lectures for students in civil engineering

7/27/2019 Lectures for Students in Civil Engineering

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LECTURES FOR STUDENTS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

by Paul Garnica, Head of Civil Engineering Department

LECTURES FOR STUDENTS OF

CIVIL ENGINEERING


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PREFACIO

Es innegable la importancia que el aprendizaje del idioma ingls tiene en la formacin

profesional de un ingeniero civil. El poder consultar, por lo menos, informacintcnica en ese idioma de manera fluida debe ser una prctica natural para cualquier

estudiante que desea tener acceso a conocimientos actualizados sobre las materias que

cursa, si es que quiere lograr niveles altos de desempeo en sus estudios y potenciar su

nivel de competitividad cuando termine su carrera e ingrese al mercado laboral.

Este libro trata de ser una ayuda inicial a los estudiantes que estn comenzando la

carrera de ingeniero civil, para introducirlos a algunos trminos bsicos en ingls que

se irn encontrando a lo largo de sus estudios. Se ha diseado de manera a que las

lecturas propuestas cubran los campos bsicos de accin de la ingeniera civil,

fomentando la comprensin del texto a travs de una serie de preguntas que encontrarn

al final de cada una de ellas.

Es deseable que en cada una de las materias que vayan cursando, los profesores les

proporciones lecturas adicionales que les permita conocer cada vez con mayor precisin

y profundidad los trminos tcnicos en ingls asociados. Esta es una labor permanente

del proceso de enseanza-aprendizaje de un idioma.

Ojala les sea de utilidad.

El autor


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Table of contents

Lectura 1. Introduction to civil engineering

Lecture 2: History of the civil engineering profession

Lecture 3: Construction engineering

Lecture 4: Geotechnical engineering

Lecture 5: Structural engineering

Lecture 6: Environmental engineering

Lecture 7: Hydraulic engineering

Lecture 8: Coastal management

Lecture 9: Material science

Lecture 10: Surveying

Lecture 11: Transport engineering


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Lecture 1: Introduction to civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,

construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including

works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest

engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish it

from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines

including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering,

transportation engineering, water resources engineering,materials engineering, coastal

engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on

all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the

private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history

is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics

throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including

several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of

structures, materials science, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and

other fields.

QUESTIONS:

1. Based on the text, what do you understand by the term civil engineering?2. Name various sub-disciplines of civil engineering.3. A knowledge of which subjects is necessary for the study of civil engineering?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Engineer


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Lecture 2: History of the civil engineering profession

Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. Civil

engineering might be considered properly commencing between 4000 and 2000 BC in

Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence,

thus causing a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation

became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. The

construction ofPyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first

instances of large structure constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineeringconstructions include the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the

Appian Wayby Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), and the Great Wall of Chinaby General

Meng T'ien under orders from Chine EmperorShih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC). The Romans

developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts,

insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads.

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and

architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations

referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. In the 18th century, the term

civil engineering began to be used to and exchange, and in the construction of ports,

harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of distinguish it from

military engineering.

QUESTIONS:

1. What reasons can you give for the beginning of civil engineering?2. Give examples of various historic civil engineering constructions, mentioning

others that are not included in the text.

3. What is the distinction between civil engineering and architecture?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iktinoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Tianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueductshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueductshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Tianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iktinoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering


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Lecture 3: Construction engineering

Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the construction of

structures such as highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and reservoirs.

Construction of such projects requires knowledge of engineering and management

principles and business procedures, economics, and human behavior. Construction

engineers engage in the design of temporary structures, quality assurance and quality

control, building and site layout surveys, on site material testing, concrete mix design,

cost estimating, planning and scheduling, safety engineering, materials procurement,

selection of equipment, and cost engineering and budget.

Construction Engineering is differentiated from Construction Management from the

standpoint of the level of mathematics, science and engineering used to analyze

problems and design a construction process.

