

• Ethnology - the study of animal behavior.• Evolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of

the origin and decent of species over time• Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a

microscopic branch of anatomy.• Mammology - the study of mammals• Marine Biology - the study of ocean

ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.

Branches of Botany

• Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean.

• Ornithology - the study of birds• Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes

geographic evidence of prehistoric life• Agriculture - study of producing crops from the

land, with an emphasis on practical applications

System of Binomial NomenclatureLinnean system of binomial nomenclature, the scientific way to name living things with a two part generic (genus) and specific (species) name.

Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swedish physician and botanist, was the founder of modern taxonomy. He originated a system called binomial nomenclature which is used for naming living things and grouping similar organisms into categories.

Use this sentence to remember the levels of biological classification in order from most general to most specific:

"Little darling King Phillip came over for good sandwiches."

Five (5) Kingdoms

Kingdom Plantae

The Kingdom plantae is also called as kingdom Metaphyta. The Kingdom plantae includes all types of eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic plants found in this biosphere. Most of the organism in this kingdom is autotrophs, which synthesis their own food with the help of solar energy.

Kingdom AnimaliaThe major group of animals

are classified under the Kingdom Animalia, also known as Metazoa. All the members of this kingdom are multicellular, eukaryotes. They are heterotrophs, they depend on other organisms directly or indirectly for food. Most of the animals ingest food and digest in the internal cavity. Most of the organisms are motile which means they can move independently and spontaneously.

Kingdom Protista

Protists are a diverse kingdom, including all eukaryotic organisms that are neither animals, nor plants, nor fungi. For classification, the protists are divided into three groups: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungi-like protists.

Kingdom Monera

Monera is considered as the most primitive group of organisms. They include various types of bacteria and blue-green algae.

Monerans are most abundant of all organisms, due to their versatility of their habitat. It is estimated that a single drop of water contains 50 billion bacteria.

Kingdom Fungi• The organisms in kingdom fungi include mushrooms, yeasts, molds, rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles, morels, and molds.• The fungi constitute and independent group to that of plants and animals. They live everywhere in air, in water, on land, in soil, and on or in plants and animals.• Fungi appear like plants but are closely related to animals. Fungi are not capable of producing their own food,so they get their nourishment from other sources.

EUKARYOTE AND PROKARYOTE

1. Where do producers obtain their energy?A. From other producersB. From the consumersC. From the decomposersD. From the sun

Energy Cycle in Living Things• A fascinating parallel between plant and animal life is

in the use of tiny energy factories within the cells to handle the energy transformation processes necessary for life. In plants, these energy factories are called chloroplasts. They collect energy from the sun and use carbon dioxide and water in the process called photosynthesis to produce sugars.

• The energy cycle for life is fueled by the Sun. The main end product for plants and animals is the production of highly energetic molecules like ATP . These molecules store enough immediately available energy to allow plants and animals to do their necessary work.

3. What term is used to describe the ability to maintain a constant internal environment?

A. MetabolismB. Growth and developmentC. HomeostasisD. Thermoregulation

• Homeostasis – is the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously

interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system.

Characteristics of Living Things

1.ComplexOrganization

Characteristics of Living Things

2. Metabolism - exhibit a rapid turn over of chemicals; involves exchange of matters; release of chemical energy (waste product)

3. Responsiveness- all living things respond to stimuli

Characteristics of Living Things

4. Growth- refer to an increase in size

5. Reproduction6. Evolution7. Adaptation

- modification/survival behavioral – what organism do to adjustExample: Falling of leaves during fall structural – body parts which enable them to adjust to the

environment8. Homeostasis – state of balance

4. What is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease?

A. Fatty deposits in the arteriesB. Inadequate supply of red blood cellsC. Lack of sodium in the dietD. Increased heartbeat

5. Which is the smallest unit of life that can survive and reproduce on its own?

A. CellB. OrganC. TissuesD. Population

8. Which of the following is the building block carbohydrate?

A. Amino acidB. NucleotideC. Fatty acidD. Monosaccharide

• Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.

• Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose.

The four basic categories of molecules for building life are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

1. Carbohydrates serve many purposes, from energy to structure to chemical communication, as monomers or polymers.

2. Lipids, which are hydrophobic, also have different purposes, including energy storage, structure, and signaling.

3. Proteins, made of amino acids in up to four structural levels, are involved in just about every process of life.

4. The nucleic acids DNA and RNA consist of four nucleotide

building blocks, and each has different purposes.

DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.

