LegendLegend-White background is for Teacher to see as instructions.

-Blue back ground is for the Student to see

• My presentation is more gear toward My presentation is more gear toward upper level high school physics upper level high school physics student (i.e. Physics 11, Physics 12 student (i.e. Physics 11, Physics 12 and Physics 12 AP).and Physics 12 AP).

Materials needed for the Materials needed for the demonstrationsdemonstrations

Materials needed for the construction of the demos• Pliers• Sand paper• Glue gun

#1 Cathode ray tube demo• Cathode ray tube set

#2 Battery demo• 9V battery• thin copper wires• rubber band• a neodymium magnet(order online @ www.grand-illusions.com/toyshop or ebay)

#3 Ferromagnetic levitation• borrow a levitation device from a year 2 Mechanical Engineering 2006 friend

#4 Diamagnetic levitation• 4 neodymium magnets• a piece of pyrolytic carbon

Materials needed for the demos. Instructions will be given in later slides

#5 Maglev train• Strong magnetic strips• thin plexiglass • the support track

ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism

University of British ColumbiaUniversity of British Columbia

Physics 420Physics 420

By: Jason CheungBy: Jason Cheung

What is a Field?What is a Field?

• A region of space characterized by a A region of space characterized by a physical property having a physical property having a determinable value at every point in determinable value at every point in the regionthe region

• Examples: gravitational field, Electric Examples: gravitational field, Electric field ,and magnetic fieldfield ,and magnetic field

Explanation of Field (#1) Explanation of Field (#1) (for slide 5) (for slide 5) • This means if we put anything appropriate in a field, we can then calculate

“something” out of that field

• Before going further with Electric field and Magnetic field, mention there are something called the Electric and Magnetic field. Use gravitational field as a start, because G-field the most easy to understand

• Link Electric field and Magnetic field after explaining the Gravitational field

Gravitational FieldGravitational Field

• Defined as Defined as

A = acceleration

G = gravitational constant

m = mass of big object

r = distance to the center

of the big object

Explanation of Field (#2)Explanation of Field (#2)(for slide 8)(for slide 8)• If we put Bob in the gravitational field, we can calculate the Force acting on him by

the Earth. He will follow the gravitational field lines and fall to the surface of the Earth.

• Essentially, if we put anything that has a mass in the Gravitational field, we can calculate that “something” I mentioned before. That “something” is the “gravitational force” in this case.

• Emphasize that we determine different kinds of force with different kinds of field. This can bridge to Electric and Magnetic Field on following slides.

Electric FieldElectric Field• Electric field is defined as the electric Electric field is defined as the electric

force per unit Charge force per unit Charge

• It is the surrounding charges that It is the surrounding charges that create an electric fieldcreate an electric field

E = Electric FieldF = Electric Forceq = Charge E is measure in Force/Coulomb

Explanation of Electric Field (E-Explanation of Electric Field (E-field) (for slide 10)field) (for slide 10)#0 Explain what is a charge, q

- They should have enough Physics to know what is a +/- charge is- Opposite charges attract each other and Like charges repel each other

#1 Explain E is defined as F/q - If we put a +/- (positive or negative) charge in a electric field, the +/- charge

will experience a force. This force is called “Electric Force”- (IMPORTANT!!) Recall from G-field. G-field requires an object with a MASS to

have a force. E-field requires a +/- charge to have a force

#2 How do you draw the E-field lines with different charges? - Electric field lines always comes out of the positive charge into the negative

charge- Negative charge always absorb the E-field lines

Explanation of Electric Field (E-Explanation of Electric Field (E-field) (for slide 10)field) (for slide 10)

#3 What direction is the electric force?- The direction of the Electric force is parallel to the electric field. - Look at the POINT P on the diagram on slide 10. The arrow in the

diagram represents the direction of the electric forceQ: What is the charge, positive or negative, if the

direction of the force is pointing outward like in the diagram on slide 10

A: Positive because it is point away from the stationary positive charge

Q: What is the charge, if the direction of the force on the diagram switched??

A: Negative charge

Cathode Ray Tube Demo Cathode Ray Tube Demo (CRT)(CRT)

Instruction and explanation for the CRT Demo

#1 Turn on the Power supply and Electric plate controller, and wait and calibrate the electrons to the

center of the screen

#2 Adjust the electric plate by turning the X knob or the Y knob. This is to demonstrate that the

electric plate can control where the electron will hit on the screen.

Questions and Fun facts

Q: What do you think is the application of a CRT and what do the electric plates do in the CRT?

A: Our “OLD” TV (before LCD and Plasma) use this technique to view images on our TV!