Construction engineers have a wide range of responsibilities. Typically entry level

construction engineers analyze reports and estimate project costs both in the office and

in the field. Other tasks may include: Analyzing maps, drawings, blueprints, aerial

photography and other topographical information. Construction engineers also have to

use computer software to design hydraulic systems and structures while following

construction codes. They must calculate load and grade requirements, liquid flow rates

and material stress points to ensure that structures can withstand stress. Keeping a

workplace safe is key to having a successful construction company. It is the

construction engineer's job to make sure that everything is conducted correctly. In

addition to safety, the construction engineer has to make sure that the site stays clean

and sanitary. Surveying the land while construction is in progress is also the

construction engineer's responsibility. They have to make sure that there are no

impediments in the way of the structure's planned location and must move any that

exist. They also have to test soils and materials used for adequate strength. Finally,

more seasoned construction engineers will assume the role of project management on a

construction site and are involved heavily with the construction schedule and document

control as well as budget and cost control. Their role on site is to provide construction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_%28water%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_%28water%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction


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information, including repairs, requests for information, change orders and payment

applications to the managers and/or the owner's representatives

Construction engineers should have strong understanding of math and science, butmany other skills are required, including critical thinking, listening, learning, problem

solving, monitoring and decision making. Construction engineers have to be able to

think about all aspects of a problem and listen to others ideas so that they can learn

everything about a project before it begins. During project construction they must solve

the problems that they encounter using math and science. Construction Engineers must

maintain project control of labor and equipment for safety, to ensure the project is on

schedule and monitor quality control. When a problem occurs it is the construction

engineer who will create and enact a solution.

QUESTIONS:

1. What type of construction projects are covered by a construction engineer?2. The knowledge of which themes are necessary for a construction engineer?3. State the difference between construction engineering and construction

management.

4. What are the responsabilities of a construction engineer?5. Using the aid of a diagram or flow chart describe the process of a typical

construction from starting to completion.


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Lecture 4: Geotechnical engineering

Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the

engineering behavior of earth materials. Geotechnical engineering includesinvestigating existing subsurface conditions and materials; assessing risks posed by site

conditions; designing earthworks and structure foundations; and monitoring site

conditions, earthwork and foundation construction.

A typical geotechnical engineering project begins with a site investigation ofsoil, rock,

fault distribution and bedrockproperties on and below an area of interest to determine

their engineering properties including how they will interact with, on or in a proposed

construction. Site investigations are needed to gain an understanding of the area in or on

which the engineering will take place. Investigations can include the assessment of the

risk to humans, property and the environment from natural hazards such as earthquakes,

landslides, sinkholes, soil liquefaction, debris flows and rock falls.

A geotechnical engineer then determines and designs the type of foundations,

earthworks, and/or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures

to be built. Foundations are designed and constructed for structures of various sizessuch as high-rise buildings, bridges, medium to large commercial buildings, and smaller

structures where the soil conditions do not allow code-based design.

Foundations built for above-ground structures include shallow and deep foundations.

Retaining structures include earth-filled dams and retaining walls. Earthworks include

embankments, tunnels, dikes, levees, channels, reservoirs, deposition of hazardous

waste and sanitary landfills.

Geotechnical engineering is also related to coastal and ocean engineering. Coastal

engineering can involve the design and construction of wharves, marinas, and jetties.

Ocean engineering can involve foundation and anchor systems for offshore structures

such as oil platforms.

The fields of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology are closely related, and

have large areas of overlap. However, the field of geotechnical engineering is a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_%28engineering%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkholeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_%28transportation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_%28construction%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_%28geography%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jettieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_structureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platformshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platformshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_structureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jettieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_%28geography%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_%28construction%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_%28transportation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkholeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_%28engineering%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering


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specialty of engineering, where the field of engineering geology is a specialty of

geology.

Geotechnical engineers must also ask themselves, "how can we prevent the

contamination of the ground with chemicals or biological agents? If the ground is

contaminated, how do we assess health or safety hazards and hence propose technical

measures such as soil remediation?"

Geotechnical engineering has evolved and branched off into new areas such as

geoenvironmental engineering, which deals with underground environmental problems.

Another area is Geomechanics. Modern geotechnical engineering use sophisticated tools

such as the finite element method for computing the behaviour of geological structures.

These rely heavily on principles of mechanics featuring systems of forces,

displacements, stresses and strains that are used to characterize the behaviour of

geomaterials (soils and rocks).

QUESTIONS:

1. What is a geotechnical engineer?2. Why is a geotechnical engineer essential to the success of a construction or

civil engineering project?

