lesson 8 psychologically speaking --lucretia govedare
TRANSCRIPT
Lesson 8
Psychologically Speaking
--Lucretia Govedare
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Contents
4
Part One Warm-up1
2
3
5
Part Two Background Information
Part Three Language Study
Part Four Text Analysis
Part Five Detailed Study
6 Part Six Exercises
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Part OnePart One
Have you seen any situation comedy?
A situational comedy is a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life.
I. Sigmund Freud
II. Puritan
III. Quaker
Background Background InformationInformation
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I. Sigmund FI. Sigmund Frreudeud
Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in the Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in the small town of Freiberg, Moravia, which is now in small town of Freiberg, Moravia, which is now in Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia.
When Freud was about three years old, the family When Freud was about three years old, the family moved to Vienna, the capital city of Austria. moved to Vienna, the capital city of Austria.
Freud was intelligent and hard-working at school, Freud was intelligent and hard-working at school, he decided to study medicine and become a doctor, so he enrolled in the medical school of the University of Vienna.
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I. Sigmund FreudI. Sigmund Freud
While he was still at university, Freud decided to Freud decided to specialize in neurology, the study and treatment of the brain specialize in neurology, the study and treatment of the brain and the nervous system. and the nervous system. From 1859 until 1938, Sigmund Freud was a doctor in Vienna.
In March 1938, Freud came to London to flee from the In March 1938, Freud came to London to flee from the Nazis after the German annexation of Austria.Nazis after the German annexation of Austria.
In 1939, he died in his study at 20 Maresfield Garden, In 1939, he died in his study at 20 Maresfield Garden, London.London.
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I. Sigmund FreudI. Sigmund Freud
What is Psychoanalysis?What is Psychoanalysis?
Freud: Freud: Some Elementary Lessons in PsychoanalysisSome Elementary Lessons in Psychoanalysis, ,
“ “Psychoanalysis is part of the mental science of psychology. Psychoanalysis is part of the mental science of psychology. It is also described as ‘depth psychology’... If someone asks It is also described as ‘depth psychology’... If someone asks what ‘the psychical’ really means, it is easy to reply by what ‘the psychical’ really means, it is easy to reply by enumerating its constituents: our perceptions, ideas, enumerating its constituents: our perceptions, ideas, memories, feelings and acts of volition—all these form part of memories, feelings and acts of volition—all these form part of what is psychical.”what is psychical.”
— —1938 1938
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I. Sigmund FreudI. Sigmund Freud
As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on the observation As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on the observation
that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that
determine their emotions and behavior. These unconscious determine their emotions and behavior. These unconscious
factors may create unhappiness, sometimes in the form of factors may create unhappiness, sometimes in the form of
recognizable symptoms and at other times as troubling recognizable symptoms and at other times as troubling
personality traits, difficulties in work or in love relationships, personality traits, difficulties in work or in love relationships,
or disturbances in mood and self-esteem. or disturbances in mood and self-esteem.
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I. Sigmund FreudI. Sigmund Freud
Works: in a chronological order
Studies on Hysteria (with Breuer) Project for a Scientific Psychology(unpublished) 1895
‘The Interpretation of Dreams 1900
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 1901
Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria 1905
New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1916
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 1921
The Future of an Illusion 1927
Civilization and its Discontents 1930
Moses and Monotheism 1939
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II. Puritan and QuakerII. Puritan and Quaker
American history started in the New England area. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the whole European continents were controlled by Kings and Governments, priests and churches, noblemen and aristocrats. Church and state were not separated and therefore churches had great power at that time. The Puritans and the Quakers wanted to simplify forms of church ceremony. They were considered religious radicals. To escape religious persecution, the Puritans came from England to America. Those first settlers were considered the spiritual ancestors of American people. They had a profound effect on the shaping of the American character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual. The concept of individual freedom is probably the most basic value in American. However, today Puritans are mainly remembered as a group of people who lived in fear of God’s punishment; who lived and worked only for the glory of God; who worked extremely hard, saved every penny, denied themselves of every worldly pleasure; who did not sing, or dance or play music or wear colorful clothes; who were obsessed with rules, discipline, responsibility, obedience, frugality.
