Lesson 4 of Ecosystems(This is the second of this week’s 2 lessons)

There are questions and activities for you to try to answer and then on the next page you will find the answers. Please make sure you have a try first! Where you see the pencil picture you can put that work into your book or on paper.

If you are having any problems or if there is anything that you do not understand (or you would like to show me your work) then please email me

m.healy@bishopchalloner.bham.sch.uk

ChemosynthesisLearning intentions To know where chemosynthesis take place

To understand the process of chemosynthesis

To be able to describe what is meant by a mutualistic relationship

What is the difference between an artificial and a natural fertiliser?

Did you do this from last lesson?

Artificial Fertiliser is manufactured (man-made). It is used replace mineral salts that have been taken out by crop plant

They contain mineral saltsNPK: Nitrogen

PhosphorusPotassium

Natural fertilisers are made by decomposers, which are microbes and other small organisms, breaking down animal and plant waste to release mineral salts back into the soil.

Examples are Manure, Compost

Now, time for quick recap on what you should already know from this topic. Grab and pen and paper and jot down your answers - no cheating!

1. What is the equation for photosynthesis?2. How does a plant get water?3. How does a plant get carbon dioxide?4. Give 2 ways that a leaf is adapted to carry out photosynthesis5. Which organelle in a plant cell is the site of photosynthesis?6. What is the name of the cells that control the stomata?7. Name 2 plant minerals

How did you do?1. What is the equation for photosynthesis?2. How does a plant get water? 3. How does a plant get carbon dioxide?4. Give 2 ways that a leaf is adapted to carry out photosynthesis5. Which organelle in a plant cell is the site of photosynthesis?6. What is the name of the cells that control the stomata?7. Name 2 plant minerals

1. 2. Through the roots3. Through the stomata4. Large surface area, thin, contains chloroplasts5. Chloroplast6. Guard cells7. Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium

We have learnt that photosynthesis is how plants make food with the Sun’s light.

Animals then eat the plants for food.

So how do you think organisms survive in

places like the bottom of the ocean where the

sunlight cannot reach?

These are tube worms – they live at the

bottom of the sea.

They have no stomachs and no access to light.

How might they get the nutrients

they need? The answer is that chemosynthetic bacteria live

inside them

Chemosynthesis is an alternative way of making food, instead of photosynthesis.

In chemosynthesis, organisms can make glucose through different chemical reactions.

Chemosynthesis

Organisms that carry out chemosynthesis are:

• Sulphur bacteria• Iron bacteria

• Nitrogen bacteria• Hydrogen bacteria

What do you notice about all these organisms

(similarities/differences)?(try to answer the question

before moving on)

They are all bacteria (similarity)They use different chemical elements (difference)

the breakdownof Hydrogen Sulfide

Sulphur bacteria

Organisms Chemical reaction

Iron bacteria

reactions of Ironcompounds

Nitrogen bacteria

Hydrogen bacteriaconversion of

Ammonia to Nitrates

reaction ofHydrogen to form water

What did you notice about the organisms

(similarities/differences)?

Match up the organism with the chemical

reaction

How did you do?

the breakdownof hydrogen Sulphide

Sulphur bacteria

Organisms Chemical reaction

Iron bacteria reactions of iron compounds

Nitrogen bacteria

Hydrogen bacteria

conversion of ammonia to nitrates

reaction of hydrogen to form water

How did you do?

We call green plants producers because they use the Sun’s light to produce food.

Hydrogen sulphide + carbon dioxide -> glucose + water + sulphur

We call chemosynthetic bacteria producers because they use chemicals to produce food

Chemosynthetic bacteria are the start of the deep-sea food chain.

How did you do?

Not all chemosynthetic bacteria live under the sea.

.

Nitrogen bacteria live in the roots of some plants –as there is no sunlight underground.

TubewormSulphur bacteria

Tubeworms are interesting because they do not have a stomach.

Sulphur bacteria live inside the tubeworm in a special organ.

The bacteria produce glucose from chemosynthesis, and the tubeworm uses some of this glucose for food.

In return, the tubeworm provides a secure place for the

bacteria to live.

The relationship between the tubeworm and the Sulphur bacteria has benefits to both organisms.

Relationships like this are called mutualistic relationshipsbecause they have mutual benefits to both organisms.

