lesson 62. the alphabet. - chitrapur 17 level... · lesson 62. the alphabet. - a) evolution of...

Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme – Level 1, Month 17, Lesson 62-64

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Lesson 62. The Alphabet. वण ��-�िवचारः

�A) Evolution of Sound.

As sadhaka-s, let us introduce ourselves to the world of sounds.... श�ूप�� |The

cause of the world of things.... अथ �ू प� .... is परम�ेर�| In the context of sound,परम�ेर�is�श�ॄ�न ्� | The entire world is said to be born of श�� ... श�ूाभव�| Evolution is the

result of the self movement ��न of Shiva-Shakti. The line of evolution is from the

subtle to the gross. There are five stages to the emanation of sound.

1. The first is परा which is absolutely supreme and subtle. This can best be described

as the storehouse from which inspirations would first emerge.

2. The second is पँय�ी�which is less subtle but is still undifferentiated. This would

be the inspiration that would eventually give rise to a thought or an idea.

3. The third is म!मा� which is grosser and undifferentiated, though not articulate.

This is actual thought process which goes into concretizing the idea.... a plan of

action.

4. Articulate sound is called वखैरी�which further takes two forms: subtle and gross. It

is from that that all the letters वण �, words पद�and sentences वा%�are manifested. The

subtle forms of these letters are the mantras. The gross takes the form of the

language we use.

वण �ः�is that form of sound which cannot be broken up further into smaller parts. It is

therefore also called अ&रम ्�|�न�&रित�इित�अ&रम ्�|�नाद�or )िन�....sound .....can never be

destroyed. That अ&रम ्, when it is in a written form is called the वण �ः�|�Over a period

of time both words have now become interchangeable.

अ&र�-s, when put together to intelligently express thoughts and feelings is called the

पद� | A group of पद� s form a वा%� ; and वा%� s put together so that another may

understand what one wishes to express, then becomes language भाषा�|The Sanskrit

script, is called दवेनागरी�|

B) वणा �ः



Let's go over the list of वणा �ः�again. The divisions that you see below have been made

by Panini and described in his 'Ashtadhyayi.' We need to study this so that we are

better able to understand how Panini worked at his grammar.

,राः

अ� ,इ� ,उ� ,ऋ� , लृ� (॑,,राः) are pronounced in one matra ( a measure of time almost

equal to one second )

आ�,ई�, ऊ,�ॠ,�ॡ , ए�,�ऐ�,�ओ�,�औ�(दीघ �,राः) are pronounced in two matras

अ३� ,� इ३� ,� उ३� ,� ऋ� ३� ,लृ३� ,� ए३� ,� ऐ३� ,� ओ३� ,� औ३� (?तु,राः).... used when calling out to

someone and take more than two matras to be pronounced.

अयोगवाहाः so named by Panini.

अ�ं (अन,ुार)

अः (िवसग �ः) (I've spent about a trillion hours trying to find a symbol that looks like two smilies

put together, one on top of the other, the top looking like a smile and the one below

looking like a frown in the place of the visargas for the four alphabets listed below.

Sorry. Don't have the software to create an image even. But I'm sure you'll be able

to figure out what I mean. If any of you has; and can create an image, please will you

send it to me at 'Queries' so that I may replace these four visargas with those? )

: क� : ख (िजGामलूीयः) : प� : फ�(उपJानीयः)

KLनािन

वगMयKLनािन

1 2 3 4 5

कु�इित�पािणिनः (कवग �) क ् ख ् ग ् घ ् ङ ्

च�ुइित�पािणिनः (च�वग �) च ् छ ् ज ् झ ् ञ ् टु�इित�पािणिनः (ट�वग �) ट ् ठ ् ड ् ढ ् ण ् त�ु�इित�पािणिनः (तवग �) त ् थ ् द ् ध ् न ् प�ुइित�पािणिनः (पवग �) प ् फ ् ब ् भ ् म ्



(Secret revealed: It is good to remember the above 25 KLनािन column-wise too. For

example क�्च ्�ट�्त ्�प ् etc. )

अवगMयKLनािन

य ्,�र,्�ल,्�व ्�(अ�Yाः) श ्,�ष ्,�स ्,�ह�्(उZाणः) ळ�्,�& ् ळ,्�& ्�and ॡ�are not included in Panini's work, who dealt with only the language in

use and not what is originally in the Vedas. But we shall keep them in anyway.... just

so that we do not forget them.

उ\ारणम ्�|

Your teacher will help you pronounce the ,राः,�अयोगवाहाः� and the KLनािन�|

I'll just supply a table that you can refer to. The beauty here is that this classification

works in various ways. It helps making and breaking sandhis, writing out words with

अननुािसक -s and understanding the relationships of each "family group" ... how one

letter can be substituted for another and ideas like that…. For example, you would

have often seen both तत ् and तद�् | It also helps us understand why Parama Pujya

Swamiji pronounces ]^कं�यजामह ेthe way He does.

वणा �ः उ_ि`Yानािन Yानजaवण�नामािन

अ�आ�अ३

क�ख�ग�घ�ङ

ह�िवसग ��(:)�&

कcठे कcdः

इ�ई�इ३

च�छ�ज�झ�ञ

य�श

ता तालKः

ऋ�ॠ�ऋ३

ट�ठ�ड�ढ�ण

र�ष�ळ

मधूा � मधू �aः



लृ�ॡ�लृ३

त�थ�द�ध�न

ल�स

द�ाः दfः

उ�ऊ�उ३

प�फ�ब�भ�म

उपJानीयः�(:प��:फ�) (actually� the two

smilies I've

mentioned earlier)

औjौ� औl�

ङ�ञ�ण�न�म नािसका�कcdािदः अननुािसक

ए�ऐ कcठताः कcठतालKः ओ�औ कcठोmम ् कcठोlः व द�ोjम ् द�ोl

िजGामलूीयः�(:�क��:�ख�) ( smilies again.)

िजGामलूीयम ् �िजGामलूीयः

अन,ुारः नािसका -

& is a वण �ः� that has been given a position of equal standing in the वण �माला in the

Vedas. Sanskrit grammar, whether modern or classical, visualizes it as क ् + ष ् and

you will therefore find it in the dictionary in the क ् section.

However, we have retained all the वणा �ः that are in the original वण �माला�|

This has an important effect on pronunciations.

Originally, the िवसग � was pronounced as the expulsion of breath.

Over the years, the pronunciation of the िवसग � has changed. It now carries forward

the sound of the letter just before it.

वण �ः� is pronounced वण �ह�, वणा �ः is pronounced वणा �हा�,�वणnः� is pronounced वणnिह

गoुः�is pronounced गoुp�and so on and so forth.��



When the िवसग �� is followed by a क,्� ख ्,� प ्� or a फ ् the िवसग � is forcefully expressed.

Going by this, if the िवसग ��were to be followed by & ् which, according to grammar a क ्

+ ष ्� the िवसग � should have been forcefully expressed. But it is not. In this case, the

िवसग ��does what it now does....it carries forward the sound of the letter just before

it.

C) Maheshwara Sutra-s.

माह�ेर�-�सऽूािण

महrषः�पािणिनः�सsृंतKाकरणt�ूधानाचाय �ः�|�पािणनःे�पवू �मिप��अनकेे�वयैाकरणाः�आसन ्�|�िक��ुतषेा�ंमvाः�अwx�ेअyाताः�अलzा{�|�ल|मानषे�ुमvषे�ुमहामनुःे�पािणनःे�मvः�ूाचीनतमः�|

पािणिनः� बा}काले� महाम�बिु~ः� आसीत ्� इित� मaत|े� बालकः� सः� िवwाज �नाय� कमिप� आचाय �म ्�उपाग�त ्�|�िक��ु�अिचरं�सः�आचाय �गहृात ्�िन�ािसतः�अभवत ्�|�तने�अपमानने�अतीव�िखतः�पािणिनः अरcय�ंगxा�कठोरा�ं�तपtाम ्�अकरोत ्�|�तऽ�अa�ेकेचन�िस~पoुषाः�भगवतः�श�रt�उपासना�ंकुव �ि�� |� तषेा�ं सव�षा�ं तपtया� सतंmुः� महादवेः� आिवभू �य� सव�|ः� वरयाचनाय� अकथयत ्� |� ू�कंे� तप,ी�,कीय�ं मनोरथ�ं aवदेयत ्� |� सव�षा�ं मनोरथ�ं एकसाथ�� परूियत ु�ं मह�ेरः� चतदु �शवारं� डमoम ्� अवादयत ्� |��पािणिनः�चतदु �शवारं�डमoनाद�ं�xा�चतदु �श�सऽूािण�अरचयत ्�|�ू�केनादः�अ�इ�उ�ण ्�इ�ािद�सऽु�पणे�तt�कण �कुहरं�ूिवmः�|�तािन�सऽूािण�माह�ेर-सऽूािण�क��े|�एतािन�सऽूािण�Kाकरणt�आिदसऽूािण�मa��े|

1. अ�इ�उ�ण ् 2. ऋ�लृ�क ्

3. ए�ओ�ङ ्

4. ऐ�औ�च ् 5. ह�य�व�र�ट ्

6. ल�ण ् 7. ञ�म�ङ�ण�न�म ् 8. झ�भ�ञ ्



9. घ�ढ�ध�ष ् 10. ज�ब�ग�ड�द�श ् 11. ख�फ�छ�ठ�थ�च�ट�त�व ् 12. क�प�य ् 13. श�ष�स�र ् 14. ह�ल ्

Panini has based his entire grammatical work on these sutras. To avoid a detailed

recital of the letters, he used what is called the ू�ाहार| It is very much what you

would see advertised in a shop window " A-Z available here." Rather than list what

he has, the shopkeeper, in his A-Z, has conveyed the fact that he stores all that you

need.