Magnetic FieldMagnetic Field

• Magnetic field is a field that exerts a Magnetic field is a field that exerts a force on a moving chargeforce on a moving charge

• A magnetic field can be caused A magnetic field can be caused either by another moving charge or either by another moving charge or by a changing of electric field or by a changing of electric field or magnetic dipoles of materialsmagnetic dipoles of materials

Explanation of Magnetic field(for slide 15)• In order to have a magnetic force, we need a moving +/- charge.

• Magnetic field lines come out of N and go into S (see diagram on slide 15)

• Emphasize the 3 components to produce a magnetic field #1 Moving +/- charge #2 Changing of E-field #3 Dipole of material (see diagram to explain)

• Magnetic Field is measure in TeslaMagnetic Field is measure in Tesla

A simple formula to calculate Magnetic FieldA simple formula to calculate Magnetic Field

B = magnetic fieldF = Magnetic ForceQ = chargeV = velocity of the moving charge

Explanation of Magnetic field con’t(for slide 15)• The unit of Tesla is a very SMALL unit

- Earth magnetic field has around 10^(-5) Tesla - A very good Ferromagnet has around 0.5 to 1 Tesla

• It is very hard to make material that has a very strong magnetic field, and I will explain it in more detail later

• Since I am doing a qualitative study on magnetism, I just gave them one of the most basic equation for magnetic force

- Emphasize on the CROSS PRODUCT, it is not treated as a times operator. Velocity of a +/- charge needs to be 90 degree to the magnetic field in order to have a magnetic force

Construction of Battery demoConstruction of Battery demoMaterial needed• copper loop

• 9V battery

• rubber band

• copper ears x2

Step one: pinch the cooper ears onto the battery

Step two: tie the ears onto the battery with rubber band

Step three: put the copper loop through

the holes on the copper ears

Finish product

Copper ears

9V battery

Rubber band

Copper loop

Video of battery demoVideo of battery demo

Show Battery Demo video under “Videos”

Battery DemoBattery DemoInstruction of how to use the battery demo

#1 Set up device as above

#2 Bring the neodymium magnet close to the loop

#3 Give a kick start for the loop by flicking it

Things to tell the students- Without the magnetic field, the loop will no move

- It is due to torque provided by the magnetic force so that the loop will go round and round

Extra interesting topic for the Extra interesting topic for the battery demobattery demo• Q: What is going on with the battery?

• Answer: The permanent magnets exert forces on the electrical currents flowing through the loop of wire. When the loop of wire is in a vertical plane, the forces on the top and bottom wires of the loop will be in opposite directions. These oppositely directed forces produce a twisting force, or torque, on the loop of wire that will make it turn. Why is it so important to sand half of one projecting wire? Suppose that the permanent magnets are mounted with their north poles facing upward. The north pole of the permanent magnet will repel the north pole of the loop electromagnet and attract the south pole. But once the south pole of the loop electromagnet was next to the north pole of the permanent magnet, it would stay there. Any push on the loop would merely set it rocking about this equilibrium position. By sanding half of one end of the wire, you prevent current from flowing for half of each spin. The magnetic field of the loop electromagnet is turned off for that half-spin. As the south pole of the loop electromagnet comes closest to the permanent magnet, the un-sanded wire turns off the electric current. The inertia of the rotating coil carries it through half of a turn, past the insulating paint. When the electric current starts to flow again, the twisting force is in the same direction as it was before. The coil continues to rotate in the same direction.

• Charge moving in a magnetic field obeys Charge moving in a magnetic field obeys the Right Hand Rulethe Right Hand Rule

• There are two types of RHRThere are two types of RHR– Right Hand Rule #1Right Hand Rule #1– Right Hand Rule #2Right Hand Rule #2

Right Hand Rule 1Right Hand Rule 1

• The thumb represents the velocity of The thumb represents the velocity of which the charge is goingwhich the charge is going

• The remaining fingers tell you the The remaining fingers tell you the direction of the magnetic fielddirection of the magnetic field

• example: example:

Right Hand Rule 2Right Hand Rule 2

• I = direction of the chargeI = direction of the charge

• B = direction of the Magnetic FieldB = direction of the Magnetic Field

• F = Force act on the chargeF = Force act on the charge– Palm Push Positive (*Remember!!)Palm Push Positive (*Remember!!)

Slide 22Slide 22

• The two diagrams show the path of a moving electron in a magnetic field

• Use RHR #2 to verify the path of the electrons in the diagrams are correct

Right Hand Rule QuestionRight Hand Rule Question

• Put a Ferro magnet (N or S) close the turned on CRT from the side.

• Note that the electron beam will either go upward or downward Q: What is the magnetic field (N or S) on the side facing the CRT? A: It depends on which side I put my magnet close to the CRT, but I just

used RHR #2 to identified the N or S field on the Ferro magnet

MagnetismMagnetism

example of pair and unpaired: example of pair and unpaired:

N is unpaired, N is unpaired,

O is paired (one of them)O is paired (one of them)

What is magnetism?What is magnetism?