ChemosynthesisSome forms of bacteria use chemical reactions to produce ________ in a process called ______synthesis.

Sulphur bacteria that carry out chemosynthesis live near ________ sea vents on the ocean floor.

Nitrogen bacteria that carry out chemosynthesis live on the ______ of some plants.

When organisms live together and both benefit from the relationship, this is called __________.

volcanic mutualism glucose chemo… roots

Chemosynthesis

Learning intentions To know where chemosynthesis take place

To understand the process of chemosynthesis

To be able to describe what is meant by a mutualistic relationship

More mutualistic relationships

Look at the pictures, how are each of the organisms benefitting from the relationship? (grab a pen and pencil and jot down your ideas)

Impala gets groomed and cleaned Oxpecker gets it nutrients from the insect it eats

Bee receives nectar Plant is pollinated

Sea anemone provide protection for the clownfish by stinging the clownfish’s predatorsThe clownfish clean the sea anemone tentacles and attract prey to sea anemone

Sort the statements into those to do with chemosynthesis and photosynthesis:

How did you do?

What’s the difference?

Sort the statements into those to do with chemosynthesis and photosynthesis:

How did you do?

Read this info

carefully and then

answer the questions

Chemosynthesis is a process whereby organisms can make glucose through a variety of chemical reactions. It was discovered

in 1890 during research on bacteria.

We have now developed deep-sea diving vessels that explore the deep ocean floor. These are expensive, as they need to

withstand the huge pressures under the ocean. However, through increasing knowledge of life in the deep oceans, scientists are

beginning to realise just how important chemosynthesis is. Chemosynthesis has shown us that whole ecosystems can be built up

from small organisms that live without sunlight. Space scientists are interested in learning more about chemosynthesis.

Chemosynthesis is only carried out by some types of

bacteria. They use chemical reactions to make glucose.

There are different groups of bacteria that use different

types of chemical reaction:

1 sulphur bacteria – the breakdown of hydrogen sulphide

2 iron bacteria – reactions of iron compounds

3 nitrogen bacteria – conversion of ammonia to nitrates

4 hydrogen bacteria – reaction of hydrogen to form water

Sulphur bacteria are common in deep-sea volcanic vents and

mud pots in volcanic areas on land. They react hydrogen

sulphide with carbon dioxide, producing glucose, water, and

sulphur. The energy from the breakdown of hydrogen sulphide is

transferred to the chemosynthesis reaction, as there is no light

for photosynthesis. They are producers in the deep ocean. This

means that chemosynthesis is the starting point of deep-sea

food chains.

Scientists are interested in these organisms as they live in

environments with high temperature and pressure and their

enzymes still function. Usually, enzymes would stop functioning

above certain temperatures. We extract their enzymes to use in

industrial reactions.

There are many other organisms that live around deep-sea volcanic vents.

One of them is the tubeworm. They are consumers. They are interesting

because they do not have a stomach so do not digest any food.

They have developed a co-existence with the chemosynthetic sulphur

bacteria. The bacteria live in a special organ inside the tubeworms. The

bacteria produce glucose by chemosynthesis. The tubeworm then obtains

some of this glucose for its food. In return, the bacteria have a secure place

to live. This system of living together, with benefits for both organisms, is

called mutualism. The relationship between the tubeworm and the bacteria is

called symbiotic.

How did you do?

Chemosynthesis is a process whereby organisms can make glucose through a variety of chemical reactions

iron bacteria

nitrogen bacteria

hydrogen bacteria

deep-sea volcanic vents and mud pots in volcanic areas on land

Bacteria use chemical reactions to make glucose

eg sulphur bacteria breakdown hydrogen

sulphide to produce glucose

No because photosynthesis requires light energy to produce glucose, but wavelengths of light cannot reach the ocean floor

Similarity – both involve using energy to produce glucose from reactantsDifference - photosynthesis uses light energy to produce glucose but chemosynthesis used energy in chemical reactions to produce glucose

Where two organisms live together and benefit each other.Tube worms and sulphur bacteria.Sulphur bacteria benefit because they have a safe and secure place to live.Tube worms are provided with glucose

Sulphur bacteria produce glucose.Tube worms use the glucose as energy to survive.Other organisms such as vent crabs feed on tubeworms