lesson 1 database
TRANSCRIPT
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Lesson 1
Database- it is collection/storage of interrelated data, which allow user to retrieve,update and
manipulate very easily and as when its required. (similar in filing to cabinet).
DBMS- is data storage and retrieval system which permits data to store non redundantly whileWhile making it appear to user as if the data will integrated.
The Evolution of database Technology
1960s
Data collection, database creation, IMS (hierarchical database system by IBM) andnetwork DBMS.
1970s
Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation
1980s
RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.) .
Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.).
1990,s
Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Webdatabases.
2000s
Stream data management and mining.
Data mining and its applications.
Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information systems.
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Database Approach
Self contained nature of database systems (database contains both
data and meta-data).
Data Independence: application programs and queries are
independent of how data is actually stored.
Data sharing.
Controlling redundancies and inconsistencies.
Secure access to database; Restricting unauthorized access.
Enforcing Integrity Constraints.
Backup and Recovery from system crashes. Support for multiple-users and concurrent access.
Advantages of Using the Database Approach
Providing backup and recovery services.
Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of users. Representing complex relationships among data. Enforcing integrity constraints on the database. Drawing Inferences and Actions using rules
Disadvantage of database Approach Expensive
hardware, software, personnel, processing overhead, operating cost , etc. DBMS generality & overhead=> performance issue Increased vulnerability to failure
Recovery is more complex
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The Range of Database
1. Personal Database it is your personal data .
2. Workgroup Database- it is a workgroup basis.
example in your small business using the small network
3.Enterprise Database- system requires enterprises to evaluate their databae managementstrategies and enable them to manage relentless data growth and regulatory compliances which are a
crucial foundation for the unwired enterprise.
Example is the Database Ware housing.
Components of the Database Environment
Hardware
- Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
Software
- DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the application
programs.
Data
- Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.
Procedures
- Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database
and DBMS.
People
- The people that participate in the database environment.
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Database system development life cycle
Database planning is the management activities that allow the stages of the database system
development lifecycle to be realized as efficiently and effectively as possible.
System Definition involves identifying the scope and boundaries of the database system,including its major user views. A user view can represent a job role or business application area.
Requirements collection and analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing information
about the organization that is to be supported by the database system, and using this information
to identify the requirements for the new system.
Database design is the process ofcreating a design that will support the organizations missionstatement and mission objectives for the required database system. This stage includes the logical
and physical design of the database.
DBMS selection
The aim ofDBMS selection is to select a system that meets the current and future requirements
of the organization, balanced against costs that include the purchase of the DBMS product and
any additional software/hardware, and the costs associated with changeover and training.
Application design n involves designing the user interface and the application programs that
use and process the database. This stage involves two main activities: transaction design and userinterface design.
Transaction Design
An action, or series of actions, carried out by a single user or application program that accesses
or changes the content of the database.
There are three main types of transactions:
retrieval transactions
update transactions mixed transactions
User interface design
In addition to designing how the required functionality is to be achieved, we have to design an
appropriate user interface for the database system. This interface should present the required
information in a user-friendly way.
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Prototyping involves building a working model of the database system, which allows the
designers or users to visualize and evaluate the system.
There are two prototyping strategies in common use today:
Requirements prototyping and Evolutionary prototyping.
Requirements prototyping uses a prototype to determine the requirements of a proposed database
system and once the requirements are complete the prototype is discarded. While evolutionary
prototyping is used for the same purposes, the important difference is that the prototype is not
discarded but with further development becomes the working database system.
Implementation is the physical realization of the database and application designs.
Data conversion and loading involves transferring any existing data into the new database and
converting any existing applications to run on the new database.
Testing is the process of running the database system with the intent of finding programming
errors.
Operational maintenance is the process of monitoring and maintaining the system following
installation.
The process of monitoring and maintaining the database system following installation.
In this stage, the database system now moves into a maintenance stage, which involves the
following activities:
Monitoring the performance of the database system. If the performance falls below an
acceptable level, the database may need to be tuned or reorganized.
Maintaining and upgrading the database system (when required). New requirements are
incorporated into the database system through the preceding stages of the lifecycle.
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The Three Schema Architecture
The internal level:- The internal level has an internal schema which describes the physical
storage structure of the database.
The conceptual level:-The conceptual level has a conceptual schema, it describes the entities,
data types, relationships, user operations, and constraints.
The external level or view level:- The external or view level includes a number of external
schemas or user views. It describes the part of the database that a particular user group is
interested in and hides the rest of the database.
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Database Language
DDL For describing data and data structures a suitable description tool, a data definition language
(DDL), is needed. With this help a data scheme can be defined and also changed later.
Typical DDL operations (with their respective keywords in the structured query languageSQL):
Creation of tables and definition of attributes (CREATE TABLE ...)
Change of tables by adding or deleting attributes (ALTER TABLE )
Deletion of whole table including content (!) (DROP TABLE )
DML Additionally a language for the descriptions of the operations with data like store, search,
read, change, etc. the so-called data manipulation, is needed. Such operations can be done
with a data manipulation language (DML). Within such languages keywords like insert,
modify, update, delete, select, etc. are common.
Typical DML operations (with their respective keywords in the structured query languageSQL):
Add data (INSERT)
Change data (UPDATE)
Delete data (DELETE)
Query data (SELECT)
Database Interface
DBMS Interfaces
Types of interfaces provided by the DBMS include:
Interactive SQL can be used interactively from a terminal.
Menu-Based Interfaces for Web Clients or Browsing
Present users with list of options (menus) Lead user through formulation of request Query is composed of selection options from menu displayed by system.
http://www.gitta.info/RelQueryLang/en/html/index.htmlhttp://www.gitta.info/RelQueryLang/en/html/index.htmlhttp://www.gitta.info/RelQueryLang/en/html/index.htmlhttp://www.gitta.info/RelQueryLang/en/html/index.htmlhttp://www.gitta.info/RelQueryLang/en/html/index.htmlhttp://www.gitta.info/RelQueryLang/en/html/index.htmlhttp://www.gitta.info/RelQueryLang/en/html/index.html -
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Forms-Based Interfaces
Displays a form to each user. User can fill out form to insert new data or fill out only certain entries. Designed and programmed for nave users as interfaces to canned transactions.
Graphical User Interfaces Displays a schema to the user in diagram form. The user can specify a query by
manipulating the diagram. GUIs use both forms and menus.
Natural Language Interfaces
Accept requests in written English, or other languages and attempt to understand them. Interface has its own schema, and a dictionary of important words. Uses the schema
and dictionary to interpret a natural language request.
Interfaces for Parametric Users
Parametric users have small set of operations they perform. Analysts and programmers design and implement a special interface for each class of
nave users. Often a small set of commands included to minimize the number of keystrokes required.
(I.e. function keys)
Interfaces for the DBA
Systems contain privileged commands only for DBA staff. Include commands for creating accounts, setting parameters, authorizing accounts,
changing the schema, reorganizing the storage structures etc.