Magnetism is one of the phenomena by Magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. repulsive force on other materials.

What causes magnetism in material?What causes magnetism in material?

It is the unpaired electrons in the It is the unpaired electrons in the electron orbit cause magnetismelectron orbit cause magnetism

Remember SPDF?? (Chem 11)Remember SPDF?? (Chem 11)

• Electrons fall into electron shell accordiElectrons fall into electron shell according to Hund’s rule. ng to Hund’s rule. – ExamplesExamples

Explanation of Magnetism (for slide 29 and 30)• #1 Explain what are paired and unpaired electrons

• #2 Recall their Chemistry 11, SPDF, electron orbital - Using Hund’s rules and Pauli Exclusion Principle to place electrons into electro

n orbital - Practice placing electrons into their orbital using the diagram on slide 30

NitrogenNitrogen

-Electrons

-Protons and Neutrons

1s2 2p3

Electron

Configuration

of

Nitrogen

Wrong

Wrong

2s2

Right

Explanation of Magnetism (for slide 32)• Exercise using Hund’s rule

-use Nitrogen as an example: the first electron configuration is right and the second and third examples of the electron configuration is wrong

There are four types of There are four types of magnetismmagnetism

1.Ferromagnetic1.Ferromagnetic

2.Paramagnetic2.Paramagnetic

3.Diamagnetic3.Diamagnetic

4.Ferrimagnetic4.Ferrimagnetic (Not going to cover)(Not going to cover)

(for slide 34)(for slide 34)

• Tell students that Ferrimagnetism is too hard to understand. They need some university level of Physics in order to understand it

MaterialMaterial Susceptibility Susceptibility χχmm

VacuumVacuum 00

WaterWater -1.2*10-1.2*10-5-5

BiBi -16.6*10-16.6*10-5-5

CC -2.1*10-2.1*10-5-5

O2O2 0.19*100.19*10-5-5

AlAl 2.2*102.2*10-5-5

FeFe 200 200

CoCo 70 70

NiNi 110 110

Magnetism is Measure in Magnetic Susceptibility (χm)

The more susceptibility

of a material has,

the more magnetic property

it processes

Explanation of Magnetic Susceptibility (for slide 36)• Magnetic Susceptibility is to measure the magnetic property of a material

Q: What is the differences between some of the materials in the chart in slide 36?

A: They split off into three groups: #1 negative value with small Magnetic Susceptibility #2 positive value with small Magnetic Susceptibility #3 positive value with relatively big Magnetic Susceptibility

compare to above #1 and #2 #4 0 Magnetic Susceptibility for Vacuum because vacuum does

not contain any material

FerromagneticFerromagnetic

• Any material that possess magnetization Any material that possess magnetization WITHOUTWITHOUT an external magnetic field is an external magnetic field is ferromagneticferromagnetic

• large and positive susceptibility large and positive susceptibility

• Examples of ferromagnetic materialsExamples of ferromagnetic materialsCobalt (Co)

Susceptibility = 70

Iron (Fe)

Susceptibility = 200

Explanation of Ferromagnetic(for slide 38)• Explain what is an external field

- example: current running through a solenoid

• They do not need an external field because these material produce their own magnetic field. Some ferromagnetic material does not produce their own magnetic field because the domain inside of the material do not align, which I will explain in slide 42.

Iron electron configurationIron electron configurationFe: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s2,3d6

Fe: [Ar],4s2,3d6

Ar: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6 = [Ar] “Core”

[Ar]-The electrons seems to align spontaneously-Pure quantum mechanics effect

Explanation of Iron (for slide 40)• Another exercise to fill in the electrons in the electron orbital of Iron.

• Discuss that there are four unpaired electrons in the 3d orbital #1 This is one of the reasons why Iron can produce its magnetic field #2 The electrons seems to align spontaneously due to Quantum Mechanics

effects

Why are some Ferromagnetic Why are some Ferromagnetic doesn’t attract one another?doesn’t attract one another?

• Has to do with the magnetic domain Has to do with the magnetic domain of the materialof the material

Explanation of domains of material(for slide 42)• Diagram on the left shows the domains of the material do not align. This causes the

magnetic field of the material cancel each other, therefore it cannot produce its own magnetic field

• Diagram on the right shows the domains of the material do align. Therefore, it can produce a magnetic field on its own 

Ferromagnetic material demo • Material needed

- neodymium magnet - couple of paper clips

• Instructions #1 Show them the paper clips do not attract to any material even though

they are ferromagnetic (domains are not align). #2 Attract one of the paper clip to the neodymium magnet #3 use the paper clip that is on the neodymium magnet to attract another

paper clip Q: How come it attracts now? A: The neodymium magnet help align the domain in the paper

clip #4 Gently remove the neodymium magnet and show that the paper clip

can still attract to each other Q: Why? A: It stays align until you pull them away