Similarly, when Panini wished to list only the ,राः , he just said अच ्� and no more.

Look at the sutras again. Which sutra has the�अ ? The first. Which sutra ends in च ् ?

The fourth. Ignore every वण � with the हल� . They are called इत ्� वणा �ः�and are only

indicatory letters which disappear the minute the purpose of indication has been

fulfilled.

List all the letters that are in the four sutras and hey presto, you have a list of all the

,राः�|

Let's take another example. �झश ्�would be a�वण � in the 3rd and 4th column. Gottitt??

The peculiarity of the ू�ाहार�s is that they can start from any वण �| They may begin

with a वण �� coming from the middle of the group, but they must end with an इत ्�वण �ः�|

Panini then worked on 41 such ू�ाहार s in his अmा!ायी�|�ण ्�comes twice as an इत ्�वण �ः�| Whenever you have to choose the first, (1) will be written against the ू�ाहार� |

Whenever you have to choose the second, (2) will be written against that ू�ाहार�|

Shall we try work with ू�ाहार�s as a home assignment? Please refer to Lesson 62 A.



D) गणु,�विृ~,�दीघ �,�स�सारण changes.

You would have heard of स�ुरम ् and it's relative सौ�य �म ्�| It is apparent that the उ

and औ are connected. What has happened here is a विृ~� | . It is often difficult to

remember these terms…. गणु,�विृ~,�दीघ �,�स�सारण | So here is a list you can refer to

when foxed by sandhis. The idea is to see the correlation amongst alphabets.

,र अ

आ

इ

ई

उ

ऊ

ऋ

ॠ

लृ ए ऐ ओ औ

� � � � � � � � �

दीघ � आ ई ऊ ॠ - - - - -

गणु अ ए ओ अर ् अल ् ए - ओ -

विृ~ आ ऐ औ आर ् आल ् ऐ ऐ औ औ

यण ् - य ् व ् र ् आल ्

अयािद अय ् आय ् अव ् आव ्

स�सारण य ्

�

इ

व ्

�

उ

र ्�

ऋ

ल ्�

लृ



Lesson 62 A B- Exercises with the Maheshwara-Sutrani

Worksheets

List all the वणा �ः in the ू�ाहार�s below.

1. अण ्� (1)

2. अक ्

3. इक ्

4. उक ्

5. एङ ्

6. अच ्

7. इच ्

8. एच ्

9. ऐच ्

10. अट ्

11. अण ्�(2)

12. इण ्

13. यण ्

14. अम ्

15. यम ्

16. ञम ्

17. ङम ्

18. यञ ्

19. झष ्

20. अश ्



21. हश ्

22. वश ्

23. जश ्

24. झश ्

25. बश ्

26. छव ्

27. यय ्

28. मय ्

29. खय ्

30. चय ्

31. यर ्

32. झर ्

33. खर ्

34. चर ्

35. शर ्

36. अल ्

37. हल ्

38. वल ्

39. रल ्

40. झल ्

41. शल ्

You do not need answers for this worksheet, do you? That's why the lesson is

named 62 A B.



Lesson 63 KLन�-�सि�ः Vyanjana Sandhi.

"Sandhi's not my cuppatea," was my refrain…. till I realized that a sandhi was exactly

what I had done with both, 'Sandhi is' and a 'cup-pa-tea.'

Okay…. so if it is such a common thing in speech, couldai find egzamples a plenty?

Butsurely you betcha bottondollar I could! Not only in English but in every language

as well. Just have a look at this….Shuddup = Shut up. ( Vocabulary of the Younger

Generation, not mine.) An example of झला�ंजशोऽ��े|

It's just that us Indians love to study and have therefore made a science of

something as natural as sandhi. What happens is that a student who studies the

science first becomes quite dizzy with all the information, so I have here tried to

provide the smelling salts.

It's not so bad….. I've survived and so will you. Let's tagjust one stepatatime.

To make KLन�-�सि�ः easy to memorize and recall at a later date, let's go over how

the consonants are classified again.

क ् ख ् ग ् घ ् ङ ्

च ् छ ् ज ् झ ् ञ ् ट ् ठ ् ड ् ढ ् ण ् त ् थ ् द ् ध ् न ् प ् फ ् ब ् भ ् म ्

य ् र ् ल ् व ्

श ् ष ् स ् ह ्

The shaded consonants are the कठोर�-�KLनािन�| The hard consonants.

The rest are मृ�-�KLनािन�| The soft consonants.



Please note that for our grammar study, we will work with the consonants specified

by Panini. Make sure that you are familiar with lesson 62. It will help you

tremendously.

Sandhi is a vast topic of study. Rather than do the whole lot, it seems practical to

just go over a few. (To give you an idea, we categorized sandhis into 40 sections of

which we plan to do just 9). The table given below gives you examples of the ones

you will see most often. Use it as a guide while you are studying specific details of

the sandhis given after the table on page 8 of this lesson. There are plenty of

examples, especially from the Bhagavad Gita, for you to work with.

KLन�-�सि�ः काय �म ् उदाहरणम ् Name of the

sandhi

Effect Example

1 {xु

a (�ोः�{नुा�{ःु�) स ् /त ु in close

proximity

with श ्�/च ु

श ् च ु(यथास�म ् ..respectively)

Concrete

examples… स ् च ् { ् मनस ् + चलित =

मन{लित�|

स ् श ् ँश ् रामस ् + शते े =

रामँशते े

त ् च ् \ ् सत ् + चिरऽम ् =

स\िरऽम ्�|

द ् ज ् � ् सत ् + जनः =

स�नः�|

न ् ज ् L ् शाrगन ् + जयः = शाrगLयः�|



b शँछोऽिट झय ् first four of

a वग �

followed by

श ् श ् optionally

converts into

छ ् if it is a त ् /

द ् converts

into च ्

concrete

examples… त ् श ् � ् ौीमत+्

श�राौमाः =

ौीम��राौमाः

2 mxु

mनुाmःु स/्त ु in close

proximity

with ष ् / टु

ष ् टु (यथास�म ् ..respectively)

concrete

examples

…

स ् ष � ् रामस ् + षjः =

रामषjः�|

स ् ट ् m ् रामस ् + टीकत े

= रामmीकत े

त ् � ट ् � ् तत ् + टीका =

त�ीका ष ् त ् m ् इषः + तः = इmः

ष ् त ् m ् कृष ् + तः = कृmः ष ् न ् � ् कृष ् + नः = कृ�ः



3 जशx

a झला�ंजशोऽ��े|

This generally

happens

between two

different

words.

झल ्( all the

consonants

minus the

अननुािसक�KLनािन,�य ्�र�्ल�् and व)्

any ,र�or a

मृ�KLन

corresponding

जश ्

Concrete

examples… क ्

ई गी वाक ् + ईशः =

वागीशः�|

च ् अ ज अच ् + अ�ः =�अज�ः

ट ् आ डा षट ् + आननः =

षडाननः�|

त ् आ दा एतत ् + आदाय =

एतदादाय

त ् ई दी जगत ्� + ईशः =

जगदीशः त ् ध ् ~ ् yानात ् + !ान=ं

yाना�ानम ्��|

b झला�ंजश ्�झिश�|

This generally

happens in the

middle of the

word.