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1. Puritan1. Puritan
OriginOrigin
The term “Puritan” first began as a taunt or insult applied by The term “Puritan” first began as a taunt or insult applied by traditional Anglicans to those who criticized or wished to traditional Anglicans to those who criticized or wished to “purify” the Church of England.“purify” the Church of England.
In 1608, a group of Puritan separatists, attempting to escape In 1608, a group of Puritan separatists, attempting to escape religious persecution, fled England for the Netherlands. In religious persecution, fled England for the Netherlands. In 1620, a mixed group of Puritan emigrants (the “Pilgrims”) and 1620, a mixed group of Puritan emigrants (the “Pilgrims”) and adventurers from England sailed to America on the adventurers from England sailed to America on the Mayflower and landed, accidentally, on Cape Cod in Mayflower and landed, accidentally, on Cape Cod in November 1620. November 1620.
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1. Puritan1. Puritan
The term “Puritan” first began as a taunt or insult applied by traditional Anglicans to those who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. In November 1620, a group of Puritan separatists, attempting to escape religious persecution, fled England on the Mayflower to settle in the New World. Within five months half of the original 101 colonists were dead.
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1. Puritan1. Puritan
“Puritan” refers to two distinct groups:
“separating” puritans, such as the Plymouth colonists, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it;
non-separating puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, believed in reforming the established church but not separation, and who believed in forming churches through voluntary compacts. The idea of compacts was central to the Puritans’ conception of social, political, and religious organizations.
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1. Puritan1. Puritan
Puritan’s belief
Like their counterparts in Britain they were extreme Calvinistic Protestants who viewed the Reformation as a victory of true Christianity over Roman Catholicism. They believed that the Universe was God- centered, and that man, inherently sinful and corrupt, rescued from damnation only by arbitrary divine grace, was duty-bound to do God's will, which he could understand best by studying the Bible and the universe which God had created and which he controlled.
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2. Quaker2. Quaker
OriginOrigin
Religious Society of Friends: Religious Society of Friends:
Started in England around 1650, by many people, the Started in England around 1650, by many people, the most famous being George Fox. They in fact intended to start most famous being George Fox. They in fact intended to start a movement to unify the splintered Christian churches, rather a movement to unify the splintered Christian churches, rather than to start a separate sect. than to start a separate sect.
The term “Quaker”, originated in England in the mid 17th The term “Quaker”, originated in England in the mid 17th century, refers to a member of the Religious Society of century, refers to a member of the Religious Society of Friends. Friends.
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2. Quaker2. Quaker
Beliefs
““Quaker” rebelled against the rigid hierarchy in the Anglican Quaker” rebelled against the rigid hierarchy in the Anglican church, and met in homes or buildings, waiting upon God church, and met in homes or buildings, waiting upon God silently to make His presence felt and inwardly heard. Any silently to make His presence felt and inwardly heard. Any person could be called by God to rise and preach upon any person could be called by God to rise and preach upon any occasion of worship. occasion of worship.
They were, very family-oriented, far from being celibate. They They were, very family-oriented, far from being celibate. They also have historically not withdrawn from the world but have also have historically not withdrawn from the world but have been very active in the cause of social justice for the poor been very active in the cause of social justice for the poor and oppressed, education and humanitarian relief.and oppressed, education and humanitarian relief.
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2. Quaker2. Quaker
Two reputed origins of the Quaker:
he first refers to people "quaking" or trembling when feeling moved by the Holy Spirit to speak in Meetings for Worship.