3. Describe the different necessities for above ground and below groundfoundations, including examples of their applications.

4. To what others areas can the geotechnical engineering be related?5. What is your understanding of the basic difference between the terms

geotechnical engineering and engineering geology?6. Name any tools or tests which to your knowledge would be of use to a

geotechnical engineer in his or her work.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering


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Lecture 5: Structural engineering

Structural engineering is a field ofengineering dealing with the design ofstructures that

support or resist loads. Structural engineering is usually considered a speciality within

civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.

Structural engineers are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and large

nonbuilding structures but they can also be involved in the design of machinery,

medical equipment, vehicles or any items where the structural integrity of the design

item affects its function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy

given design criteria, predicated on safety (e.g. structures must not collapse without due

warning in any circumstances) or serviceability and performance (e.g. building sway

must not cause discomfort to the occupants).

Structural engineering theory is based upon physical laws and empirical knowledge of

the structural performance of different geometries and materials. Structural engineering

design utilises a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up

structural systems than can be very complex. Structural engineers are responsible for

making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials to achieve

these goals.

Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and analysis. Entry-level

structural engineers may design the individual structural elements of a structure, for

example the beams, columns, and floors of a building. More experienced engineers

would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as

a building.

Structural engineers often specialise in particular fields, such as bridge engineering,

building engineering, pipeline engineering, industrial structures or special structures

such as vehicles or aircraft.

Structural engineering has existed since humans first started to construct their own

structures. It became a more defined and formalised profession with the emergence of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbuilding_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_%28structure%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_%28structure%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbuilding_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering


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the architecture profession as distinct from the engineering profession during the

industrial revolution in the late 19th Century. Until then, the architect and the structural

engineerwere often one and the same - the master builder. Only with the understanding

of structural theories that emerged during the 19th and 20th century did the professionalstructural engineer come into existence.

QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the significance of the term structural engineering.2. Apart from building, in what other fields is structural engineering applied?3. What are the responsabilities of a structural engineering?4. In which differing fields can a structural engineer specialise?5. Bonus point. In which country was the first cast iron bridge constructed and the

name of the engineer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Builderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Builderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture


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Lecture 6: Environmental engineering

Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to

improve the environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water,

air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted

sites.

Environmental engineering involves water and air pollution control, recycling, waste

disposal, and public health issues as well as a knowledge ofenvironmental engineering

law. It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction

projects.

Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies to evaluate the

significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop

regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water

supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as being concerned with

local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, ozone

depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial

sources.

Ever since people first recognized that their health and well-being were related to the

quality of their environment, they have applied thoughtful principles to attempt to

improve the quality of their environment. The ancient Harappan civilization utilized

early sewers in some cities. The Romans constructed aqueducts to prevent drought and

to create a clean, healthful water supply for the metropolis ofRome. In the 15th century,

Bavaria created laws restricting the development and degradation of alpine country that

constituted the region's water supply.

Modern environmental engineering began in London in the mid-19th century when

Joseph Bazalgette designed the first majorsewerage system that reduced the incidence

of waterborne diseases such as cholera. The introduction of drinking water treatment

and sewage treatment in industrialized countries reduced waterborne diseases from

leading causes of death to rarities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_Remediation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_emissions_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bazalgettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bazalgettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_emissions_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_Remediation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science


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In many cases, as societies grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for those

societies had longer-term impacts which reduced other environmental qualities. One

example is the widespread application ofDDT to control agricultural pests in the years

following World War II. While the agricultural benefits were outstanding and cropyields increased dramatically, thus reducing world hunger substantially, and malaria

was controlled better than it ever had been, numerous species were brought to the verge

of extinction due to the impact of the DDT on their reproductive cycles. The story of

DDT as vividly told in Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" is considered to be the birth of

the modern environmental movement and the development of the modern field of

"environmental engineering."

QUESTIONS:

1. Give your understanding of environmental engineering.2. What different themes are involved in environmental engineering?3. What types of studies and projects do environment engineers participate in?4. Name historical examples related to environmental engineering, including any

that are not mentioned in the text.

