Lesson 5

Taken from Chapters 4, 8 and 13 in your Book

Lesson 5Terminology and Tissue Anatomy

Anatomical Position 3 Planes – Multiplanal ______________________ – Right/Left

Transverse or horizontal – Top/Bottom

______________________ – Front/Back

Directional Terms – how one body part is in relation to another web page

Direction Terms

Medial - Toward the midline of the body Lateral - Away from the midline of the body Proximal - Toward a reference point (extremity) Distal - Away from a reference point (extremity) Inferior - Lower or below Superior - Upper or above Anterior - Toward the front Posterior - Toward the back Dorsal Posterior Ventral Anterior

Terms in Use

The neck is __ to the head The thumb is ___ to the middle finger The knuckles are ___ to the elbow The outer ear is ___ to the ear drum The eyes are on the ___ the head The ankle is on the ___ part of the body

Terms In Use Cont

The patella is _________ to the ACL The shoulder blade is on the ________ and

_________ aspects of the body The heart is ________ to the chest muscles The triceps are on the _________ aspect of

the body.

Range of Motions (ROM)Click here for details Flexion/Extension Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion Abduction/Adduction Circumduction Rotation – Internal/Medial and External/Lateral Supination/Pronation Inversion/Eversion Protraction/Retraction Elevation/Depression Opposition

Skin Anatomy

First layer of defense against injury; most frequently injured body tissue

Needed to protect against bleeding and infection Two major region

Epidermis-superficial layer- ____________________ _____________________________________

Dermis-Deep layer- contains hair follicles, blood vessels, nerve endings

Resist ____________________________________

Soft Tissue InjuriesFig 8-5 p.236 Abrasion = scrape (shear force) (___) Blisters = repeated shear force (_____) Skin bruises (contusions) = Compression force

(____) Incision = clean cut (_____) Laceration = jagged cut (_____) Avulsion = loss of tissue (_____) Puncture = sharp object penetrates skin (_____)

Muscles and Tendons

Muscle Fibers are surrounded by ______________ (Inner) Small amount of fibers make up fascicles surrounded by __________ (Middle)

A muscle is made up of a number of fascicles which are surround by ___________ (Outer)

Muscle Sheath/Fascia

Muscles and Tendons

Purpose- movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating heat as they contract

Extensibility = Ability to stretch/increase in length

Elasticity = Ability to return to normal length after lengthening/ shortening

Tendons

Tendons- assist in movement of body part _____________________________ Collagen or tissue is in parallel pattern High resistance to unidirectional forces ____________________________

Muscle contractions – p85-87

Concentric Contraction= muscle shortening against resistance

Eccentric contraction= muscle lengthening against resistance

Isometric contraction = _______________ _________________

Isotonic contraction = _________________ __________________

Isokentic =________________________

Muscle stretching – p68-73

Figure out muscle and its action(s) Stretch in __________________

_____________________ _____________________

Three kinds of stretching Ballistic (bouncing) Want to avoid this type Dynamic – moving while stretching T&F, BSB Static –Hold in a position for at least 20 secs PNF Stretch, Contract, Stretch

Soft tissue injury classificationsp.324-329

Contusions Severity depends on depth and tissue affected

1st degree = little or no ROM restriction; slight discoloration, pain w/ movement, pt tender

2nd degree = moderate ROM restriction; S/S increase 3rd degree = severe ROM restriction; S/S increase

Muscle cramps/spasm Myositis/ fasciitis

Soft tissue injury classifications cont

Strain = injury to muscle or tendon Tendonitis (tendon) Tenosynovitis (synovial sheath over tendon) Myositis ossificans (muscle to bone) Bursitis (bursae)

Categories of Strains – p.324-325

1st degree: some pain, microtears of collagen, mild symptoms: pn, point tenderness, swelling, ROM decreased

2nd degree: More tissue destruction, moderate symptoms, joint laxity/instability, muscle weakness, increased ROM loss, ecchymosis (tissue discoloration).

3rd degree: Severe tissue destruction, severe symptoms, complete instability, loss of ROM, palpable defect (early), ecchymosis

Joints – p.322-323 Meeting of two bones Various types of joints –fibrous, cartilaginous, and SYNOVIAL

Synovial- most common; freely moveable; all joints of the limbs fall into this class

Features of a synovial joint –Fig 13.5 Articular Cartilage-protects the ends of your bones Joint Cavity- Space between bones which is filled w/

synovial fluid Articular Capsule-Surrounds the joint cavity Synovial Fluid-Lubricates the joint and articular

cartilage Reinforcing Ligaments-ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL

Joint Injuries

_____________ = injury to ligament; mechanism of injury- twisting, direct contact, dynamic overload, 3 degrees

_____________-Partial displacement of the joint surface; structure damage does occur; check a distal pulse

_____________-displacement of joint; major structure damage, instable joint, severe pain, loss of ROM; check distal pulse

Treatment To Closed Tissue Injuries Apply Ice with a compression wrap immediately for

at least 20 minutes; check for a distal pulse If no fracture suspected elevate body part Repeat the process every 1-2 hours NSAIDS if able Supply Crutches if necessary Continue Ice Application up to 72 hours Keep body part wrap with compression Refer to physician if necessary

Bones – p317-321 Purpose-support, protection, reservoir for minerals

for the bulk of blood cells, aid in movement w/ muscles

Bone Classification: _______-consist of a shaft and 2 ends; all bones of

limbs fall into this category _______-cubelike; bones of wrist and ankle _______-flat, thin and usually a bit curved; ribs and

sternum _______-don’t fit into any of the above categories;

vertebrae and hip bones

Bone Anatomy – Fig 13-1

Structure of Bones: Diaphysis-shaft of bone Epiphyses-__________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Membranes periosteum- __________________________

_______________________ Endosteum- inner layer of bone

Inside bone- contains bone marrow

Bone injuries

Fracture = Disruption in continuity of a bone = break Simple = skin remains intact Compound = skin integrity compromised See types of fractures – Fig 13-3

Stress fractures (repeated low-magnitude forces)

Treatment – See lesson 4