The other is: George Fox was arrested in Derby in October 1650 and charged with blasphemy. George Fox was questioned intermittently over an eight hour period, during which at one point George Fox told the magistrates who tried him "Tremble at the word of the Lord". It was Justice Bennett who coined the name "Quakers" for the followers of George Fox
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2. Quaker2. Quaker
Rules of the Quaker:
simplicity, financial responsibility, work ethic, belief in the perfectibility of humankind
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Part ThreePart Three
Word Study
Phrases and Expressions
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
pompous
reprimand
snoop
speculative
stifle
confess
claim
convention
crusade
fuss
LIST
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
1. confess
v. to admit
Examples:
After three hours of interrogation, he confessed everything.
Simpson has confessed to taking the money.
Years later Luke confessed to friends that he really fancied me.
Word formation
n. confession
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
2. claim
v. a. to demand recognition that one has
the right to sth.
b. to assert, say sth. is a fact
Examples:
He claimed to be the owner of the land.
He claimed to be the best tennis player in the school.
More examples
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
n. a. a statement that you have the legal right
to sth.
b. an official request for money that you
believe you have a right to
c. a right to someone’s attention, love etc.
Examples:
Did anyone make a claim to this bike?
a claim for Social Security benefits
You’ve no claim on my sympathies.
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
3. convention
n. a. generally accepted practice, esp. with
regard to social behavior and attitudes
b. a formal agreement between
governments of different countries
c. a meeting for people who belong to the
same profession or organizationExamples:
The hand shake is a social convention.
the European convention on human rights
a teacher’s convention
Word formation
a. conventional
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
4. crusade
n. a struggle for the advancement of an
idea, a principle, etc.
v. to work hard for a long time to achieve
sth. that you strongly believe is morally
right
Examples:
a crusade for equal rights
a crusade against government corruption
They’re crusading against child abuse.Crusade
宗教战争;(十一至十三世纪的)十字军
东征
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
5. fussn. needlessly nervous or useless activity
v. to give too much attention to small,
unimportant matters
Examples:
What is all the fuss about?
I spent days fussing about the travel
arrangements.
More examples
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
[ 美俚 ] 起哄,骚乱
对某人过分关心, 大肆吹捧某人
小题大做
瞎忙得团团转
make/kick up a fuss
make a fuss of/over someone
make a great fuss about nothing
fuss up and down
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
6. pompous
adj. trying to make people think you are
important, especially by speaking or
behaving in a very serious and formal
way
Example:
The principal gave a very pompous speech about “the portals of learning”.
Word formation
adv. pompously
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
7. reprimand
v. to tell someone officially that sth. they have done is very wrong
Examples:
The military court reprimanded him for failing to do
his duty.
He was reprimanded for playing truant.
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
8. snoop
v. to secretly try to get information that
someone would not want you to have
n. someone who tries to get secret information
about others
Examples:
She’s been snooping round asking questions.
I hear they use detectives to snoop on employees.
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
9. speculative
a. a. based on guesses or on a little
information, not on facts
b. bought or done in the hope of
making a profit later
Examples:
These figures are, at best, speculative.
speculative investment
We can only speculate on the reasons for his sudden
resignation.
Word formation
n. speculationv. speculate
adv. speculatively
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1. Word Study1. Word Study
10. stifle
v. a. to stop someone from breathing
b. to stop sth. from developing normally
c. to stop a feeling from being expressed
Examples:
He was almost stifled by the fumes.
Businesses are being stifled by a lot of new laws.
He stifled the urge to scream.
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
LIST
1. ways
2. under cover
3. put someone on one’s honor
4. go off with someone/sth.
5. for certain
6. behave oneself
7. go one’s separate
8. in some/large meas
9. open one’s eyes to
10. hang around one’s neck
11. go through with
12. beat about/around the
bush
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
1. behave oneself
a. to conduct (oneself) properly
b. to conduct (oneself) in a specified way
Examples:
The children do not know how to behave themselves decently.
The witness behaved herself with great calmness.
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
2. go one’s separate ways
to end a relationship with a partner and
decide to live or work apart
Example:
The members of the band have decided to go their
separated ways.
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
3. under cover
pretending to be someone else in order
to find out secret information
Example:
Working under cover is one of the most dangerous
types of police work.