झल ् ( all the

consonants

minus the


a मृ�KLन corresponding

जश ्

Concrete

examples… भ ् ध ् z ् लभ ् + धः =�

लzः



ध ् ध ् ~ बधु ् + िधः =

बिु~ः�|

4 चx�

खिर�च�|

झल ् ( all the

consonants

minus the


कठोर�KLन

corresponding

चर ् ( first five of

each वग �ः + श ्��ष ्�स ् )

Concrete

examples… द ् स ् � ् आपद ् + स ु =

आप� ु

द ् त ् ` ् छदे ्+ ता = छे̀ ा द ् त ् ` ् भदे ्+�ता= भे̀ ा

5 तोrल त ु ल ् तवग � is replaced

by ल ्

न ् ल ् न ् is replaced by

a nasal ल ्

concrete

examples… त ् ल ् ल ् दaैात + लोभः =

दaैा�ोभः न ् ल ् nasal ल ् ौ~ावान ् + लभत े

= ौ~ावा�ँभत|े

6 अननुािसकसि�ः



a यरो� ऽननुािसके�ऽननुािसको�वा��|

यर ् includes all

the consonants

excepting ह�् |

यर�्occurring at

the end of a पद

followed by

a nasal

(ञ ्,�म ्,�ङ,्�ण ्,�न ् )

Is replaced by

its own

corresponding

nasal,

optionally.

Concrete

examples… त ् म ् � ् बोधात +मोहः =

बोधा�ोहः

/बोधाद�्मोहः

b ू�य�े भाषाया�ंिन�म ्

यर ् ू�य ending

in म ्

is replaced by

its own

corresponding

nasal,

compulsorily

concrete

examples… द ् ू�याननुािसकः अननुािसकः िचद ् + मयम ् =

िच�यम ्

7

. अन,ुार

No need for a

tabular note.

All details at

the end of this

Sandhi chapter.

Reminders

… म ् व हिरम ्�+व� े=

ह�र�व� े

म ् प पाठम ्�+पठित =

पाठं�पठित

8 नँछKूशान ् न ् occurring

at the end of

a पद

followed by

a छव ्�(छ�्ठ�्थ ्�ट�्त ् ) and then

is replaced by



by an अम ् (,राः + ह�्य ्�व ्�र�् ल ् +

अननुािसकाः|

concrete

examples… न ् च/्छ ् श ्/ँश ्�ं तान ् + च�= ता{ँ

/ता{ं

न ् ट�्/ठ ् ष ्�ँ/��ष ् ं तान ् + ठ�ारान ् =ताjँ�ारान/्

ताjं�ारान ् न ् त ्�/�ध ् स ्�ँ/स ् ं अ�ान ् + तारय

= अ�ा�ँारय�/�अ�ा�ंारय

अपवादः ूशान ् This rule

does not apply

to ूशान ्

सि�ः�न�भवित� ूशान ्� + तनोित

= ूशान ्�तनोित

1) {xु�सि�ः a) (�ोः�{नुा�{ःु) स ् and a वण �� belonging to त,ु in close proximity with श ्�and a वण ��belonging to च�ुare

replaced by श ्�and a वण ��belonging to च�ु|

Whenever there is a combination of स ् or त ्�वग �� (त ्� ,�थ ्� ,� द�् ,�ध ्� ,�न ्� ) WITH (either

before or after) श ्�or with the चवग � (च ्�,�छ�्,�ज ्�,�झ ्�,�ञ ्� ) the�स ्� changes into श ्�and the

त�वग � changes into its corresponding च�वग �� (यथास�म ्�….that is respectively.) ,

मामात ् + चिलतः = मामा\िलतः�|

सद�् + जनः = स�नः तान ्� + जयित�=�ताLयित

Here are a few examples:



1. न�िह�ूपँयािम�ममापनwुा�- w�ोw�ोw�ोw�ोकम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�|

अवा �भमूावसप¡म~ृम ् रा¢�ंसरुाणामिप�चािधप�म ्��||�गी�०�२-८�||

ममापनwुा�-�w�ोw�ोw�ोw�ोकम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ् मम�अपनwुात ्�यत ्�शोकम ्�उत ्� -�शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ् ( To figure out why श ् has become छ ् ,

look at the next sandhi… शँछोऽिट�|)

2. yान�ंतऽेहं�सिवyानिमद�ंव¦ा§शषेतः�|

य¨ाxा�नहे�भयूोऽa¨ाय¨ाxा�नहे�भयूोऽa¨ाय¨ाxा�नहे�भयूोऽa¨ाय¨ाxा�नहे�भयूोऽa¨ातKतKतKतKममममविश©त�े||�गी�०�७-२�||

यत ्�yाxायत ्�yाxायत ्�yाxायत ्�yाxा�न�इह�भयूः�अaत ्�yातKम ्अaत ्�yातKम ्अaत ्�yातKम ्अaत ्�yातKम ्�अविश©त े

3. आ{या �_ँयित�कि{दने�- मा{य �व«दित�तथवै�चाaः�|

आ{य�व\नैमaःआ{य�व\नैमaःआ{य�व\नैमaःआ{य�व\नैमaः��णोित

�xा ने�ंवदे�न�चवै�कि{त ्�||�गी�०�२-२९�||

आ{य�व\�आ{य �व\�आ{य �व\�आ{य �व\�=�=�=�=�आ{य �वत ्�चआ{य �वत ्�चआ{य �वत ्�चआ{य �वत ्�च

4. ौयेो�िह�yानाम|ासा¨ानाyानाम|ासा¨ानाyानाम|ासा¨ानाyानाम|ासा¨ाना~ ्~ ्~ ्~्◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान�ंिविश©त�े|

!ाना¯म�फल�ाग°ागा�ाि�रननतरम ्�||�गी�०�१२-१२�||

अ|ासाअ|ासाअ|ासाअ|ासा¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~्◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान�ं�=�अ|ासात ्�yानात ्|ासात ्�yानात ्|ासात ्�yानात ्|ासात ्�yानात ्

b) शँछोऽिट�|

Fully stated, झयः�शः�छः�अिट�| Here, in this sutra, the झयः� is drawn from a previous

sutra. If झय ् (first four of a वग ��) is followed by श ्� then that श ्� is optionally replaced

by छ�्|

If the श ्� is followed by अट ् , then if the झय ्�वण � is a द ् , it will be converted into a ज ्�(�ोः�{नुा�{ःु) and then that ज ् is converted into a च ्� (खिर�च ....Refer to Sandhi No. 4 ).

If it is a त ् , then it is replaced by च ् (�ोः�{नुा�{ःु ) |



In त ु+ श ् , the त ुchanges to च ुand the श ् changes to छ�् OR remains श ्�|

ौीमत ् + श�राौमः�=�ौीम��राौमः�|

महत ्�+ शकटम ्�=�मह�कटम ्�|

1. न�िह�ूपँयािम�ममापनwुा�- w�ोw�ोw�ोw�ोकम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�|


ममापनwुा�-�w�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ् मम�अपनwुात ्�यत ्�शोयत ्�शोयत ्�शोयत ्�शोकम ्�उत ्�कम ्�उत ्�कम ्�उत ्�कम ्�उत ्�----��शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ्शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ्शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ्शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ् This could have been written as

ममापनwुा�-�w²शोकम²ुशोषणिमि�याणाम ्²शोकम²ुशोषणिमि�याणाम ्²शोकम²ुशोषणिमि�याणाम ्²शोकम²ुशोषणिमि�याणाम ्

2. ौयेो�िह�yानाम|ासा¨ाना�ान�ंिविश©त�े|


�ागा�ाि��=��ागात ्�शाि�

2) mxु�सि�ःmxु�सि�ःmxु�सि�ःmxु�सि�ः

mनुाmःुmनुाmःुmनुाmःुmनुाmःु

Fully stated, �ोः�mनुाmःु | Here, in this sutra, the �ोः� is drawn from a previous sutra.

स ् and a वण � belonging to त,ु in close proximity with ष ् and a वण � belonging टु are

replaced by ष ् and a वण � belonging to टु�|

Whenever there is a combination of स ् or त�वग ��(त ्�,�थ ्�,द�्,�ध ्�,�न ्� ) WITH ष ् or with the

ट� वग � (ट�् ,� ठ�् ,� ड�् ,� ढ�् ,� ण ्� ) the स ्� changes into ष ् and the त� वग �� changes into its

corresponding�ट�वग � |



रामस ् + षjः�=�राम�jः�|

इष ्��+��तः�=�इmः�|

िवष ्�+�नःु�=�िव�ःु�|

कृष ्��+�नः�=�कृ�ः�|

3) जशx�सि�ःजशx�सि�ःजशx�सि�ःजशx�सि�ः

a) झला�ंजशोऽ��े|

Fully stated, पदt�अ��ेझला�ंजशः�|

Whenever there is a combination of झल�् ( all the consonants {minus the

अननुािसकKLनािन�},�य ्�र�् �ल�्�and�व ्� ) WITH any ,र or a मृ�KLन, it changes into its

corresponding जश ्�( the third वण ��of each वग � ) , This happens only if the sandhi taking

place is between two different words. If the sandhi is in the word itself then झला�ंजश ्�झिश is followed. (Basically it is the same sandhi but given a different name.)