8. Why it is necessary men have more red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood than women?

A. Man does strenuous activities and need more energy

B. They have bigger physique and need more blood

C. Man waste more blood cells and need extraD. They are more prone to anemia disorders

9. Which of the following is the building block of protein?

A. Amino acidB. NucleotideC. Fatty acidD. Monosaccharide

The basic building block of a protein is called an amino acid. There are 20 amino acids in the proteins you eat and in the proteins within your body, and they link together to form large protein molecules.

11. Why are our lips “redder” than our palm?A. There is increased blood flow in the lipsB. Lips are heavily keratinizedC. Lip epidermis is thinnerD. Many blood vessels are located around the

lips

13. What is the branch of zoology that is devoted to the study of fish?

A. HelmintologyB. IchthyologyC. ChondrichthyesD. Ornithology

14. What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the cytoplasm?

A. FluidB. BloodC. PlasmaD. Water

The most abundant substance in the cytoplasm of cells is water, by a good margin. The most abundant organelle by mass are ribosomes, which convert DNA into protein

15. Which is the richest type of tropical rain forest in the Philippines?

A. Molave forestB. Dipterocarp forestC. Mangrove forestD. Pine forest

Different Types Ecosystem and There Characteristics

Ecosystem is a biotic community living in a particular environment such as a forest, coral reef and other physical parts with nonliving environment. Ecosystem was coined in 1935 by British Ecologist Sir Arthur George Tansley who described natural system in “constant interchange” with living and nonliving parts.

Natural Ecosystem

Some of the natural ecosystems are grassland, forest and coastal zone ecosystem.

• 1. Forest – is a plant community mostly of tress and other woody vegetation that occupy an extensive area of land. In a natural state it remains in relative fixed and self-regulated over a long period of time. Trees are determined by the characteristic of:

• Climate• Soil• Topography of the region

Natural Ecosystem

Original forest which are untouched or virgin are also called “Primary Forest” while when trees in the forest are cut down by deforestation and people plant trees again by reforestation the forest is then called “Second-Growth Forest or Secondary Forest”.

Natural Ecosystem

For example, in Philippines the primary forest in the lowland includes dipterocarp forest, mangrove forest and molave forest. In the highlands, they are pine forest such as those found in Baguio City and in the mountains of Central Cordillera, Zambales and in Mindoro which has “Mossy Forest”.

Dipterocarp Forest

Natural Ecosystem

2. Dipterocarp forest is the richest type of tropical rainforest for it has the biggest plant and animal species. Thick canopy is the richest habitat for birds. Thick layer of decaying leaves on the forest is the richest habitat for millipedes, leeches, centipedes and land snails. And the untouched dipterocarp forest abounds in mammals, birds, reptiles and insects that thrive on trees, grounds and in soil.

Natural Ecosystem

Grassland – is an ecosystem where grasses, sedges and forage plants are dominant vegetation. Grasslands are also natural, semi-natural and cultivated. It also refers to the land with natural grass cover without trees or very few widely scattered trees. These grasslands are the result of destruction of forest caused by man.

Grassland

Natural Ecosystem

Some of the animals that lives on grasslands includes:

• Lizards• Rats• Birds• Insects

16. We feel warmer just before it rains because __________.

A. Heat is released by the evaporation of waterB. The clouds prevent heat from escaping the

earthC. There is an increased relative humidityD. Heat is released by the condensation of

water vapor

Just before the rainThe surrounding would have become so hot that

some amount of water vaporises in the air itself without falling to the ground. This water vapour contains the heat it absorbed, and when this water vapour combines with the air, the humidity increases. This humidity is what creates the warm feeling.

17. Which of the following is not considered as a reproductive cell?

A. GameteB. Somatic cellC. Egg cellD. Sperm cell

19. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the level of organization from lowest to highest?

A. Cells-system-organs-tissuesB. System-organs-tissues-cellsC. Cells-tissues-organs-systemD. Tissues-systems-cells-organs

21. Which plant has underground stem modified for reproduction?

A. GingerB. CamoteC. TubersD. Strawberry

TUBER a short, thick, round stem

that is a part of certain plants (such as the potato), that

grows underground, and that can produce

a new plant.

22. Which of the following structures serve as a passageway of food and air?

A. EpiglottisB. TracheaC. PharynxD. Larynx

23. Which kind of relationship is exhibited by algae and fungi in lichen?

A. CommensalismB. ParasitismC. SymbiosisD. Competition

Lichen look like tiny plants, but they’re actually a fusion

between a plant and a fungus. 

Like the slime molds, lichens are a hybrid; a symbiotic relationship

between an algae and a fungus.