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
4. put someone on one’s honor
to count on one’s promise
Example:
The father put the boys on their honor not to
smoke in the dorm.
Chinese
靠靠 ············ 的自觉的自觉
“ honor” phrases
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
cf.
His contributions do honor to his university.
The city built up a monument in honor of him (in his honor).
I promise on my honor never to do such a thing again/ that it won’t be done.
给给 ············ 带来荣誉带来荣誉
为了(纪念或表为了(纪念或表
敬意而举行活动)敬意而举行活动)
以人格担保以人格担保
Translation
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
5. go off with someone/sth.
a. to start a new relationship with someone
after leaving the person you were previously
having a relationship with
b. to leave with sth. that belongs to someone
else
Examples:
Apparently he’s gone off with someone he met at a conference last year.
Someone’s gone off with my coffee cup. Translation
1. 私奔
2. 拿走
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
6. for certain
without doubt; definitely
Example:
I think I met her in 2003, but I can’t say for
certain.
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
7. in some/large measure
to some/large degree
Example:
Drunkenness and carelessness are in large
measure responsible for automobile
accidents.
“ measure” phrases
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
cf.
The pride he felt is
beyond measure.
They returned our hospitality
in full measure.
She seems to have got the
measure of the champion.
非常大,极其
全部地(回报所受
之物)
估量某人的能力,
掂某人的分量
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
8. open one’s eyes to
to make someone realize the truth about a situation
Examples:
He refused to open his eyes to the truth.
It was this accident that opened my eyes to her true
character.
“ eye” phrases
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
cf.
be all eyes
catch sb.’s eyes
look sb. in the eye
make eyes at sb./ give sb. the eye
with one’s eyes closed/ shut
close/shut one’s eyes to sth.
全神贯注地
引起某人注意
直视某人
眉目传情
轻而易举地
不理会某事
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
9. hang around one’s neck
to be your unpleasant responsibility or burden
Example:
All the problems about the project are hanging around my neck.
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
10. go through with
to do sth. you had promised or planed to do, even though it causes problems or you are no longer sure you want to do it
Example:
I can’t believe that he went through with the divorce.
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2. Phrases and Expressions2. Phrases and Expressions
11. beat about/around the bush
to spend a long time getting to the
main point of what you are saying,
especially because it is embarrassing
Example:
Stop beating around the bush and tell me the truth.
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Part FourPart Four
General Analysis
Have you got the key elements in the story?
Plot of the play1
2
3
4
Setting of the play
Protagonists of the play
Theme of the play
Conflicts of the play5
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Plot: The conflict between Mrs. Kent and Eve and
the fight of two men over Mrs. Kent with a
happy ending.
Setting: A living room of an American middle-class
family, at the end of 1930s.
Protagonists: Mrs. Kent, Mr. Kent, Eve Kent, and
Professor Charles Waring.
Theme: People usually value more what they
don’t have or what they are about to lose
forever.
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Conflicts: Chief conflict: between the mother who wanted to stick to the traditional way of life and the daughter who yearned for change and freedom, especially, as is often the case, in love and marriage. This conflict of course is not new. We can easily recall many similar stories from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet to famous love stories in our own culture. What is unusual was the way the conflict was resolved. It was resolved in a melodramatic way by a psychologist.
Minor conflict: the fight over Mrs. Kent between Mt. Kent, her husband, and the psychologist, who pretended to be her long-lost first husband coming back to claim her. It was interesting that the resolution of the first occurred at the same time when the second conflict was resolved. So the play ended in happiness for everybody.
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Structure
Part 1 (Paras. 1— 12 ):
Part 2 (Paras. 13—31 ):
Part 3 (Paras. 32—52 ):
Introduction of a middle-class family in America.
The conflict between Mrs. Kent and Eve Kent.
The visit of Professor Waring and his plan.