ह ् having the same place of utterance as क� वग �� (कcठ ) will be replaced with that

corresponding वण ��|

श ्� having the same place of utterance as च� वग �� (ता ) will be replaced with that


ष ्� having the same place of utterance as ट� वग � (मधूा � ) will be replaced with that


स ् having the same place of utterance as त� वग �� (द�ाः ) will be replaced by that


िदक�्+�अ^रः�=�िदग^रः�|

1.��न�िह�ूपँयािम�ममापनwुा�- w�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�|




ममापनwुापनwुापनwुापनwुाw�ोकम�ुोw�ोकम�ुोw�ोकम�ुोw�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�|

मम�अपनwुात ्�यत ्�शोकम ्�उत ्�शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ्�|

2. मन©ुाणा�ंसहॐषे�ुकि{wतितकि{wतितकि{wतितकि{wतित�िस~य�े|

यततामिप�िस~ाना�ंकि{�ा�ंविे`�तºतः�||गी�०�७-३||

कि{wतित�कि{wतित�कि{wतित�कि{wतित�=�=�=�=�कि{त ्�यतितकि{त ्�यतितकि{त ्�यतितकि{त ्�यतित

3. आ{या �_ँयित�कि{दने�कि{दने�कि{दने�कि{दने�---- मा{य �व«दितमा{य �व«दितमा{य �व«दितमा{य �व«दित�तथवै�चाaः�|

आ{य�व\नैमaः��णोित


कि{दनेम ्�कि{दनेम ्�कि{दनेम ्�कि{दनेम ्�=�=�=�=�कि{त ्��एनम ्कि{त ्��एनम ्कि{त ्��एनम ्कि{त ्��एनम ् आ{य�व«दित��आ{य �व«दित��आ{य �व«दित��आ{य �व«दित��=�=�=�=�आ{य �वत ्��वदितआ{य �वत ्��वदितआ{य �वत ्��वदितआ{य �वत ्��वदित

4. य¯रोिष�यद»ािस�य�हुोिषयद»ािस�य�हुोिषयद»ािस�य�हुोिषयद»ािस�य�हुोिष�ददािस�यत ्�|

य`पtिस�कौ�ये�त¯ुo¼�मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्�||गी�०�९-27||

यद»ािसयद»ािसयद»ािसयद»ािस��=�=�=�=�यत ्�अ»ािसयत ्�अ»ािसयत ्�अ»ािसयत ्�अ»ािस

य�हुोिषय�हुोिषय�हुोिषय�हुोिष��=�=�=�=�यत ्�जहुोिषयत ्�जहुोिषयत ्�जहुोिषयत ्�जहुोिष

मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ् = मत ्मत ्मत ्मत ् अप �णम ्अप �णम ्अप �णम ्अप �णम ्

5. ौयेो�िह�yानाम|ासा¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~्◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान�ंिविश©त�े|


¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~्◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान�ं��=�=�=�=�yानात ्��!ान ंyानात ्��!ान ंyानात ्��!ान ंyानात ्��!ान ं

b) झला�ंजश ्�झिश

Whenever there is a combination of झल ् (KLनम ्) WITH any झश ्� (मृK¿जनम ्� ) it

changes into its corresponding जश ्�( third consonant) , This generally happens in the

middle of the word.

बधु ्� + िधः� = बिु~ः�|

लभ ् + धः� = लzः



4) चx��सि�ःचx��सि�ःचx��सि�ःचx��सि�ः

खरी�च�|

Fully stated, खरी�पर�ेझला�ंचर�्| Here, in this sutra, the चर ् (first consonant of each वग �ः +

श ्�,�ष ्�,�स ्�) is drawn from a previous sutra.

Whenever there is a combination of झल ्WITH a कठोर�Kजन�, it changes into its corresponding चर�्|

आपद�्+�स�ु=�आप��ु|

1. आ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयित�कि{दने�- मा{य �व«दित�तथवै�चाaः�|

आ{य�व\नैमaः��णोित


आ{या �त ्� �आ{या �त ्� �आ{या �त ्� �आ{या �त ्� � +� �+� �+� �+� � पँयित� �पँयित� �पँयित� �पँयित� � =�=�=�=� आ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयित�� (त ्�त ्�त ्�त ्� does not get converted into द ् because it is

followed by a कठोरKLनम ्� )

2. य¯रोिषय¯रोिषय¯रोिषय¯रोिष�यद»ािस�य�हुोिष�ददािस�यत ्�|

य`पtिसय`पtिसय`पtिसय`पtिस�कौ�ये�त¯ुo¼त¯ुo¼त¯ुo¼त¯ुo¼�मदप �णम ्�||गी�०�९-27||

य¯रोिष��य¯रोिष��य¯रोिष��य¯रोिष��=�=�=�=�यत ्�करोिषयत ्�करोिषयत ्�करोिषयत ्�करोिष

य`पtिस��य`पtिस��य`पtिस��य`पtिस��=�=�=�=�यत ्�तपtिसयत ्�तपtिसयत ्�तपtिसयत ्�तपtिस

त¯ुo¼��त¯ुo¼��त¯ुo¼��त¯ुo¼��=�=�=�=�तत ्��कुo¼तत ्��कुo¼तत ्��कुo¼तत ्��कुo¼

3. ौयेो�िह�yानाम|ासा¨ाना~्◌ान�ंिविश©त�े|

!ाना¯म�फल�ा!ाना¯म�फल�ा!ाना¯म�फल�ा!ाना¯म�फल�ाग°ागा�ाि�रननतरम ्�||�गी�०�१२-१२�||

!ाना¯म�फल��!ाना¯म�फल��!ाना¯म�फल��!ाना¯म�फल��=��=��=��=��!ानात ्��कम �फल!ानात ्��कम �फल!ानात ्��कम �फल!ानात ्��कम �फल

5) तोrलतोrलतोrलतोrल

Fully stated, तोः�तोः�तोः�तोः�((((षÀ��त�ुषÀ��त�ुषÀ��त�ुषÀ��त�ु)�)�)�)�िल�िल�िल�िल�((((लकार�ेपर�ेलकार�ेपर�ेलकार�ेपर�ेलकार�ेपर�े)�)�)�)�परसवण �ः�परसवण �ः�परसवण �ः�परसवण �ः�||||



A consonant of तवग �� followed by ल�्�is replaced by one homogenous with the latter -

परसवण ��-� in this case�,�ल�्|

दaैा�ोभः�-�दaैात ्�लोभः�|

आॄ�भवुना�ोकाः�-�भवुनात ्��लोकाः�|

न ्�is replaced by a nasal ल�्|

ौ~ावा�ँभत�ेyानम ्��-�ौ~ावान ्�लभत�े|

1. मढू�जहीिह�धनागमत�ृा�ंकुo�सÁ�ु~�मनिस�िवत�ृाम ्��|

य�भसेय�भसेय�भसेय�भस�ेिनजकमÂपा`�ं,�िव`�ंतने�िवनोदय�िच`म ्��|�(भज�गोिव�म ्��-�२) य�भस�े�य�भस�े�य�भस�े�य�भस�े�=��=��=��=��यत ्��लभस ेयत ्��लभस ेयत ्��लभस ेयत ्��लभस े

6) अननुािसकसि�ःअननुािसकसि�ःअननुािसकसि�ःअननुािसकसि�ः

a) यरो�ऽननुािसके�ऽननुािसको�वा�|

Fully stated, पदा�t�यरः�अननुािसके�पर�ेअननुािसकः�वा�|

यर�् includes all the consonants excepting ह�्|

यर ् occurring at the end of a पद� followed by a nasal (ञ ्�,�म ्�,�ङ�्,�ण ्�,�न ्�) is replaced by

its own corresponding nasal, optionally.

बोधात�मोहः�=�बोधा�ोहः�/�बोधाद�्मोहः�|

एतत ्��म�े/�एतद�्म�े�=�एत��ेसशंय�ंकृ��|

िदक�्नागः�=�िदÃागः�/�िदÄागः�|

र�् remains as it is, it has no corresponding nasal.