24. What do you call the finger-like folds on the inner linings of the small intestine?

A. VilliB. AppendixC. RugaeD. Cecum

25. What is that flap-like structure that prevents the food from going the wrong way during swallowing?

A. EpiglottisB. LarynxC. EsophagusD. Pharynx

26. Which pigment is dominant in red algae?A. PhycocyaninB. FucoxanthinC. PhycoerythrinD. Pharynx

Red algae are, not surprisingly, red, reddish or purplish in color. There are about 6,000 species

of red algae, and they are protists in the phylum

Rhodophyta.

How Does Red Algae Get Its Color?

When you think of algae, you might think of something that is green or brownish green. So

what gives red algae their color?

Red algae contain a variety of pigments, including cholorophyll a, phycobiliproteins,

red phycoerythrin, blue phycocyanin, carotenes, lutein, and zeaxanthin. The most important pigment is phycoerythrin, which provides the algae's red pigmentation by

reflecting red light and absorbing blue light. Red algae with little of this pigment may

appear more green or blue than red due to the other pigments in this algae.

Because red algae contains pigments that absorb blue light waves, it can be found

deeper in the ocean than some other algaes.

28. What process is responsible for the upward movement of the water in very tall trees?

A. OsmosisB. Capillary actionC. Turgor pressureD. Transpiration

Turgor Pressure

Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, or wicking) is the ability of a

liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance

of, and in opposition to, external forces like gravity.

Plants use capillary action to bring water up the roots and stems to the rest of the plant. The molecules of the water (liquid) are attracted to the molecules of the inside of the stem (solid). This attraction is used to help force the water up from the ground and disperse throughout the plant.

29. What is the longest bone in the body?A. HumerusB. FemurC. Tibia-fibulaD. Clavicle

HUMERUS

FEMUR

TIBIA-FIBULA

CLAVICLE

31. . How many bones an adult human body has?

A. 201B. 200C. 217D. 206

35. Which of the following is not a type of cell?

A. BacteriumB. AmoebaC. SpermD. Virus

36. What branch of Biology is involved when one is studying the characteristic structure and functions of all kinds of cells?

A. CytologyB. MorphologyC. PhysiologyD. Histology

37. Which biome grows tropical grassland with scattered individual trees and larger herbivores?

A. TundraB. Rain forestC. GrasslandD. Savanna

1. Tundra – is the coldest of all biomes. It comes

from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning treeless plain. It is noted fro its frost-molded landscapes, extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short growing seasons.

TUNDRA

2. Rainforests - are very dense, warm, wet forests. They are havens for

millions of plants and animals. They are extremely important in the ecology of the Earth. The plants of the rainforests generate much of the Earth’s oxygen.

2 Types:a. Tropical Rainforests – characterized by a warm and wet

climate. They are located in the tropics (equatorial zone, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn).

b. Temperate Rainforests – only occur in few regions around the world. They found in temperate regions.

RAINFOREST

3. Grassland- are large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers and herbs. It is a region where the average annual precipitation is great enough to support grasses, and in some areas, a few trees.

4. Savanna - is a hot, seasonally dry grassland with

scattered trees. This environment is intermediate between a grassland and a forest.

SAVANNA

38. What do you call that process in birds wherein they shed off features at least once a year?

A. SkinningB. MoltingC. FurrowingD. Migrating

MOLTING - this is the process wherein birds develop a new coat of feathers, generally by dropping a few feathers at a time, with new feathers growing in their place. Birders may not notice the molt unless they look closely. It’s a universal phenomenon among birds.

39. Which of the following is not true of fungi?

A. Some are pathogenicB. Some are photosyntheticC. Some are edibleD. Form symbiotic relation with algae

40. Which of the following is not true of plants?

A. Some are pathogenicB. Some are photosyntheticC. Some are edibleD. Form symbiotic relation with algae

41. Which of the following pair of organisms are closely related?

A. Spider and mosquitoB. Frog and crocodileC. Man and monkeyD. Ants and aphids

44. Which of the following is responsible for formation of blood cell?

A. CartilageB. Bone marrowC. JointsD. Tendons

45. What is most likely happen when a species cannot adapt to the changes in the environment?

A. It will be transform to another formB. It will become extinctC. It will be isolatedD. It will grow old

46. What term is used to describe the released of matured egg cell from the ovary?

A. FertilizationB. CopulationC. OvulationD. Germination

48. Which of the following blood cells is responsible for blood clotting?

A. ErythrocytesB. LeukocytesC. ThrombocytesD. Neutrophils

49. What theory of evolution accounts for snake’s disappearance of legs and development of giraffe’s long neck?

A. Theory of use and disuseB. Theory of natural selectionC. Theory of chromosomal changeD. Theory of action and interaction

50. Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion?

A. LiverB. PancreasC. Salivary glandD. Adrenal gland

51. What hormone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics?

A. EstrogenB. ProlactinC. TestosteroneD. Progesteron