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Part FivePart Five
DD
BB
CC
AASentences Paragraph
Detailed Discussion
Writing Devices
Grammar
Contents
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Sentence Paraphrase 1Sentence Paraphrase 1
• Well, he gave his mother a new coat last
Christmas—but he wouldn't think of givin’ me
anything so personal-like. (Para. 6)
Personal gifts are more private and intimate. They are only for special people.
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Sentence Paraphrase 2Sentence Paraphrase 2
• I wouldn’t go out with him, unless he was—not when
I’m working for you. (Para. 10)
I wouldn’t go out with him unless he was a
decent guy. I wouldn’t do that so long as I’m
working for you because I don’t want to
bring shame to such a respectable family.
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Sentence Paraphrase 3Sentence Paraphrase 3
•Why, her mother wouldn’t have dreamed of marrying her
father, it would simply have seemed childish to her! (Para.
15)
would +have done
probability of a past action
Her mother probably didn’t think of marrying her father at home or in the church. This social convention was silly and childish for them.
More examples
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Sentence Paraphrase 4Sentence Paraphrase 4
That’s the whole trouble, our stupid, small-town way of
doing things, always under cover. (Para. 21)
being hidden or protected
That is the problem of our way of life. People in our small town are usually ill-informed, narrow-minded, and ridiculously conservative, and always like to cover things up.
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Sentence Paraphrase 5Sentence Paraphrase 5
Of course we’re putting you and Dad on your honor,
Mother. We don’t expect you to be so childish as to lock
me up in my room, call the police, or anything so naive as
that! (Para. 23)
to count your promise
so… as to
Of course we are counting on our promise not to do anything stupid like trying to lock me in my room or call the police.
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Sentence Paraphrase 6Sentence Paraphrase 6
Yes, I thought, I was happy ideally so—but, oh, Charles, it
was a fool’s paradise! (Para. 39)
to feel happy and satisfied, and believe there are no problems,
when in fact this is not true
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Sentence Paraphrase 7Sentence Paraphrase 7
And the final uncertainty as to just where he was buried?
(Para. 46)
concerning, about, with regard to
With regard to the place where he was buried, we didn’t find out for sure in the end.
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Sentence Paraphrase 8Sentence Paraphrase 8
Partially recovering, I wandered all over the world,
hunting some clue to my identity—hoping to establish
some connection with my past. (Para. 50)
the act of conducting a search for something
When I got a little better, I began to go from
one country to another, trying to find out who
I was and to get back my lost memory.
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Sentence Paraphrase 9Sentence Paraphrase 9
Finally, one night, I had a shock, it all came back—my
former life—and I am here to claim you, Bessie! (Para. 50)
You have the right to take away something because it
belongs to you.
Finally, one night, suddenly the memory all came back, and I come here to take you away.
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Sentence Paraphrase 10Sentence Paraphrase 10
I can think of worse things than that, Bessie. (Para. 52)
understatement
That would not be such a terrible thing at all.
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Detailed DiscussionDetailed Discussion
Question: What kind of family do you think it is from the introduction of setting at the beginning?
It is a typical American middle–class family in the
1930s. The husband is breadwinner of the family.
The wife stays home, taking care of family and
doing handiwork such as sewing which is taken as
natural and respectable pastime.
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Detailed DiscussionDetailed Discussion
Question: From the dialogues between Mrs. Kent and Thelma, what are the important values that Mrs. Kent holds?
Mrs. Kent was conservative and conventional
for she wanted Thelma to go out with a decent
guy and to behave herself at the party. She
always wanted to keep a respectable front and
couldn’t afford to lose face for any improper
behaviors of her maid.
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Detailed DiscussionDetailed Discussion
You’ve no idea how primitive we are—how simple, how bourgeois!
Question: What did Eve mean?
Eve accused the old of being old-fashioned,
conservative, narrow-minded and primitive. She
thought people in her town were too interested
in property and social status, and were having a
vain, vulgar and hypocritical life which she
wan’t going to lead.