पनुर�्मोहः�=�पनुमÂहः

1. य�ाÅोय�ाÅोय�ाÅोय�ाÅो�ि«जत�ेलोको�लोकाÅोलोकाÅोलोकाÅोलोकाÅोि«जत�ेच�यः�|

हषा �मष �भयो«गेमै ु�Æो�यः�स�च�म�ेिूयः�||�गी०�१२-१५�||

य�ाÅोय�ाÅोय�ाÅोय�ाÅो�=��य�ाय�ाय�ाय�ात ्त ्त ्त ्��नोनोनोनो लोकाÅोलोकाÅोलोकाÅोलोकाÅो �=�लोकालोकालोकालोकात ्�नोत ्�नोत ्�नोत ्�नो



b) ू�य�ेभाषाया�ंिन�म ्��||�(वाrतक�) The rule यरो�ऽननुािसके�ऽननुािसको�वा� is compulsory if the ू�य that is added ends in म ् िकयत ्�+�माऽम ्��=��िकय�ाऽम ्��- of little value.

7) अन,ुार�सि�ः�अन,ुार�सि�ः�अन,ुार�सि�ः�अन,ुार�सि�ः�||||

a) मोऽन,ुारः�|

Fully stated, मः�अन,ुारः�हिल�पर�े-� (हिल� is drawn from a previous सऽू ) - म ्�, at the end

of a पद is :

1 ) replaced by an अन,ुार� if it is followed by a consonant.

2) when it appears at the end of a पद�or at the end of a sentence, it remains as it is.

1. मढू�जहीिह�धनागमत�ृा�ंकुo�सÁ�ु~�मनिस�िवत�ृाम ्��|

य�भस�ेिनजकमÂपा`�ं,�िव`�ंतने�िवनोदय�िच`म ्��|�(भज�गोिव�म ्��-�२) 2. �क�तÈ��िकम!ाÉ�ं�क�कम�पoुषो`म��|

अिधभतू�ंच��क�ूोÆमिधदवै�ंिकमÊुत�े�||�(गी�०�८-१)

b) वा�पदा�t�|

At the end of a पद� , the अन,ुार can be replaced by an अननुािसक� वण �� which is

homogenous to the वण �� which follows it.

�क�करोिष�/�िक�रोिष�|�च�ं�पँयित�/�च�Ëँयित��|

c) न{ापदा�t�झिल��न{ापदा�t�झिल��न{ापदा�t�झिल��न{ापदा�t�झिल��||||

न ्� and म ्� not at the end of a पद� are replaced by an�अन,ुार�when followed by

झल�्-�यशािंस�|

d) अन,ुारt�यिय�परसवण �ः�अन,ुारt�यिय�परसवण �ः�अन,ुारt�यिय�परसवण �ः�अन,ुारt�यिय�परसवण �ः�||||



When अन,ुार� is followed by a यय ्� वण �� it is replaced by an अननुािसक which is

homogenous to the latter. प�जः�|�सि�तः�|�कcठः�|�का�ा�|

8) नँछKूशान ्नँछKूशान ्नँछKूशान ्नँछKूशान ्�| (Cracked it!!!! Here's why it is क��ि{त ्� and not कि�ि�त ्� !!!!) न ्� occurring at the end of a पद�is replaced by o� if followed by a छव ्� and then by an

अम ्�| This rule does not apply to ूशान ्� ( an avyaya meaning "tranquil") , ( Please

have a look at the table for clear examples.)

• अऽाननुािसकः�पवू �t�त�ुवा��|� The वण �� preceding o is optionally nasalised.

अननुािसका_रोऽ�न,ुारः�|

When it is not nasalised an अन,ुार�is added.

Thus

कि�न ्�िचत ्�� =�कि�र�्िचत ्��|�नँछKूशान ् �|

=�कÌ�र�्िचत ्�|� अऽाननुािसकः�पवू �t�त�ुवा or�� =�क��र�्िचत ्�|�अननुािसका_रोऽ�न,ुारः�|

This र ् is replaced by the िवसग ��and later by स ्�| Then the सि�ः rules are followed to

give either a कÌ�ि{त ्��|

or a क��ि{त ्��|

Similarly,�भवान ्��चरित��=��भवार�्�चरित

= भवारँ�्चरित�/�भवारं�्चरित�|

=�भवा{ँरित�/�भवा{ंरित��|

ूाणा°ंÏा�-�ूाणान ्��Ïा�||�गी�०�१-३३||

ूyावादा{ं��भाषस�े-�ूyावादान ्�च�||गी�०�२-११�||

But not in the case of ूशान ्��ितjित�|

1. अशोÊानÐशोचÑ�ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ं�भाषस�े|

गतासनूगतासू{ंनगतासू{ंनगतासू{ंनगतासू{ं�नानशुोचि��पिcडताः�||गी�०�२-११) ूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ं��=�ूyावादान ्�चूyावादान ्�चूyावादान ्�चूyावादान ्�च



अगतासू{ंअगतासू{ंअगतासू{ंअगतासू{ं��=�अगतासनू ्�चगतासनू ्�चगतासनू ्�चगतासनू ्�च

***

You may not require to know any more sandhis than the ones listed in this lesson. If

you do come across undecipherable ones, please write. We'll respond to individual

requests.



Lesson 64. Samasa Vichara. समास�-�िवचारः

A long long time ago, everything that needed to be passed from generation to

generation was done in the form of verse. Verse was the only means of ensuring

that knowledge was protected. It may have been years since we've left school, but

who has forgotten 'Jack and Jill'? Prose, on the other hand, has been relegated to

the back alleys of our mind.

In the midst of all this poetic creativity, a natural problem reared its head. Sanskrit is

the only language in the classical world which makes use of ू�य. The use of ू�य�s

helps every single word to have an identity and a meaning of its very own. But fitting

the word + ू�य� into a metre in verse form was a difficult task indeed. "What to

do?" asked a poet. "No problem! Let's create a shortcut," said another. And समास

came into being. समास� ,�स�म�स� was the original SMS… Short Message Service. Be

proud guys, we created it!!!!!!

I kid you not. There does exist such a verb: अहं�समtािम� does indeed mean 'I am

creating a synopsis…. or in our layman terms… a shortcut.'

समास� allows a person to string two words together to form one single word. And

"ishortcut ishtyle" the first word is written without an appropriate ू�य� | For

example instead of saying राyः�पऽुः��I'd say राजपऽुः�and still make complete sense.

Why does Devdas have to romance his love with a long drawn out, "You have such a

beautiful face just like the moon!" All he'd do is say " अिय�च�मिुख" Devdas too, by

the way, is a समास� word. दवेt�दासः�,दवेदासः�| The difference between a सि�ः�and a

समासः would be that in the former, two letters combine to form a single whole letter

or a conjoined letter( either in the middle of a word or between words) and in the

latter, words are placed side by side with the vibhakti between the words dropped

but with the सि�ः�occuring if required, to form a single word.

In a समासः, the सम�पद is the compound word… दवेदासः�|�िवमह is when you break it

up into its components….. दवेt�दासः�|



Naturally, it is with time that you will figure out in which combinations these work

out, for example दासदवेः would not be correct. And it is with time that you will figure

out which words can be made a समासः�of. For example, वनूाÓः�is allowed and NOT

वनूाÓवान ्� | Not to worry. In this case at least …Time will wait for the Sanskrit

enthusiast!

Note:

This lesson is to help you figure out what समास words mean whenever you come

across them in your course of reading. You also now have the wherewithal to form

your own combination words intelligently.

Another thing to remember is that people are all made differently. Many a time you

will find that someone may have formed a समास in one way and you may prefer

another. Both may be correct. So just relax and enjoy learning something new.

समास can be divided into 6 classes according to the sense that they convey when

dissolved.

«Ôौ�ि«गरुिप�चाहं�मÕहे�ेिन�मKयीभावः�|

त_oुष�कम�धारय�यनेाहं�tा�ंबpोीिहः||

For our convenience, I have divided them into 9 groups. I have been better able to

retain the information with a wider classification like that.

1. अKयीभाव�- A word which conveys a meaning, is a part of the समास which, after the

combination of the two words, becomes an अKय�| For example: add स ुto indicate _�सौभा×य� 'lots of goodness.'समुØलम ्��=�मØलाना�ंसमिृ~ः�lots of auspiciousness.

2. त_oुषः� In this समास, the second word of the समास� is given importance. For

example: दवेदासः��=�दवेt�दासः�| We are talking about the दासः�here and not the दवेः�|



3. कम�धारयः� In this समास, one word is an adjective of the other. If a त_oुषसमास has both

words in the same vibhakti, it is called a कम�धारयः | For example: �नीलो_लम ्� = नीलम ्�उ_लम ्��|

4. ि«गःु� In this समास�, which is a part of the कम�धारयः�the first word is a number; how

many in a collection of things. For example : प�वटी�=�प�ाना�ंवटाना�ंसमाहारः|

5. «Ôः� Be sure to look out for the च between words in the िवमहः�of this समासः�!!! For

example: हिरहरगरुवः�/�हिरगoुहराः��=��हिर{�हर{�गoु{�|

6. बpोीिहः When two words are put together to imply something totally different,

बpोीिहः� is what you see. For example: च�मौिलः� = च�ः�मौलौ�यt�सः�| Here, we are

neither giving importance to the moon or to the forehead but the Person who is

adorned so: Shiva.

