lesson overview

Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity

Lesson Overview18.1 Finding Order

in Diversity

Lesson Overview Finding Order in DiversityBell Ringer: Start a new section of your IAN and copy this flow chart into your IAN, left side.

Big Idea: Unity and

Diversity of Life

Essential ?:What is the

goal of biologists who classify living

things?

18.2 Guiding ?: How do

evolutionary relationships

affect the way scientists classify

organisms?

18.3 Guiding ?: What are the major groups

within which all organisms are

currently classified?

18.1 Guiding ?: Why do

scientists classify

organisms?


Chapter 18: Classification

BiologyMs. Nguyen


I. Why Classify?A. What are the

goals of systematics?1.The goal of systematics is to organize things into groups


2. In Biology, systematics = to classify living things. BUT… we need scientific names

because Common names are misleading


3. In the 18th century,European scientists agreed to assign Latin or Greek names to each species.

4. Difficult to standardize names because different scientists focused on different characteristics


B. Carolus Linnaeus

1.In the 1730s, Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus > Binomial Nomenclature


1. Written in Latin (unchanging)

2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase

3. Both names are italicized or underlinedEX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man

C. Binomial Nomenclature Rules:


Binomial Nomenclature Example

1. The polar bear is named Ursus maritimus.

The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species. In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.


Binomial Nomenclature Example 2. The scientific name of the red maple is Acer rubrum.

The genus Acer consists of all maple trees.

The species rubrum describes the red maple’s color.


Which of the following is correct according to Carolus Linnaeus’ rules?

A. equus caballusB. Equus CaballusC. Equus cabalusD. equus Caballus


II. Classifying Species into Larger Groups

A. New technologies and discoveries

1.Biologists try to organize, or classify, living and fossil species into larger groups that have biological meaning. 2.Biologists often refer to these groups as taxa (singular: taxon).


B. Larger taxa Over time, Linnaeus’s original classification system would expand to include seven hierarchical taxa:


King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies


Largest-Smallest Smallest- largest from bottom


III. Linnaean’s 7 Levels of Classification Kingdom- the largest group of classification. Phylum- a group of closely related class. Class-a group of closely related orders.Order- a group of closely related families.Family- a group of closely related genera.Genus- a group of closely related species; first part of binomial nomenclature. Species-a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The second part of binomial nomenclature.


Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

SpeciesGo to Section:

Linnaeus’s System of HierarchyLeast

specific

Most specific

1. Which of the following contains all of the others?a. Family c. Classb. Species d. Order

2. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same:a. Family c. Orderb. Genus d. Species


IV. Problems With Linnaeus’ Classification A. Looks can

be deceiving

B. Modern Classification

1. Linneaus’ classification grouped organisms based on similarities and differences in looks.

Ex. Would a dolphin be a fish or a mammal?

1. Today grouping is based on evolutionary relationships.


2. Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification evolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.


3. Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus.

Genus: Felis Genus: Canis


4. Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships. They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.


Lesson Overview18.2 Modern Evolutionary

Classification


Bell RingerWhat is the relationship between an earthworm, trout. lizard and human? .


V. Classification of Common Ancestors A. Phylogenetic 1. All taxa whose

members are more closely related to one another than they are to members of any other group.

2. Mainly determine by DNA or Anatomy of derived characteristics.


B. Clade 1. Common ancestor and all

descendants of that ancestor—living and extinct.

a. Monophyletic- Only species that are descended from a common ancestor


C. Cladogram 1. Diagram of clades are related to one another by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.


Example of a cladogram of evolutionary relationships among vertebrates.


2. Derived character is a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants.

Examples of Derived Characters


3. Reading Cladograms

Example of a cladogram of the phylogeny of the cat family.


Clades and Traditional Taxonomic Groups


Lesson Overview18.3 Building the Tree of Life


THINK ABOUT IT Name Linnaeus’s seven classification hierarchy from largest to smallest.

1.2.3.4.5.6. 7.

But wait there’s one more…!!! “ Domain”


VI. Changes in classification hierarchy

This diagram shows some of the ways in which organisms have been classified into kingdoms since the 1700s.


3 Domains added on top of 6 kingdoms


A. Domain Bacteria 1. unicellular and prokaryotic = kingdom Eubacteria.

2. Their cells have thick, rigid walls that surround a cell membrane and contain a substance known as peptidoglycan.

3. Can live anywhere


B. Domain Archaea 1. Unicellular and prokaryotic = kingdom Archaebacteria

2. cell membranes contain unusual lipids that are not found in any other organism

3. live in some extreme environments—in volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud totally devoid of oxygen. .


C. Domain Eukarya. 1. All organisms that have a nucleus.

2. Holds: a. Protista b. Fungic. Plantaed. Animalia


Classification of Living Things

The three-domain system

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Eubacteria Archae-bacteria Protista Plantae Animalia

The six-kingdom system

Fungi


Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda

Red fox Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

Hierarchical Ordering of Classification

Go to Section:

As we move from the kingdom level

to the species level, more and more members are

removed.Each level is more

specific.


Kingdom Archaebacteria

Go to Section:

Cell Type Prokaryote

Number of Cells Unicellular

Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph

Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs

Examples Methanogens Thermophiles


Kingdom Eubacteria

Go to Section:

E. coli

Streptococcus

Cell Type ProkaryoteNumber of Cells UnicellularNutrition Autotroph or

HeterotrophExamples Streptococcus,

Escherichia coli (E. coli)


Kingdom Protista

Go to Section:

Paramecium

Green algae

Amoeba

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Most Unicellular, some multicellular

Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph

Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,

The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom


Kingdom Fungi

Go to Section:

Mildew on Leaf

Mushroom

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Most multicelluar, some unicelluar

Nutrition Heterotroph

Example Mushroom, yeast, mildew, mold

Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS


Kingdom Plantae

Go to Section:

Ferns : seedless vascular

Sunflowers: seeds in flowers

Douglas fir: seeds in cones

Mosses growing on trees

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Multicellular

Nutrition Autotroph

Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants


Kingdom Animalia

Go to Section:

Sage grouse

Poison dart frog

Bumble bee

Sponge

Jellyfish

Hydra

Cell Type EukaryoteNumber of Cells MulticellularNutrition HeterotrophExamples Sponges,

worms, insects, fish, mammals

lesson overview

Documents

lesson overview18

related species

related bear species

species rubrum

fossil species

species lowercase3

group of individuals

binomial nomenclature