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Detailed DiscussionDetailed Discussion
Question: What effect did Eve’s words on Mrs. Kent when she said “it was a fool’s paradise”?
With time passing, the old lady was dying; at the
meantime, with the inspiration of the friendship,
the boy was developing into an confident and
open-minded boy and no longer afraid of having
new friends.
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Detailed DiscussionDetailed Discussion
Yes, I thought, I was happy, ideally so—but, oh, Charles, it was a fool’s paradise!
Question: Why did Mrs. Kent say she lived in “a fool’s paradise”?
Eve’s words took effect on Mrs. Kent. She began
to think about whether her marriage was happy or
not and whether her husband loved her or not.
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Detailed DiscussionDetailed Discussion
I feel absolutely wicked. (delighted) (Goes up to mirror, pulls her hair our in a softer fashion, readjust her dress.)
Question: Why did Mrs. Kent feel delighted?
After hearing Professor Waring’s suggestion,
Mrs. Kent thought it’s feasible and felt she was
still attractive. She was delighted and even paid
more attention to her appearance.
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Detailed DiscussionDetailed Discussion
No, on the contrary, a most interesting and worthwhile evening—(Smiles) psychologically speaking!
Question: What did Professor Waring mean?
We could say that it was Professor Waring who have designed an interesting psychological experiment, put it into reality and proved his point of view. It was not only a research, but also has helped the family solve the problem, so it was “a most interesting and worthwhile evening”.
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Writing DevicesWriting Devices
Classic Unities (Three Unities)
The unity of time: A play should represent an action that takes approximately the same amount of time as the play; years should not pass during the hours a play takes.
2. The unity of place: A play should cover a single physical space and should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent more than one place.
3. The unity of action: A play should have one main action that it follows, with no or few subplots.
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Writing DevicesWriting Devices
The play is an example of three unities.
The unity of time: Later afternoon.
The unity of place: The living room of the family.
3. The unity of action: Mrs. Kent tried to prevent her daughter from going away and got to know whether her hausband still loved her.
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Writing DevicesWriting Devices
Understatement
I can think of worse things than that, Bessie. (Para. 52)
understatement
Understatement is used to make something appear smaller or less important than it really is. It can be used to entertain or to reduce the importance of the truth.
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Writing DevicesWriting Devices
She was not without ambition.
Compare “quite ambitious”
The boy was undoubtedly a difficult pupil, for he had a strong independent mind and was impatient of accepted rules and conventions.
Compare “hated/disliked” with “was impatient of”
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Writing DevicesWriting Devices
“It does seem a bit damp in here,” said Mark as the water
soaked through his shoes.
I have never been mugged or physically molested in any way, possibly because my large build does not make me an ideal prospect for a hoodlum.
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Grammar--Grammar--Adverbial Clause of Adverbial Clause of ConditionCondition
Examples:
If it works out, if we decide on a permanent marriage, we’ll come back and be married at home.
He probably wouldn’t even care if you went off with another man.
real condition (indicative mood)
unreal condition (subjunctive mood)
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Grammar--Grammar--Adverbial Clause of Adverbial Clause of ConditionCondition
Once, if a nation had twelve battleships it was a Great Power, and we could only obey.
Suppose we are late, what will he say?
In the event that our team wins, there will be a celebration.
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Grammar--Grammar--Adverbial Clause of Adverbial Clause of ConditionCondition
If you had been black we probably wouldn’t even have met.
If you lived there for a while, you’d change you mind about her place.
If we left now, we should arrive in good time.
BEA Confidential. | 78
Part SixPart Six
I. Exercises in the TextbookI. Exercises in the Textbook
II. Oral Work—Group DiscussionII. Oral Work—Group Discussion
What was the experiment the psychologist was
trying to make? Was he happy with the result of
the play?
Some young people in our country have also
been talking about, even practicing
cohabitation. They think this is cool, a
revolution. Give your views about this. Think of
some positive ideas and some negative ideas.
Do you favor the idea of “experimental
marriage”? Why or why not ?
Thank you!