7. अÚमासः� is not really a different समासः�| Whenever, two words are put together

and the िवभिÆ� of the first word remains intact, then समासः� takes place. Depending

on the समासः� itself, it can be any of the above समासः�| For example: �यिुधिjरः�=��यिुध�िYरः�|

8. नÛसमासः� is not really a different समासः� | Whenever you wish to convey 'the

absence' of something, this समासः� is used. For example: अिवÜः��=�न�िवÜः�|

9. उपपदसमासः� see how the noun is described here.. अभय�रः��=��अभय�ंकरोित�इित|

समासः� is a vast topic. Sorry, I made a mistake, a VAST TOPIC. We need to be

practical about such things. We can't handle it all at this stage. Let's go over a few

details to help us decode what we may most often come across. A tabular column

will help.

1. अKयीभावसमासः��|



You will recognize the अKयीभावसमासः� in words

1. Where the first part of the word is an अKय or a िनपात� (िनपाताः� are particles which

possess no gender and number and the case termination after which is dropped or

elided. For example चादयः�(च� and others) and ूादयः (ू and others)

2. The second part of the word is a noun (सÝा). 3. The combined word is an अKय�and is नप ु.ं�एकवचनम ्�|

4. The combined word सम�पदम ्� is different from the िवमहः� , because the अKय

conveys a� special meaning to the noun.

Addition of

अKय� to mean

सम�पदाम ् िवमहः

अिध� in, on अिधहिर हरौ�इित

उप� closeness उपकृ�म ् कृ�t�समीपम ् िनस ् or िनर ् absence

िनज �नम ् जनानाम ्�अभावः

अन�ु behind/

following

अनरुथम ् रथt�प{ात ्

ूित every ूितिदनम ् िदन�ंिदनम ् यथा� in that

manner

यथाशिÆ no spelling

error here. There is

no visarga. All these

words are अKय� s

remember?

शिÆमनितब§

स with/

resembling

सजनकम ् जनकेन�सह�/जनकt�साँयम ्

आ beyond /

upto

आिहमालयम ् आमिुÆ

आबालव~ृम ्

आ� िहमालयात ् (चीनदशेः) आ�मÆेुः�(�मिुÆ�तक�,��मिुÆ� के� पवू �� ) a life

span ( !! )



बिहः outside बिहमा �मम ् मामात ्�बिहः

अन�ु near/

towards

अनकूुलम ् towards the bank

ूित� a) away

from (opposite

of the meaning

in the above

row)

b) repetition

ूितकूलम ्

ूितिदनम ्

against the bank

िदन�ेिदन े

स�ु abundance,

prosperity

समुिम ् मिाणा�ंसमिृ~ः

र ् adversity,

poverty

य �वनम ् यवनाना�ंKिृ~ः

अित

destruction,

end of

अितिहमम ् िहमt�अ�यः

अित� inappropriate

अितिनिम ् िनिा�स�ित�न�य¢ुत े

इित� utterance

of sound

इित�हिर हिरश�t�ूकाशः

आ a) starting

from

b) uptil

a) आज�

b) आमरणम ् a) ज�नः�आर|

b) मरणपय ��म ्

2. त_oुषसमासः��|

त_oुषसमासः� is that समासः� wherein the first word-part's � िवभिÆ-ू�य� is dropped.

Depending on whichिवभिÆ-ू�य� that first part would have taken if broken into it's

िवमहः�, theत_oुषसमासः is given that particular name. For example: ि«तीयात_oुषः� |

Go over the short explanation ofत_oुषसमासःat the very beginning of this lesson.



Note: The word �त_oुषः� itself will help you remember what �समासः�this involves.तt�पoुषः = त_oुषः!!

सम�पदम ् िवमहः : ि«तीयात_oुषः शरणागतः शरणम ्�आगतः

ःखातीतः ःखम ्��अतीतः

कृ�ािौतः कृ�म ्��आिौतः मामूाÓः माम�ंूाÓः शोकपिततः शोकं��पिततः

मघेा��ः मघेम ्��अ��ः भयमापÅः भयम ्��आपÅः

मामगमी माम�ं�गमी अÅबभु&ुःु अÅ�ंबभु&ुःु

ततृीयात_oुषः बाणाहतः बाणने��आहतः

खáहतः खáने�आहतः िशवाऽातः िशवया�ऽातः

िशवऽातः िशवने�ऽातः िवwाहीनः िवwया�हीनः yानशaूः yानने�शaूः मातसृशः माऽा�सशः

िपऽतु}ुः िपऽा�त}ुः

हिरऽातः हिरणा��ऽातः

त¯ृतम ् तने�कृतम ् कािलदासरिचतम ् कािलदासने�रिचतम ् मासपवू �ः मासने�पवू �ः ॅातसृमः ॅाऽा�समः

धाaोनम ् धाaने�ऊनम ्



And that is the sole reason why you cannot have � दcडतेािडतवान ्� as a ततृीयात_oुषः�तािडतवान ्� is a Present active participle and doesn't fit with the rules stated above.

Instead, you may have a�दcडतािडतः� Gottit?

Note:

धाaिेवकलम ् धाaने�िवकलम ् वाãलहः वाचा�कलहः

आचारकुशलः आचारणे�कुशलः शक�रािमौम ् शक�रया��िमौम ् गडुयÆुम ् गडुने�यÆुम ् कु�नä&णम ् कु�नने�ä&णम ्

मासावरः मासने��अवरः

सम�पदम ् िवमहः चतथुMत_oुषः कुcडलिहरcयम ् कुcडलाय�िहरcयम ् यपुदाo यपुाय�दाo

कुåमिृ`का कुåाय�मिृ`का ि«जाथ �ः

for eg: सपूः ि«जाय�अयम ्

छाऽाथा � for eg: यवागःू

छाऽाय�इयम ्

िश�थ �म ् for eg: ×धम ्

िशशव�ेइदम ्

भतूबिलः भतू|ेो��बिलः

गोिहतम ् गव�ेिहतम ्



The compoundगoुदि&णा��cannot be separated intoगरुव�े�दि&णा�The�िवमहः�has to be गरुोः�दि&णा��|

सम�पदम ् िवमहः प�मीत_oुषः चोरभयम ् चोरात ्�भयम ् वकृभीितः वकृात ्�भीितः Kामभीतः Kायात ्��भीतः

अयशोभीः अयशसः�भीः मामिनग �तः मामात ्��िनग �तः

अधम�जगुçुःु अधमा �द�्जगुçुःु

,ग�पिततः ,गा�त ्�पिततः

पापमÆुः पापात ्�मÆुः Exceptions अि�कादागतः अि�कात ्� आगतः�

(अि�क) रादागतः रात ्�आगतः�(र) �ोका�Æुः �ोकात ्�मÆुः�(�ोक)

सम�पदम ् िवमहः षjीत_oुषः राजपoुषः राyः�पoुषः

दवेपजूकः दवेt�पजूकः ई�रभÆः ई�रt�भÆः दवेालयः दवेt�आलयः

सव�महान ् सव�षा�ं�मह`रः सव��तेः सव�षा�ं�तेतरः

Exceptions - अÅt� पाचकः� (अक��ू�यः)

- धनt�हता ��(तचृ ्��ू�यः) - जगतः� ॐmा (� तचृ ्��

ू�यः



सम�पदम ् िवमहः

ूािद��त_oुषः ूाचाय � ूगतः��आचाय �ः

ूिपतामहः ूगतः�िपतामहः

अितमया �दः अितबा�ः�मया �दम ्

ू�&ः ूितगतः�अ&म ् उ«लेः उÕतः�वलेाम ् िनगृ �हः िनग �तः�गहृात ्

- घटt� कता �� (� तचृ ्��ू�यः)

- ॄा�णt��कत �Kम ्� (तK�ू�य�)

- ॄा�णt�कृxा (अKय�) - राyा�ं�पिूजतः�(�Æ�ू�यः�

added to पजू ्�)

सÓमीत_oुषः वीणा�ूवीणः वीणाया�ं�ूवीणः वदेपिcडतः वदे�े�पिcडतः काKकुशलः काK�े��कुशलः शाéिनपणुः शाéषे�ु�िनपणुः काय �चपलः काय��चपलः

जललीनः जले�लीनः जलमÄः जले�मÄः

काय �चतरुः काय��चतरुः

Yालीपêः Yा}ा�ं�पêः



3.कम�धारयसमासः This one is really simple. Whenever two words, one which is an adjective of the

other, are combined, you have a कम�धारयसमासःSo you will have a combination of a

िवशषेणand a िवश©े� , an उपमान� and an उपमये�� |� Since one is a िवशषेण of the other,

naturally, when a�िवमहः� is formed, both the words will be in the same िवभिÆः��|

You may see the words च��असौ��,�इव�,�एव� in the��िवमहः� to reinforce the relationship

between the two words.