ParamagneticParamagnetic

• Any material that possess magnetization (i.e. attAny material that possess magnetization (i.e. attraction with other magnetized material) raction with other magnetized material) WITH WITH aan external magnetic field is paramagneticn external magnetic field is paramagnetic

• small and positive susceptibility small and positive susceptibility • Examples of paramagnetic materialsExamples of paramagnetic materialsAluminum Al

Susceptibility = 2.2*10-52.2*10-5

Platinum Pt

Paramagnetic material demo(for slide 45)• Try to attract an aluminum can with a neodymium magnet. It cannot

Q: Why? A: It is because of the Magnetic Susceptibility of paramagnetic materials

are too weak compared to Ferromagnetic

Aluminum electron Aluminum electron configurationconfiguration

[Ne].3s2.3p1

Compare to Iron (Fe)

[Ar] Fe: [Ar],4s2,3d6

the dipoles do not interact with one another and are randomly oriented in

the absence of an external field due to thermal agitation,

resulting in zero net magnetic moment

What is the differences between the two?!

Paramagnetic and Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic Demo (magnets Ferromagnetic Demo (magnets and levitation)and levitation)Instructions of how to use the levitation device

#1 Set up the device#2 Place orange stud with the magnet side facing away from the solenoid#3 Place the stud so you can feel the solenoid is attracting the stud#4 Gently remove your hand so the device and do its work

Explanation of how it works- solenoid provide the magnetic field, so the magnet will attract upward (para and ferromagnetic property).- detector in the bottom is to sense if the stud is moving up or down. If it movestoo high, the detector will cut the current so the stud will come back down by gravity. If it moves too low, the detector will send current in the solenoid to generate a magnetic field, so the stud will go up again by the attraction between the mag

net and magnetic field

Video of ferromagnetic Video of ferromagnetic levitationlevitation

Show Ferromagnetic levitation video under “Videos”

DiamagneticDiamagnetic

• very weak and negative susceptibility to very weak and negative susceptibility to magnetic fields. magnetic fields.

• Negative susceptibility = repel against mNegative susceptibility = repel against magnetic fields (diamagnetism)agnetic fields (diamagnetism)

• Positive susceptibility = attract to magnPositive susceptibility = attract to magnetic fields (para + ferromagnetism)etic fields (para + ferromagnetism)

DiamagnetismDiamagnetism

• Examples of diamagnetic materialsExamples of diamagnetic materials

Gold

Copper

Human (mostly)

Diamagnetic Levitation Diamagnetic Levitation DemoDemo• Instructions of how to use the magnetsInstructions of how to use the magnets

#1 Set up the magnets#2 Gently place the pyrolytic carbon in the middle of the four magnets

Applications of MagnetismApplications of MagnetismMRI (magnetic resonance images)

Superconductors

Application of Magnetism(for slide 53)• •Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI)

- These machines can produced up to 7 Tesla to make very good images of the body

Q: How to produce a strong magnetic field ?

A: Build a giant solenoid

Q: What is the problem with producing a strong magnetic field A: #1 Material cannot stand the magnetic force with the magnetic field; resulting

in collapsing the material #2 High velocity of current running through the solenoid produce a lot of heat.

This can result in melting the solenoid if the magnetic field is too strong

• •Super conductors - superconductors are very useful because it does not have any resistant

with other material - all superconductors are diamagnetic

• •Animals - Animals such as sharks and turtles use the Earth magnetic field to detect

their position and direction (Research has not been finished, a few published paper support this theory)

Applications of MagnetismApplications of Magnetism

• Maglev TrainsMaglev Trains

Maglev train demo • Instruction of how to use the Maglev

train#1 Set up the train track#2 Place the train onto the track#3 Push the train

Discuss the problems that the demo had- too much friction from the side of the train because this is a ferromagnetic levitated train (solution is discussed in the next slide). Therefore, the train will move side to side causing friction with the track- human generated power

Application of Magnetism con’t(for slide 55)• WHY?

Q: why do people invent Maglev trains?

A: Less friction than trains with wheels because it does not need wheels to run

• HOW? - first it levitates using superconductors

Q: Why do we need superconductors to levitate, why can’t we use ferromagnetic material like the train in the demo?

A: The problem with using ferromagnetic material to levitate the train is because ferromagnetic material will tend to want to align itself with the opposing field. Therefore, the train will be unstable moving right and left (i.e. like the train in the demo). The good thing about superconductors is because they are diamagnetic. They will always oppose a magnetic field, so they will not move out of the track trying to align with the field like ferromagnetic materials

Application of Magnetism con’t(for slide 55)• After the train is levitated, the train can move forward by the magnetic coil from the

side. These coil can flip from N to S and vice versa to attract and repel against the magnets on the train (the magnets on the train is fixed and cannot be flipped.