5. Explain the positive and negative aspects on the use of DDT in the post waryears.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT


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Lecture 7: Hydraulic engineering

Hydraulic engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering concerned with the flowand conveyance of fluids, principally water. This area of engineering is intimately

related to the design ofbridges, dams,channels, canals, levees, elevators, and to both

sanitary and environmental engineering.

Common topics of design for hydraulic engineers includes hydraulic structures,

including dams and levees, water distribution networks, water collection networks,

storm water management, sediment transport, and various other topics related to

transportation engineering and geotechnical engineering. Equations developed from the

principles of fluid dynamics are frequently utilized by traffic engineers.

Related branches include hydrology, hydraulic modeling, flood mapping, catchment

flood management plans, shoreline management plans, estuarine strategies, coastal

protection, and flood alleviation.

Hydraulic engineering had already been highly developed under the Roman Empire

where it was especially applied to the construction and maintenance ofaqueducts. They

used hydraulic mining methods to prospect and extract alluvial gold deposits in a

technique known as hushing, and applied the methods to other ores such as those of tin

and lead.

The recent best-selling historical novel Pompeii has such a Roman hydraulic engineer

("aquarius" in Latin) as its main protagonist.

In ancient China, hydraulic engineering was highly developed, and engineers

constructed massive canals with levees and dams to channel the flow of water for

irrigation.

Modern hydraulic engineering involves the use of computers to perform the calculations

to accurately predict flow characteristics.
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QUESTIONS:

1. What are the specific areas concerned with hydraulic engineering?2. Name the common topics of design performed by hydraulic engineers.3. List the related branches of hydraulic engineering.4. Name two important hydraulic engineering projects, constructed or under

construction, in Mexico en recent years.


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Lecture 8: Coastal management

In some jurisdictions the terms sea defense and coastal protection are used to mean,respectively, defense against flooding and erosion. The term coastal defense is the more

traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the field has

expanded to include techniques that allow erosion to claim land.

The coastal zone is a dynamic area of natural change and of increasing human use. They

occupy less than 15% of the earth's land surface; yet accommodate more than 50% of

the world population (it is estimated that 3.1 billion people live within 200 kilometers

from the sea). With three-quarters of the world population expected to reside in the

coastal zone by 2025, human activities originating from this small land area will impose

an inordinate amount of pressures on the global system. Coastal zones contain rich

resources to produce goods and services and are home to most commercial and

industrial activities. In the European Union, almost half of the population now lives

within 50 kilometers of the sea and coastal zone resources produce much of the Unions

economic wealth. The fishing, shipping and tourism industries all compete for vital

space along Europes estimated 89 000 kilometers of coastline, and coastal zones

contain some of Europes most fragile and valuable natural habitats. Shore protection

consists up to the 50's of interposing a static structure between the sea and the land to

prevent erosion and or flooding, and it has a long history. From that period new

technical or friendly policies have been developed to preserve the environment when

possible. Is already important where there are extensive low-lying areas that require

protection. For instance: Venice, New Orleans, Nagara river in Japan, Holland, Caspian

Sea

Protection against the sea level rise in the 21st century will be especially important, as

sea level rise is currently accelerating. This will be a challenge to coastal management,

since seawalls and breakwaters are generally expensive to construct, and the costs to

build protection in the face of rising sea levels would be enormous.

Changes on sea level have a direct adaptative response from beaches and coastal

systems, as we can see in the succession of a lowering sea level. When the sea level
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rises, coastal sediments are in part pushed up by wave and tide energy, so sea-level rise

processes have a component of sediment transport landwards. This results in a dynamic

model of rise effects with a continuous sediment displacement that is not compatible

with static models where coastline change is only based on topographic data.

QUESTIONS:

1. Based on the text, explain what is meant by coastal management.2. Explain the importance of the coastal zones, referring to economic and others

aspects.

3. Describe the phenomena, natural or other, which affect or in the future will havean affect on the coastal zones.


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Lecture 9: Materials science

Materials science or materials engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the

properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering.

This science investigates the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or

molecular scale and their macroscopic properties. It includes elements of applied

physics and chemistry, as well as chemical, mechanical, civil and electrical engineering.

With significant media attention to nanoscience and nanotechnology in recent years,

materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many universities. It is also animportant part offorensic engineering and forensic materials engineering, the study of

failed products and components.