स�ु meaning "beautiful/ good" and�कु� (कुि�त�) meaning "bad" are added to words to

form a �कम �धारयसमासः��|

Note:

Why has this particular �समासः� been calledकम�धारय�? Simple.

Let's look at an example…नीलो_लम ्� � |� उ_लं� � नीलवण�� धारयित� � |नीलं� � becomes the

object in the sentence.

Similarly, �गoुदवेः�|�गoुः�दवेt��पद�ं�धारयित��|Alternatively it could be:दवेः�गरुोः��प�ंधारयित��

|�If you look at the examples in the tabular column, you'll begin to see how one of

the words "becomes" the object of the other.

Even if that may not be an authentic explanation, why must we reject it if it helps us

remember what the �कम �धारयसमासः��is?!!

कम�धारयसमासः सम�पदम ् िवमहः महादवेः महान ्�च�असौ�दवेः कृ�सप �ः कृ�ः�सप �ः नीलो_लम ् नीलम ्�उ_लम ् िदघ �र�ःु� दीघा ��र�ःु कुसमुकोमलम ् कुसमुम ्�इव�कोमलम ् च�मखुम ् च��इव�मखुम ्



4. ि«गसुमासः

समसः� with numbers!! Just the examples themselves will help you figure out what is

what!

� मखुपëम ् मखु�ंपëम ्�इव

मखुकमलम ् मखु�ंकमलम ्�इव

पoुष�सहः पoुषः��सहः�इव

कृ��तेः कृ�{��ते{�(both are

adjectives)

ìातानिुलÓः ìात{� अनिुलÓ{� (Æ�ू�या��िवशषेण�s)

चराचरम ् चर�� अच��(opposites)

गoुदवेः गoुः�एव�दवेः िवwाधनम ् िवwा�एव�धनम ् तपोधनम ् तपः�एव�धनम ् वदेसËत ् वदे�एव�सËत ् अयो!ानगिर अयो!ा�इित�नगरी आॆव&ृः आॆ�इित�व&ृः

कुपऽुः कुि�तः�पऽुः

कुमाता कुि�ता�माता

सपुoुषः शोभनः�पoुषः

सजुनः शोभनः�जनः

,ागतम ् शोभनम ्�आगतम ्



5. «Ôसमासः Just take a look at the examples. Easy.

. ि«गसुमासः सम�पदम ् िवमहः प�गवम ् प�ाना�ंगवा�ंसमाहारः प�पाऽम ् प�ाना�ंपाऽाणा�ंसमाहारः िऽभवुनम ् ऽयाणा�ं�भवुनाना�ं��समाहारः

चतयु ु�गम ् चतणुा��यगुाना�ं�समाहारः सÓाहः सÓानाम ्�अîा�ं�समाहारः नवराऽम ् /नवराऽी नवाना�ंराऽीणा�ंसमाहारः िऽलोकी ऽयाणा�ं लोकाना�ं

समाहारः(अकारा�-लोक� –केवलं�–िéिलØे�)

प�मलूी प�ानामंलुाना�ं समाहारः�(अकारा��–�मलू�–केवलं�–िéिलØे�)

प�वटी प�ाना�ं वटीना�ं � समाहारः�(अकारा��–�वट��–केवलं�–िéिलØे�)

शता�ी शतानाम ्� आ�ाना�ं�समाहारः

षcमातरुः षcणा�ंमाऽणूाम ्�अप�म ् «मैतरुः «योः�माऽोः�अप�म ् प�गवधनः प��गावः�धन�ंयt�सः प�खðी�/ �प�खðम ् प�ाना�ं � खðाना�ं समाहारः�

(आकारा��खðा�)



Between every word, be sure to add the च� . A compound of two words will be dual

and a compound of more than two will be in the plural. A point to be noted is that

words beginning with a vowel and words ending in��अकारा�� should come first.

समः_दम ् िवमहः

हिरहरौ हिर{� � हर{� (� इकारा�� words before

अकारा��) ईशकृ�ौ ईश{�कृ�{

अ�रथ�ेाः� /इ�ा�रथाः अ�{�रथ{�इ�{

िशवकेशवौ िशव{�केशव{

मीZवस�ौ मीZ{��वस�{

हमे�िशिशरवस�ाः हमे�{��िशिशर{�वस�{� मातािपतरौ माता�च�िपता�च

पािणपादम ् पािण�च�पादौ��च�एतषेा�ंसमाहारः रिथका�ारोहम ् रिथका{�अ�ारोहा{�एतषेा�ंसमाहारः

काकोकम ् काक{��उक{�अनयोः�समाहारः पऽुपौऽम ् पऽु{�पौऽ{�अनयोः�समाहारः दासीदासम ् दासी�च�दास{�अनयोः�समाहारः



एकाशषेः��a part of the «Ôसमासः

When similar things are put together and the entire compound is described by just

one of the words, either in the dual or plural,एकाशषेः� is seen.

सम�पदम ् िवमहः

व&ृौ व&ृ{��व&ृ{

िपतरौ माता�च�िपता�च

ॅातरौ ॅाता�च�,सा�च

पऽुौ पऽु{�िहता�च

हंसौ हंस{��हंसी�च

तौ सः�च�राम{

यौ सः�च�य{

भव�ः भव�{��भव�{

वयम ् ययू�ं�च�वय�ंच

रामौ राम{�राम{

6.बpोीिहः

Read our simple explanation again of this particular समासः� (given at the beginning

of the lesson) then let's move on. You'll find either both the words of theिवमहः�in the

same �िवभिÆः� or they may be in different िवभकितः�s.

Since we are talking about someone else altogether, you need to describe the

compound by adding a य�ं�सः�, यने��सः�, यtाः��सा� and the like.

In other cases you'll see compounds formed by a combination of �सहwith the ततृीया�िवभकितः��|



Note:

The word��बpोीिहः� itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In other words, a

wealthy man. A long time ago, parents would give their daughter in marriage to Mr. �बpोीिहः� who would have the capacity to look after their child well. It won't be

difficult now to connect this word to what the �समासः� implies.

सम�पदम ् िवमहः same िवभिÆ

ूÓोदकः ूाÓम ्��उदकं�य�ंसः�|

हतशऽःु� (राजा�) हता�शऽवः�यने�सः�|

कृतभोजनः कृत�ंभोजन�ंयने�सः�|

अधीतकाKा अधीत�ंकाK�ंयया�सा�|

धतृपóुा धतृािन��पóुािण�यया�सा�|

द�भोजनम ्� (�

िभ&कुः�)

द`�ंभोजन�ंय��ैसः�|

उ~तौदना��(Yाली�) उ~तः�ओदनः�यtाः�सा��|

पिततपण �ः�(व&ृः�) पिततािन�पणा �िन�य�ात ्��सः�|

गिलतपóुा�(लता) गिलतािन�पóुािण�यtाः�सा��|

oपवôाय � �पवती�भाया ��यt�सः�|

गØाभाय �ः गØा�भाया ��यt�सः

ढाभिÆः ढा�भिÆःयt�सः�|

similarly :

पीत^रः� ,दशाननः� ,

चतरुानन�,चतमु ु�खः,

पëयोिनः



वीरपoुषः (मामः�) वीरः�पoुषाः�यि�न ्�सः��|

DifferentिवभिÆःs.

गदापािणः गदा�पाणौ�यt�सः��|�

गडुकcठः गडुः�कcठे�यt�सः�|

भालच�ः भाले�च�ः�यt�सः�|

च�मौिलः च�ः�मौलौ�यt�सः�|

िवषकcठः िवष�ंकcठे�यt�सः�|

कcठेकालः कcठेकालः�यt�सः�|

With�सह सपऽुः�/सहपऽुः पऽुणे�सह�वत �त�ेइित

(पऽुणे��सिहतः� )

सकुटु^ः/सहकुटु^ः कुटु^ने�सह�वत �त�ेइित��|

सकम�कः कम�णा�सह�वत �त�ेइित��|

सलोमकः लोõा�सह�वत �त�ेइित��|

महायशsः�

/महायशाः

महत ्� यशः� यt� सः(कप ् is

added because no other

rule is applied to � यश ्� when forming the

compound)

उदा`मनsः उदा`�ं मनः� यt� सः� (कप ्� is

added because no other

rule is applied to � मनस ्� when forming the

compound)

कप ्� is also added

when the last

ई�रकत ु�कः ई�रः�कता �� यt�सः� (�ऋकारा��

प�ू.)



word is a

ऋकारा�� in any

gender, or is an

ईकारा�� or

उकारा�� éीिलØ� word

सशुीलमाऽकुः सशुीला� माता� यt� सः�

(ऋकारा�éी�.)

