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References (Technical Writing CS212)

Lecture 9

Abdisalam Issa-Salwe

Taibah University

College of Computer Science & Engineering

Computer Science Department

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Topic List

1. Why referencing?

2. Citation

3. References and Bibliography

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� Referencing is required to:

1. Avoid plagiarism – don’t present others work without

referencing them.

2. Identify context – place your work in context with

other recognized publications.

3. Support arguments and validate statements.

4. Identify sources – provide readers with a

comprehensive list of related work that they can use to

study your topic in more detail and build upon it.

Why referencing?

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� Citation - is the process of embedding anabbreviated alphanumeric expression or anorder number in the body of an intellectual workto denote a bibliographic reference.

� Purpose of citation – is to acknowledge therelevance of others’ work to the topic of discussionat the spot where the citation appears.

Citation

Citation Methods

Harvard System Numeric (Vancouver) System

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� Harvard System – uses the name of the author(s)

and the year of their publication within two opening

and closing round parentheses ( ).

� Examples:1. It is often said that computing is an art not a science (Smith and Jones

1993: 20).

2. Smith and Jones suggested that computing is an art not a science

(1993: 20).

3. Smith and Jones (1993: 20) state that “computing has much more in

common with the finger things in life, like art, than science or

engineering”.

4. Shannon et al. (1995) state that … (here is given the text…)

Citation (cont…)

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� Harvard System:

5. Computing is an art not a science (Smith and Jones 1993a,1993b).

6. Computing is an art not a science (Smith and Jones 1993a)because it is more common to deal with using fingers (Smith andJones 1993b).

7. Computing is an art not a science (Johnson 1992; Peterson et al.1995; Smith and Jones 1993a, 1993b).

8. Computing is an art not a science (Johnson 1992, cited byMarkos et al. 1996).

Citation (cont…)

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Referencing and Citing: Citation (cont…)

� Numeric (Vancouver) System – uses a

unique number for each cited reference that

represents the order number of the cited

reference within the list of bibliography.

� This number is shown within two opening

and closing square parentheses [ ], or in the

form of superscript font.

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� Examples (Numeric/Vancouver System):

1. It is often said that computing is an art not a science [21].Or 21

2. Smith and Jones suggested that computing is an art not ascience [21].

3. Smith and Jones [21] state that “computing has much morein common with the finger things in life, like art, thanscience or engineering”.

Citation (cont…)

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Citation (cont…)

1. Shannon et al. [19] state that,

“Nearly perfect speech recognition was observed

under conditions of greatly reduced spectral

information. Temporal envelopes of speech were

extracted from broad frequency bands and were used

to modulate noises of the same bandwidths. This

manipulation preserved temporal envelope cues in

each band but restricted the listener to severely

degraded information on the distribution of spectral

energy. The identification of consonants, vowels, and

words in simple sentences”.

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Citation (cont…)

5. Computing is an art not a science [21, 22].

6. Computing is an art not a science [21] becauseit is more common to deal with using fingers[22].

7. Computing is an art not a science [13, 17, 21,22].

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� References – list only those articles that have

been referred to (cited) within the report itself.

� Bibliography – list all the articles that have been

used in the project but not necessarily referred

to inside the report.

� Reference presentation.

References and Bibliography

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References and Bibliography

1. Books

[1] Anderson, J., Jones, J.P., and Peterson, K.K.L. (1982) The Implications of Science, 2nd edition, Pitman, London, UK.

[2] Benjamin, T. (1956) Computer Science Made Easy, Arnold, Leeds, UK.

2. Journal articles

[1] Brown, A. and Wesley, C.W. (1995a) “An investigation of the Hawthorne effect”, Management Sciences Journal, 42(1), 47-66.

[2] Brown, A. and Wesley, C.W. (1995b) “Adaptation of genetic algorithms in Hawthorne analysis”, Management Monthly, 28(2), 21-23.

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3. Conference articles[1] Jowitt, J.D. (1995) “Information systems in a progressive society”, in

Applications of Information Systems XI, Eds Cartwright, R.A. and

Laurence, G., Rowntree Publications, Leeds, UK.

[2] ISAIS (1995) International Symposium on Applications of

Information Systems XI, proceedings of an international conference

organized by the Society of IS, London, 12-16 June 199428(2),

Rowntree Publications, Leeds, UK.

4.Web addresses[1] Gaynor, L. (1993) “Introduction of artificial intelligence”, available

from Internet <http://www.cai.com/ai/1086> (25 July 1999).

[2] International Group on Complex Systems (1999) “Systems

analysis”, Minutes of Second Meeting, 12 June 1999, available from

Internet <http://www.IGCS.com/Min/two.html> (25 July 1999).

References and Bibliography

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� Reference presentation:

5.Technical reports (institution or company publications)[1] IAEA (1983) Guidebook on Computer Techniques in Nuclear Plants,

Technical Report Series No. 27, International Atomic Energy Agency,

Russia.

[2] National Environment Research Council (1992) Computers in

Hydrology Report, Technical Report Vol. II, NERC, London, UK.

6.Theses[1] Alsuraihi, M. (2008) “Multimodal Interface Design: A Software

Engineering Approach”, published PhD thesis, Department of

Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.

[2] Hampson, J. (1994) “The effectiveness of AI in calcite modeling”,

unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Computing, University of

Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.

References and Bibliography (cont…)

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� List of References according to the alphabetic order of

authors’ names:

[1] Alsuraihi, M. (2008) “Multimodal Interface Design: A Software

Engineering Approach”, published PhD thesis, Department of

Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.

[2] Anderson, J., Jones, J.P., and Peterson, K.K.L. (1982) The

Implications of Science, 2nd edition, Pitman, London, UK.

[3] Benjamin, T. (1956) Computer Science Made Easy, Arnold, Leeds,

UK.

[4] Brown, A. and Wesley, C.W. (1995a) “An investigation of the

Hawthorne effect”, Management Sciences Journal, 42(1).

[5] Brown, A. and Wesley, C.W. (1995b) “Adaptation of genetic algorithms

in Hawthorne analysis”, Management Monthly, 28(2), 21-23.

References and Bibliography (cont…)

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Reference

- Mohammad Alsuraihi, Technical Writing,

CS212 Course notes, Taibah University,

Madinah, KSA

- Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Teaching Notes,

College of Computer Science and

Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah,

KSA.