In materials science, rather than haphazardly looking for and discovering materials and

exploiting their properties, one instead aims to understand materials fundamentally so

that new materials with the desired properties can be created.

The basis of all materials science involves relating the desired properties and relative

performance of a material in a certain application to the structure of the atoms and

phases in that material through characterization. The major determinants of the structure

of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way

in which it has been processed into its final form. These, taken together and related

through the laws of thermodynamics, govern a materials microstructure, and thus its

properties.

An old adage in materials science says: "materials are like people; it is the defects that

make them interesting". The manufacture of a perfect crystal of a material is currently

physically impossible. Instead materials scientists manipulate the defects in crystalline

materials such as precipitates, grain boundaries (Hall-Petch relationship), interstitial

atoms, vacancies or substitutional atoms, to create materials with the desired properties.

Not all materials have a regular crystal structure. Polymers display varying degrees of

crystallinity, and many are completely non-crystalline. Glasses, some ceramics, and

many natural materials are amorphous, not possessing any long-range order in their
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atomic arrangements. The study of polymers combines elements of chemical and

statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic, as well as mechanical, descriptions

of physical properties.

In addition to industrial interest, materials science has gradually developed into a field

which provides tests for condensed matter or solid state theories

QUESTIONS:

1. Explain materials science or material engineering and name the differentelements involved.

2. What governs a materials microstructure and its properties?3. What can scientists do to help create materials with the desired properties?4. Describe the elements in the study of polymers


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Lecture 10: Surveying

Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-

dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These

points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the

Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or

governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements

ofgeometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.

An alternative definition, per the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping

(ACSM), is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the

relative position of points and/or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the

surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of

points and/or details.

Furthermore, as alluded above, a particular type of surveying known as "land

surveying" (also per ACSM) is the detailed study or inspection, as by gathering

information through observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or research

of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning, designing, and

establishing of property boundaries. It involves the re-establishment of cadastral surveys

and land boundaries based on documents of record and historical evidence, as well as

certifying surveys (as required by statute or local ordinance) of subdivision plats/maps,

registered land surveys, judicial surveys, and space delineation. Land surveying can

include associated services such as mapping and related data accumulation, constructionlayout surveys, precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and volume, as

well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and the analysis and utilization of land

survey data.

Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment

since the beginning of recorded history (ca. 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement in

the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar
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modern uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications,

mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.

QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the term surveying, its uses and elements involved, including theAmerican congress version

2. Detail the different areas and uses of land surveying.

3. Name the modern uses of surveying.
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Lecture 11: Transport engineering

Transport engineering (alternatively transportation engineering) is the science of safe

and efficient movement of people and goods (transport). It is a sub-discipline ofcivil

engineering.

The planning aspects of transport engineering relate to urban planning, and involve

technical forecasting decisions and political factors. Technical forecasting of passenger

travel usually involves an urban transportation planning model, requiring the estimation

of trip generation (how many trips for what purpose), trip distribution (destination

choice, where is the traveler going), mode choice (what mode is being taken), and route

assignment (which streets or routes are being used). More sophisticated forecasting can

include other aspects of traveler decisions, including auto ownership, trip chaining (the

decision to link individual trips together in a tour) and the choice of residential or

business location (known as land use forecasting). Passenger trips are the focus of

transport engineering because they often represent the peak of demand on any

transportation system.

The design aspects of transport engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities

(how many lanes or how much capacity the facility has), determining the materials and

thickness used in pavement, designing the geometry (vertical and horizontal alignment)

of the roadway (or track).

Operations and management involve traffic engineering, so that vehicles move

smoothly on the road or track. Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and

tolling. Newer technologies involve intelligent transportation systems, including

advanced traveler information systems (such as variable message signs), advanced

traffic control systems (such as ramp meters), and vehicle infrastructure integration.

Human factors are an aspect of transport engineering, particularly concerning driver-

vehicle interface and user interface of road signs, signals, and markings.
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b P l G i H d f Ci il E i i D t t

QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the significance of transport engineering.2.

What are the planning aspects of transport engineering?

3. What do the design aspects of transport engineering include?

lectures for students in civil engineering

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