अÅधातकृः अÅ�ंधात�ृयt�सः�

(�ऋकारा�नप�ु.)

स�ुरवधकः स�ुरी� वध�ू यt� सः� (ऊकारा��

éी�.)

oपवöीकः �पवती� éी� यt� सः� (ईकारा��

éी�.)

7. अक�्�समासः��|

In cases where the िवभिÆः� remains in theसम�पदाम ्�अक�्�समासः�� is seen. It can be

any of the ones that we have studied in detail.

समः_दम ् िवमहः

यिुधिjरः यिुध�िYरः सÓमीत_oुषः

रादागतः रात ्�आगतः प�मीत_oुषः

दासीपऽुः दाtा�पऽुः षjीत_oुषः

गहेशेरूः गहेशेरूः सÓमीत_oुषः�

पर�पैदम ् पर��ैपदम ् चतथुMत_oुषः



आÉनपेदम ् आÉन�ेपदम ् चतथुMत_oुषः

कcठेकालः कcठे�कालः Kािधकरणबpोीिह

वनचेरः वन�ेचरः उपपदसमासः

8. नÛसमासः

Add an अ� if it is followed by a KLनम ्� and an अन� if followed by a ,रः�|

समः_दम ् िवमहः अथ �

अस�हेः न�स�हेः

अिवÜः न�िवÜः

अन�ः न��अ�ः

अनागमनम ् न�आगमनम ्

अिववादः न�िववादः

अपटुः न�पटुः

अनपुलिzः न�उपलिzः

अपvाः�/अपvम ् न�पvाः

अपऽुः अिवwमानः�पऽुः�यt�सः

अनप�ः अिवwमानः� अप��ं यt�

सः

अपऽुीकः अिवwमानःपऽुी�यt�सः

अूजाः अिवwमानःूजा�यt�सः

अमधेाः अिवwमानःमधेा��यt�सः

असहायः न�िवwत�ेसहायः�यt�सः



अनप�ा न� िवwत�े अप��ं यtाः�

सा

अनणृः न�अि��ऋण�ंयt�सः

9. उपपदसमासः

This is a _समासः�with �उपपदs. Here the word उपपद�stands for any noun.

सम�पदम ् िवमहः अथ �

कुåकारः कुå�ंकरोित�इित

िनशाकरः िनशा�ंकरोित�इित

त�ुपिरमजृः त�ु�ंपिरमाrm�इित

उ�भोजी उ��ंभ�ु÷े�इित

सोमयाजी सोमने�इmवान ्�इित

शाéकृत ्�/शाéकारः शाé�ंकरोित�इित

भा©कारः�/भा©कृत ् भा©�ंकरोित�इित

िूयवंदः िूय�ंवदित�इित

भय�रः भय�ंकरोित�इित

वशंवदः वशं�ंवदित�इित

अभय अभय�ंकरोित�इित

धनदः धन�ंददाित�इित

समागः साम�गायित��इित

पिcडतमaः� /�

पिcडतमानी

पिcडतम ्� (आÉान�ं

)मaत�ेइित



Worksheets.

Just try and understand this:

समास�भगवÕीता�«ादशो!ायः

एव�ं�सततयÆुा��य�े�भÆाÑा�ं�पय ु�पासत�े�|

य�ेचा &रमKÆं�तषेा�ंके�योगिव`माः��||१||

१�)न��&रम ्��-��अ&रम ्��|�(�नञ ्��त_oुष��) २�)न�KÆम ्��-�अKÆम ्��|�(�नञ ्��त_oुष��) ३�) योग�े�िव`माः��-�योगिव`माः��|(�सÓमी�त_oुष�)

सिÅय§िे�यमाम�ं�सव �ऽ�समब~ुयः��|

त�ेूाøवुि��मामवे�सव�भतूिहत�ेरताः��||�४�||

१�) समा�बिु~ः�यषेा�ंत�े��-�समब~ुयः��|

२)��सव�|�िहतम ्��-��सव �िहतम ्�,��ति�न ्��-�सव �भतूिहत�े�(चतथुM��त_oुष�)

अथतैद शÆोऽिस��कत ु��मwोगमािौतः��|

सव�कम �फल�ाग�ं�ततः��कुo��यताÉवान_्�||�११�||

१�)�मम�योगम ्��-��मwोगम ्��|�(षjी�त_oुष�) मwोगम ्��आिौतः�–�मwोगमािौतः�|�(ि«तीया�त_oुष�) २�)�सवा �िण�कमा �िण�-सव�कमा �िण��|��(कम �धारय�) सव�कमा �णा�ंफलािन��-�सव �कम �फलािन��(षjी�त_oुष�) सव�कम �फलाना�ं��ागः��-��सव �कम �फल�ागः��,�तम ्�–�सव�कम �फल�ागम ्��(�षjी�त_oुष�)

अ«mेा�सव �भतूाना�ंमऽैः�कoण�एव�च��|



िनम �मो�िनरह�ारः�समःखसखुः�&मी��||१३�||

१)�सव��भतूाः��-�सव �भतूाः��,�तषेाम ्��-�सव �भतूानाम ्��|�(कम �धारय�) २) िनग �त�ं�ममx�ं�य�ात ्��सः��-��िनम �मः��|�(ूािद�बpोीिह�) ३�) िनग �त�ंअह�ारः�य�ात ्�सः��-�िनरह�ारः��|��(ूािद�बpोीिह�)

४�) ःखम ्�च�सखु�ंच��-��ःखसखु�े��|��(«Ôः�) समः�ःखसखुयोः��यः�सः��-��समःखसखुः��|��बpोीिह

स�mुः�सतत�ंयोगी�यताÉा�ढिन{यः��|

मúrपतमनोबिु~यÂ��मôÆः�स�म�ेिूयः��||�१४��||

१) ढः�िन{यः��-�ढिन{यः��|��(कम �धारय�) ढिन{यः��यt�सः��-��ढिन{यः��(�बpोीिह�) २)�मनः�च�बिु~ः��-�मनोबिु~��|��(«Ô�) अrपत�ंमनोबिु~�यने�सः�–�अrपतमनोबिु~ः��|��(बpोीिह�)

य�ाÅोि«जत�े�लोको�लोकाÅोि«जत�े�च��यः��|

हषा �मष �भयो«गेमै ु�Æो��यः�स��च��म�े�िूयः��||१५��||

१) हष �ः�च�अमष �ः�च�भय�ंच�उ«गेः�च��-��हषा �मष �भयो«गेाः��|�(«Ô)

अनप&ेः�शिुचद�&��उदासीनो��गतKथः��|

सवा �रåपिर�ागी��यो��मôÆः�स�म�ेिूयः��||�१६��||

१) न�िवwत�ेअप&ेा�यि�न ्�सः�-��अनप&ेः��|��(बpोीिह�) २)गता�Kथा�य�ात ्�सः��-��गतKथः��|��(बpोीिह�)

यो�न�ü©ित�न��«िेm��न�शोचित��न�काýित��|



शभुाशभुपिर�ागी�भिÆमाaः�स�म�ेिूयः��||�१७�||

१) शभु�ंच�अशभु�ंच��-��शभुाशभु�े��|��(«Ô�) शभुाशभुयोः��पिर�ागी��यः�सः��-��शभुाशभुपिर�ागी��|��(बpोीिह�)

समः�शऽौ�च�िमऽ�ेच�तथा�मानापमानयोः��|

शीतो�सखुःखषे�ु�समः�सØिववrजतः��||�१८�||:

1) मानः�अपमानः�च��-�मानापमानौ��,��तयोः��-�मानापमानयोः��|��(«Ô��) २�) शीत�ंच�उ��ंच�सखु�ंच�ःख�ंच��-��शीतो�सखुःखषे�ु�|��(«Ô�) ३�)सØ�िववrजत�ंयने�सः��-��सØिववrजतः�|(बpोीिह�)

त}ुिन�ा�िुतमþनी�सतंmुो�यने�केनिचत ्��|

अिनकेतः�िYरमितभ �िÆमा��े�िूयो�नरः��||१९�||

1)�िYरा��मितः�यt�सः��-�िYरमितः��| (�बpोीिह�)

***

Please do write in case you have any questions regarding this lesson. Hesitate not

and thy doubts shall be gone with the wind!

lesson 62. the alphabet. - chitrapur 17 level... · lesson 62. the alphabet. - a) evolution of...

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